Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Research Articles

Adhesion performance and enhancement mechanism of FA/GGBFS based geopolymer modified bitumen and acidic aggregate

The primary challenge in utilizing acidic aggregates in bitumen mixtures lies in enhancing the adhesive bond between the bitumen and the acidic aggregates. In this manuscript, to investigate the adhesion of different geopolymer modified bitumen with acidic aggregates, fly ash geopolymer (FG), fly ash- ground granulated blast furnace geopolymer (SFG), and ground granulated blast furnace (SG) were prepared by fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace (GGBFS) with alkali activator. The different geopolymers were characterized with SEM, XRD, FTIR. Different geopolymer modified bitumen was prepared by adding geopolymers into virginal bitumen. The conventional properties, viscosity, and rheological properties of modified bitumen were measured and analysed. The adhesion of bitumen to acidic aggregates was tested by Zeta potential test, the improved boiling water test and pull-off test. The results showed that the electronegativity of bitumen and acidic aggregates were weakened significantly by Na+ in skeletal structure of fly ash geopolymer. The high temperature stability of fly ash geopolymer modified bitumen was improved and the bond strength of bitumen with acidic aggregates increased remarkably with the addition of 9 % fly ash geopolymer.

Applicability of electrochemical chloride extraction to concrete made with different binders

The present study concerns the application of electrochemical chloride extraction to concrete designed with partial replacements from different binders, namely ground granulated blast furnace (GGBS), pulverized fly ash (PFA) and Silica Fume (SF), aiming to attend the need of corrosion repair for structures made in the more recent years. Concrete specimens were used to assess characteristics such as compressive strength and resistance to chloride penetration on different binders. Meanwhile, mortar samples were used for ECE treatment and chloride profiling. Additionally, microscopic examination was performed to quantitatively confirm the formation of C–S–H gel in the cement matrix, which is subsequently indicative of which type of chloride binding is more expected. ECE was applied to the specimens at a current density of 2A/m2 for 4 weeks. In fact, the chloride binding mechanisms were found to have important implications on the different performance perceived for all binders. For a change in the chloride profile, the removal of bound chlorides at the depth of the steel was more significant in GGBS, due to a possible release of adsorbed chlorides from the silicate hydrates, at bigger intensities for that material. However, even though GGBS had greater rates of bound chloride removal it had still the same percentage as OPC for total efficiency due to the fact that in OPC the removal of free chlorides is then more expressive.

Geopolymer pervious concrete with recycled Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) and Ground Granulated Blast furnace (GGBF) slag in urban flooding solution

Pervious concrete is known as a high content formation of open void to allow for fast drainage of water. The main compositions of pervious concrete are coarse aggregate and binder to obtain a high volume of hollow area. In this research, the coal bottom ash (CBA) is used as coarse aggregate in mix proportion. Ground Granulated Blast furnace (GBBF) slag is used geopolymer binder to replace cement in geopolymer pervious concrete (GPC). They are known as waste industrial materials from thermal power plant and steel factory. The characteristics of geopolymer pervious concrete in compressive strength, porosity and permeability are considered. The reaction between GGBF slag and CBA is investigated. The results are shown that compressive strength GPC is about 2 MPa to 8 MPa with CBA 5 mm to 10mm and can be higher about 30 % to 40 % with CBA 10 mm to 20 mm. The water permeability is about 0.7 cm/s to 1.8 cm/s to belong to CBA type

Experimental research on pervious concrete performance with partial replacement of foundry sand nano and GGBS

Roads serve a crucial role in linking geographical areas and people around the world. Road system construction requires additional engineering expertise in the areas of material selection, weight carrying capability, duration, etc. Fortunately the majority of new roads suffer from seepage of water from the top to the bottom, which deteriorates the road's surface. We are creating and putting in pervious concrete to enable water to drain fast. Pervious concrete is a special type of high-porosity concrete utilised for concrete flatwork applications. The fine aggregate in typical pervious concrete is minimal to non-existent, and there is just enough cement paste to cover the coarse aggregate while preserving the interconnectivity of the voids. Concrete is treated with nanosilica to reduce the amount of carbonization duringproduction process. The explanation is that the concrete's microscopic flaws and UV damage to the polymer molecules are lessened by the nano-SiO2 particles. Then, GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace) is used to protect against both sulphate attack and chloride attack and to acquire strength over a longer period of time in production settings. The major goal of this concrete is to produce high-porosity concrete. This concrete allows rainwater to pass through as well as investigating the behaviour of nanosilica, GGBS and foundry sand substituted from various sources. As a result, by minimising runoff, groundwater levels could be improved. To examine the effect of nanosilica, GGBS, and foundry sand on the quality and performance of pervious concrete, compressive strength of concrete was done in the laboratory. Finding the right combination and proportion for constructing concrete with the right amount of strength while maintaining engineering performance and quality is the innovative aspect of our work. The findings of this study recommends the use of low volume pavements, slope stabilisation and pavement in residential roads, alleys and driveways.

Experimental Study on Self-Healing Concrete Using GGBS and Metakaolin

Abstract: This project will study self-healing concrete using GGBS & Metakaolin. Concrete is delicate and hence it causes crack easily. To fix these cracks, it took maintenance which will be costly. To do away with this trouble self-healing technique is brought in the concrete. The Objective of the present investigation is to obtain the performance of the concrete and self-healing phenomena by using GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace), Superplasticizer, and Bacteria. The selection of the bacteria is according to their alkali environment. Different bacteria are used for the experiments by different researchers for their study. The result has been analyzed for studying the effect of a different parameter such as GGBS (0,10,15,20) percent of the weight of the cement. The purpose of the prevailing research isn’t to reach at a particular strength or workability but develop to better insight into the repercussion of GGBS on different properties of concrete. Keywords: Ground Granulated Blast Furnace, Super Plasticizer, Metakaolin, Compressive Strength, Bacteria.

Mechanical, durability properties, and environmental assessment of geopolymer mortars containing waste foundry sand

Today, with the expansion of industries and construction activities, attention to environmental issues such as sustainable development, recycling, reuse, etc. becomes important. The global demand for cement production has been increasing. One ton of cement releases about one ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Also, after freshwater, sand is considered the second natural resource that is consumed.Due to the limited sand resources and the concerns around the environmental issues of cement production, in this study, the use of waste foundry sand (WFS) as an alternative to aggregate in slag-based geopolymer mortars as an alternative to cement has been considered. WFS is a by-product of the foundry industry, which is produced in large quantities and buried in landfills, and slag is the by-product of iron and steel making process which is highly cementitious and high in calcium silicate hydrates (CSH).In this study, the mechanical, durability properties, and environmental assessment of geopolymer mortars using WFS were investigated. The results show that the compressive strength of geopolymer mortars containing treated WFS at the age of 91days had an increase of 158% compared to cement-based mortars. The adhesion and flexural strength in geopolymer mortars containing treated WFS compared to untreated mortars increased by 145% and 18%, respectively. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate WFS, mortars containing treated and untreated WFS, and ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBF) slag was within the standard permitted limitations and WFS is not a hazardous waste.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties on High Performance Concrete using Steel Fibres

This paper presents an experimental study to check the mechanical properties of high-performance steel fibre reinforced concrete (HPSFRC) in comparison with plain high-performance concrete (HPC). The tests were conducted in two parts. In the first part, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of HPC were tested with varying percentage of combination of silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast furnace (GGBS) to determine the optimum values of mineral admixtures. Then with the incorporation of steel fibres in HPC mix with 0.65% volume fraction (Vf) and optimized values of combination of 9% SF and 30% GGBS, mechanical properties were evaