Groundwater Research Articles

CFD-based design of air wall water blocking for underground garage entrances and exits.

In the increasingly perfect underground garage construction process, the underground garage entrance water blocking problem is getting more and more attention. This paper proposes a kind of air wall water-blocking device applied to underground garage. The device is installed on the side of the straight and curved paths at the entrances and exits of the spiral underground garage. It utilizes two fans to blow the water to the drain on the other side to achieve unobstructed access to stop the water. In this paper, CFD simulation is firstly carried out on the straight road of the spiral underground garage to verify the feasibility of the program. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified by building a straight road model and conducting experiments. After that, an equal-scale 3D model of the spiral underground garage was built. Orthogonal experiments on the effects of inlet water flow velocity, fan wind speed at the straight road and fan wind speed at the curved road on the water blocking effect were carried out by using CFD simulation. A preliminary range of water velocity of 2.250 m/min to 6.786 m/min was obtained experimentally, and this range of water velocity was used as an input parameter for the simulation. The results show that the speed of water flow at the entrance of the garage and the wind speed of the fan at the straight road have a greater effect on the water blocking effect than the wind speed of the fan at the curved road. When the wind speed of the fan at the straight road is 25m/s, proper adjustment of the wind speed of the fan at the curved road can realize a good water-blocking effect of the spiral underground garage entrance within the range of water flow rate of 2.250m/min ~ 6.786m/min. Therefore, in the practical application of using the air wall water blocking scheme to realize the underground garage entrance water blocking strategy is to give priority to improve the wind speed of the fan at the straight road to improve the effect of water blocking.

Measurement and daily consumption of microplastics in drinking water from a Small Island Developing State-Fiji: from freshwater to groundwater sources.

The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in drinking water has emerged as a significant source of this contaminant, posing an increased risk to human health. These MPs are now of extreme concern, especially on the possible harmful effects it may have on human health. This study is the first baseline MPs data in drinking water from Fiji. Raw, treated, tap, rain, ground, and bottled water were investigated for the presence of MPs and the ingestion rate by the different age groups. The analytical procedure was validated by determining recovery rates and analyses of blanks. The detection limit of the MPs was 10µm, while fibers and particles ≥ 100µm were analyzed on 100% of the filter area. The abundance of MPs in drinking water was source-dependent. Percentage removal of MPs from water treatment plants was 45-67%, resulting in the presence of 0.10 ± 0.03 to 2.90 ± 0.57 MPs L-1 in tap water. The presence of MPs in bottled, rain, and groundwater was in the range of 0 to 2.20 ± 0.41 MPs L-1. Fiber MPs predominated in all water sources except for bottled water. Main types of polymer identified were polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). Estimated daily intake of MPs in tap water by children and adults were 0.0031-0.1813 and 0.0021-0.0829 MPs/kg bw/day, respectively. Information from this work in combination with information from the health sector will help to fully understand microplastic impact on human health and the actions that are required to mitigate it.

Advances in removal of chromated copper arsenate elements in wood waste, contaminated water and soils

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) is a water-based mixture of heavy metals widely used as a timber preservative. Despite its efficacy in prolonging the lifespan of treated wood, CCA has become a subject of environmental scrutiny due to the leaching of toxic components into surrounding soil and water. CCA components in soil have been reported with levels as high as 3,300, 2,800 and 2,100 mg/kg for As, Cr and Cu, respectively; way above the recommended levels of 12, 64, 63 mg/kg for agricultural soils. Therefore, the use of CCA as a wood preservative has been restricted in most developed countries. Developing countries, however, continue to utilize CCA treated wood as utility poles. The elements of CCA have potential health risks upon dermal contact with CCA residues from treated structures as well as exposure from contaminated soil and water. There are also concerns about the disposal of CCA treated wood after use, with the current technology of landfilling being unsustainable because of the possibility of CCA leaching into underground water as well as the challenge of limited space for future disposal. Incineration and open burning as a way of disposal produce ash that is highly contaminated and the fumes contribute to air pollution with metals. There is therefore need for sustainable approached for disposal of wood waste. Since the leached elements end up in the environment, several remediation strategies such as chemical methods, bioremediation, phytoremediation and bioadsorption have been reported, as discussed in this review paper, towards sustainable solutions to CCA contamination with some strategies reporting 100% efficiency.

Surface Subsidence Response to Safety Pillar Width Between Reactor Cavities in the Underground Gasification of Thin Coal Seams

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a clean and automated coal technological process that has great potential. Environmental hazards such as the risk of ground surface subsidence, flooding, and water pollution are among the problems that restrict the application of UCG. Overburden rock stability above UCG cavities plays a key role in the prevention of the mentioned environmental hazards. It is necessary to optimize the safety pillar width to maintain rock stability and ensure minimal coal losses. This study focused on the investigation of the influence of pillar parameters on surface subsidence, taking into account the non-rectangular shape of the pillar and the presence of voids above the UCG reactor in the immediate roof. The main research was carried out using the finite element method in ANSYS 17.2 software. The results of the first simulation stage demonstrated that during underground gasification of a thin coal seam using the Controlled Retraction Injection Points method, with reactor cavities measuring 30 m in length and pillars ranging from 3.75 to 15 m in width, the surface subsidence and rock movement above gasification cavities remain within the pre-peak limits, provided the safety pillar’s bearing capacity is maintained. The probability of crack initiation in the rock mass and subsequent environmental hazards is low. However, in the case of the safety pillars’ destruction, there is a high risk of crack evolution in the overburden rock. In the case of crack formation above the gasification panel, the destruction of aquiferous sandstones and water breakthroughs into the gasification cavities become possible. The surface infrastructure is therefore at risk of destruction. The assessment of the pillars’ stability was carried out at the second stage using numerical simulation. The study of the stress–strain state and temperature distribution in the surrounding rocks near a UCG reactor shows that the size of the heat-affected zone of the UCG reactor is less than the thickness of the coal seam. This shows that there is no significant direct influence of the gasification process on the stability of the surrounding rocks around previously excavated cavities. The coal seam failure in the side walls of the UCG reactor, which occurs during gasification, leads to a reduction in the useful width of the safety pillar. The algorithm applied in this study enables the optimization of pillar width under any mining and geological conditions. This makes it possible to increase the safety and reliability of the UCG process. For the conditions of this research, the failure of coal at the stage of gasification led to a decrease in the useful width of the safety pillar by 0.5 m. The optimal width of the pillar was 15 m.

Sustainable groundwater management through water quality index and geochemical insights in Valsad India

Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for sustainable water resource management and public health protection. This study evaluated the Water Quality Index (WQI) of groundwater in the southern part of Gujarat focusing on the Valsad District. Groundwater in this region occurs in porous, unconsolidated formations and fracture formations, both under groundwater table conditions and confined aquifers. Various parameters including Nitrate (NO3¯), pH, Calcium (Ca2+), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Magnesium (Mg2+), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Sulphate (SO42−), Chloride (Cl¯), Bicarbonate (HCO3¯), Silicate (SiO44−), and Fluoride (F¯) were analyzed to assess groundwater quality. Results indicate that most of the parameters fell within acceptable permissible limits for drinking water, except for Muli and Nanaponda villages with the parameters Cl¯, EC, and TDS exceeding the permissible limit. The WQI analysis revealed that 31.25% of water samples from different villages were found in the excellent category (WQI < 25). About 68.75% of samples from 16 villages were classified as good quality category (WQI ∼ 25–50). Overall, the WQI ranged from 14.20 to 41.98, suggesting that groundwater in the Valsad district is suitable for drinking. The Piper diagram analysis of water samples collected from the field indicated unique geochemical compositions and good water. The diagram revealed that the Ca2+ was the predominant cation, followed by K+, Na+, and Mg2+. Among the anions, the HCO3− showed the highest concentrations, followed by SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−. This dominance pattern demonstrated that the weathering of minerals significantly influenced the groundwater. This study recommends remediation for areas with reduced water quality to address geogenic and anthropogenic contamination.

Enhancing Sustainable Flood Resilience and Energy Efficiency in Residential Structures: Integrating Hydrological Data, BIM, and GIS in Quetta, Pakistan

This study explores the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GISs) to enhance sustainable energy efficiency and flood resilience in residential buildings, with a case study from Quetta, Pakistan. The research leverages BIM to optimize energy performance through scenario-based energy consumption assessments, thermal efficiency, material properties, and groundwater considerations, ensuring structural integrity against water infiltration. Enhanced insulation and double-glazed windows reduced energy use by 11.78% and 5.8%, respectively, with monthly energy cost savings of up to 48.2%. GIS tools were employed for high-resolution flood risk analysis, utilizing Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and hydrological data to simulate flood scenarios with depths of up to 2 m, identifying vulnerabilities and estimating non-structural damage costs at PKR 250,000 (~10% of total building costs). Groundwater data were also incorporated to evaluate their impact on foundation stability, ensuring the building’s resilience to surface and subsurface water challenges. A novel BIM-GIS integration framework provided precise 2D and 3D visualizations of flood impacts, facilitating accurate damage assessments and cost-effective resilience planning. The findings demonstrated that incorporating flood-resistant materials and design modifications could reduce repair costs by 30–50%, highlighting the cost-efficiency of sustainable resilience strategies. This research advances sustainable and resilient construction practices by showcasing the dual potential of BIM-GIS integration to address energy efficiency and groundwater-related structural vulnerabilities alongside hazard mitigation challenges. Future applications include automating workflows, integrating renewable energy systems, and validating models across diverse climatic regions to promote the global adoption of innovative urban planning solutions.

A Case Study of Groundwater Recharge Potential in Chitwan District by using Multi Criteria Decision Making Approach

Groundwater recharge process is crucial for maintaining the water balance in an area and securing sustainable water supply for drinking, agriculture and industrial purposes and it is also very necessary for the management of both surface and subsurface water resources. The calculation and estimation of groundwater recharge is the way to understand the groundwater reservoir and forecast its potential accessibility. In this study, the effectiveness of the Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a spatial prediction tool was utilized in exploring the groundwater recharge potential of the Chitwan District. Various aspects of earth surface features such as geology, geomorphology, soil types, land use and land cover, slope, aspect, precipitation, population density, elevation, Lineament density, Drainage density etc. are taken in consideration that influence the groundwater recharge in either direct or indirect way. These thematic layers are prepared and extracted using population data, Landsat 8 image, topographical map, and various other data sources. Weighted analysis and union of data obtained is used for formation of recharge map in this study. A pair-wise matrix analytical method is used to calculate the weightage of layers and are mathematically overlaid for preparation of groundwater recharge potential zone map of Chitwan District. The result reveals that around 78.9 sq. km (3.57%) of total area has been identified as high potential zone for groundwater recharge. The forest areas in central part and south western part of the district have high potential for groundwater recharge. Hilly and mountain terrains in north Mahabharata range are considered as unsuitable zone with very low groundwater recharge potential.

Reduction of physico-chemical properties and chromium concentrations in groundwater using onion peel adsorbent

Among the several sources of chromium pollution in groundwater, the most significant source is the effluents produced by tannery operations. The vast majority of the sub-urban communities rely on ground water as their primary source of providing drinking water. Being exposed to chromium for an extended period of time is harmful to human beings. With careful attention given to the optimization of costs, the prime objective of this study is to measure groundwater pollution, as well as to adopt relevant procedures and to create suitable ways for either preventing chromium contamination or reducing it to extremely low levels. Five different sites were chosen to gather bore well samples, which were then analyzed for seven different essential criteria. Onion peel is utilized as the adsorbent material for the extraction of chromium from groundwater. A column study was conducted to assess the efficiency of the adsorbent in eliminating chromium from groundwater. This study aims to assess the impact of bed height on the efficiency of chromium adsorption using onion peels in a fixed bed column. An astonishing 89% of the chromium at a depth of 9 cm adsorbent that was present in the groundwater samples was successfully removed by the use of a fixed bed column that included onion peel as an adsorbent, as shown by the findings. Additionally, it was determined that the impact of various parameters such as chromium concentration, agitation time, pH and adsorbent dosage. The outcome showed that the water that was treated using this procedure was fit for human consumption.

Distributions and Driving Factors of Hydrochemical Compositions in Different Types of Karst Groundwater in Qingjiang River Basin

The karst groundwater resource is the key water supply for native residents and industrial and agricultural production in karst regions of southwest China and is even the only water supply for rural regions. Understanding the formation mechanism of hydrochemical compositions is practically imperative to the sustainable development and utilization of karst groundwater resources. The hydrochemical ions of 34 karst spring samples and 12 underground river water samples from the Qingjiang River Basin were measured and analyzed in this study. On the basis of investigating the distribution characteristics of hydrochemical components, methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis, Gibbs model, and relationships between hydrochemical components were used to comprehensively reveal the chemical genesis mechanism of karst groundwater from the perspectives of water-rock interaction and anthropogenic activities, especially in the disturbance mechanism of acidic pollutants on the natural dissolution of carbonate rocks. The results showed that the karst groundwater in the Qingjiang River Basin was weakly alkaline （7.12 ≤pH ≤ 8.69）, and the overall water quality was good. Only the maximum concentration of NO3- in the karst spring （80.2 mg·L-1） exceeded the maximum acceptable limit for drinking purposes （10 mg·L-1 as N）. The Ca2+ and HCO3- were identified as the dominant ions, associated with the main water phrase of HCO3-Ca·Mg in approximately 97.1% of karst spring samples and all underground river water samples. The dominant ions were derived from the strong dissolution of calcite, whereas Mg2+、SO42-, and F- were controlled by the weak dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, and fluorite, respectively. Karst groundwater NO3- was derived from the agricultural fertilizers and rainwater input, whereas the H2SO4 acid rain input was identified as another important source of karst groundwater SO42-. In addition, the carbonate rocks in the study area were mainly naturally dissolved； however, the input of exogenous acid by humans has changed the original karst hydrogeochemical evolution process and further decreased the carbonate sink flux of karst aquifers, accelerated the decrease rate of karst groundwater table, and increased the pollution risks of karst groundwater.

GeaGrow: a mobile tool for soil nutrient prediction and fertilizer optimization using artificial neural networks

IntroductionMost farmers in Nigeria lack knowledge of their farmland’s nutrient content, often relying on intuition for crop cultivation. Even when aware, they struggle to interpret soil information, leading to improper fertilizer application, which can degrade soil and ground water quality. Traditional soil nutrient analysis requires field sample collection and laboratory analysis; a tedious and time-consuming process. Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) leverages Machine Learning (ML) to create detailed soil maps, helping mitigate nutrient depletion. Despite its growing use, existing DSM-based ML methods face challenges in prediction accuracy and data representation.AimThis study presents GeaGrow, an innovative mobile app that enhances agricultural productivity by predicting soil properties and providing tailored fertilizer recommendations for yam, maize, cassava, upland rice, and lowland rice in southwest Nigeria using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).Materials and methodsThe presented method involved the collection of soil samples from six states in southwest Nigeria which were analysed in the laboratory to compile the primary dataset mapped to the coordinates. A secondary dataset was compiled using iSDAsoil’s API for data augmentation and validation. The two sets of data were pre-processed and normalized using Python, and an ANN was employed to predict soil properties such as NPK, Organic Carbon, Soil Textural Composition and pH levels through regressive analysis while building a composite model for Soil Texture Classification based on the predicted soil composition. The model’s performance yielded a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.9750 for NPK and Organic Carbon prediction, 3.5461 for Soil Textural Composition prediction, and 0.1029 for pH prediction. For the classification of the soil texture, the results showed a high accuracy value of 99.9585%.ResultsThe results highlight the effectiveness of combining soil texture with water retention, NPK, and Organic Carbon to predict pH and optimize fertilizer application. The GeaGrow app provides farmers with accessible, location-based soil insights and personalized crop recommendations, marking a significant advancement in agricultural technology. The GeaGrow app also provides smallholder farmers with scalable, ease of adoption and use of the developed mobile application.ConclusionThis research demonstrates the potential of ML to transform soil nutrient management and improve crop yields, contributing to sustainable farming practices in Nigeria.

3D porous Fe2O3-incorporated basalt filter unit for simultaneous removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solutions: adsorption isotherm and mechanism.

The global community is very concerned about the removal of arsenic from contaminated water sources. There is significant global interest in practical methods for the removal of arsenic from polluted water sources. A 3D-porous Fe₂O₃-basalt composite was manufactured by a one-pot solvothermal approach and studied by several methods. The effects of pH, contact duration, adsorption isotherm, and Combodian ground water treatment on removal efficiency were systematically analyzed. The Fe₂O₃-basalt composite demonstrated adsorption capacities of 5.393mg/g for As(III) and 5.7117mg/g for As(V) at a neutral pH of 7. Adsorption behavior for both arsenic species aligned closely with the Langmuir isotherm model, while the adsorption isotherm followed a pseudo-second-order model. In Combodian ground water samples, the composite achieved arsenic removal efficiencies of 99.9% for As(III) and 97.3% for As(V), underscoring its potential as an effective adsorbent. Notably, the composite maintained high removal performance over five regeneration cycles, showing robust reusability for both As(III) and As(V) at neutral pH. Sustainability assessments in geothermal water samples confirmed that the Fe₂O₃-basalt composite reliably reduced arsenic levels to meet World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water, supporting its applicability as a sustainable solution for arsenic mitigation in ground water systems.

Facile structuring of crystalline porous framework beads for deep purification of nuclear wastewater

Abstract Trace of radionuclide residual in ground water poses tremendous threats with combined radiotoxicity and chemotoxicity to human health and environment. Crystalline porous frameworks (CPFs), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), have demonstrated considerable promise as efficient adsorbents for deep purification processes. However, their microcrystalline nature often limits their practicality for industrial-scale applications. In this study, we present a facile and scalable structuring strategy to shape seventeen CPFs into thirty-four hydrophilic and hydrophobic microbead composites using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-sodium alginate and polyether sulfone (PES) as co-polymers, respectively. To validate the effectiveness of this approach, the beads were employed for the sequestration of ReO4− (a nonradioactive surrogate of 99TcO4−) from contaminated tap water and simulated Hanford low activity waste (LAW). Notably, they achieved one of the highest levels of purification in treating pre-treated LAW streams, allowing purification of drinking water to nearly 5000 times their own weight under continuous flow conditions. The purified water contained only 0.026 ppb of Tc (calculated from Re), meeting both WHO (0.159 ppb) and U.S. EPA (0.053 ppb) drinking water standards. Furthermore, the beads can be conveniently and rapidly regenerated through cycling. This study provides a universal structuring strategy of CPFs beads for deep purification of nuclear wastewater.

The use of electrical resistivity imaging and induced polarization surveys to investigate underground tunnels filled with water, case study—Akoon, Tarkwa-Ghana

Abstract Recently, the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique has been increasingly applied to underground cavities filled with groundwater. To analyse the impact of underground water in the tunnels and its impact on the foundation of the structures, the electrical resistivity and Electromagnetic Survey are used to evaluate the near-surface structural and lithological features suitable for the detection of underground water in underground mine tunnels of Goldfields Ghana Limited at Akoon-Tarkwa. The data obtained were processed using the RES2Dinv software. The results from the Schlumberger configuration for traverse ‘A’ indicated the presence of overburden which had lower resistivity of about 100 Ωm. The low resistivity may be related to wet soils which forms the overburden. The IP model results added more meaning to resistivity by exhibiting low chargeability. The overburden had a depth of up to 10 m. The second layer showed a region of higher resistivity. This was attributed to the presence of the underground tunnels because of the grouting used for supporting the roof. The results for traverse ‘B’ were quite high. The first region with the highest resistivity and is bounded by rectangular boundary. This high resistivity occurred at a depth of 100–174 m, thus it had a width of 74 m and can be interpreted to be concrete roofs and pillars in the underground tunnel. Water is noticed to be at depth of 50 m, it is concluded that the impact the water will have on the foundations of structures in the area is minimal.

Quantification of pollution sources contribution on surface water resources of the Abaya-Chamo Lake Basin, Ethiopia: an integrated multivariate statistical analysis and a receptor model approach

ABSTRACT In this study, a water quality analysis was conducted at 24 surface water monitoring stations for 17 water quality parameters to investigate the spatial variability of the constituents, determine the possible sources of pollution and quantify the contribution of each identified source on individual parameters using multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and the multivariate receptor model (MRM) conjunctively. Although most of the analysed water quality constituents were in the recommended water quality guideline standard, nutrient concentration at some of the monitoring station was found above the permissible limit, making the water resources in the river basin prone to eutrophication leaving the aquatic life completely at risk. On the other hand, based on the factor analysis in the basin (which explained 86.9% of the total variance with four principal factors), agricultural (nutrient) waste is the dominant pollution source followed by ground water intrusion and mineral dissolution. Besides, the MRM analysis using the UNMIX model-assigned source contribution to individual parameters with a minimum signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3.38 &amp;gt; 2 and R2 of 0.88 &amp;gt; 0.8. A coordinated land use management and continuous water quality monitoring could be a better approach to manage the increasing pollution level in the catchment.

Policy coherence analysis of Türkiye’s lignite production and the Paris agreement ratification: an investigation through the water-energy-climate nexus

Lignite provides energy security and contributes economically. However, it also causes dirty outcomes in terms of climate aspect. In addition to the energy and climate dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals, there is also a water issue: lignite is usually found submerged below the local groundwater tables. Mining lignite could be exploited to achieve drinkable and agriculturally usable water. In today’s literature, while the impact of lignite production on global warming and emissions are already highly discussed, the water management side of the issue is regularly omitted. However, considering the complex interlink between these three areas (the Water-Energy-Climate (WEC) nexus) is necessary within policy coherence, which is mostly ignored even though it is one of the development targets. Here in this framework, Türkiye, which aims to reduce its heavy dependency on energy imports, is worth studying because almost all of its coal, the country’s largest fossil resource, is lignite. Therefore, this study examines the WEC nexus related to lignite production and combustion and seeks policy coherence between their outputs in the context of Türkiye’s historical steps to climate change mitigation, specifically oriented with the Paris Agreement. This story expands from the absence of specific development policy objectives to the practicalities of politics and economics.

Analisis Efektivitas dan Kontribusi Penerimaan Bea Perolehan Hak Atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) dan Pajak Air Tanah dalam Rangka Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Gorontalo Tahun 2018-2022

This research aims to determine the effectiveness and contribution of revenue from Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees and Ground Water Tax in the context of increasing local original income in Gorontalo City. This research uses quantitative research methods. The data source used in this research is secondary data, namely the type of data published by BKD and related institutions. The data in this research is in the form of documentation of target reports and the realization of regional taxes in Gorontalo City. The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive quantitative analysis using the Microsoft Excel application. The research results show that 1. The effectiveness of Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees on Original Regional Income in 2018-2022 is in the quite effective category because it has an average of 87.09%. 2. The effectiveness of Ground Water Tax on Original Regional Income in 2018-2022 has an overall average value of 47.24% and is included in the ineffective criteria. 3. The contribution of Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees to Original Regional Income for 2018-2022 has a value of 4.77% so it is included in the very low criteria. 4. The contribution of Groundwater Tax to Original Regional Income for 2018-2022 has an overall average value of 0.044% and is included in the very poor criteria.

An energy-based criterion for defining slope failure considering the coupling effect of groundwater table and impact loading

Slope instability poses significant risks in tunnel construction, particularly under the influence of impact loading and fluctuations in groundwater table. This study addresses the complexity of energy transformation and distribution in slopes affected by these factors. The research aims to analyze the local dynamic factor of safety (FOS) from the perspective of energy-based criterion, considering groundwater table, impact loading, and load position. Key findings indicate that the groundwater table is the most influential factor on slope stability, followed by load position and impact loading. The overall dynamic FOS was observed to peak at 0·35 s and trough appears at 1·0 s during impact loading, stabilizing after 2 s. The evolution of the overall dynamic FOS is explained from the energy dissipation and transformation mechanisms. These insights provide a critical basis for risk assessment and prevention in complex slope scenarios, contributing to sustainable infrastructure development in line with UN SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities).

Evaluating the impacts of drilling and extraction activities on the marine carbonate system in the natural gas fields of Beibu Gulf, Northern South China Sea.

Evaluating the impacts of drilling and extraction activities on the marine carbonate system in the natural gas fields of Beibu Gulf, Northern South China Sea.

Development of a double-shelled nanocomposite of activated carbon-nanocellulose with cationic metal oxide core for enhanced adsorption of bicarbonate from underground water

Development of a double-shelled nanocomposite of activated carbon-nanocellulose with cationic metal oxide core for enhanced adsorption of bicarbonate from underground water

Assessment of ensemble data assimilation based heat tracer method for estimating surface water-groundwater interaction at seasonal timescale under complex field conditions

Assessment of ensemble data assimilation based heat tracer method for estimating surface water-groundwater interaction at seasonal timescale under complex field conditions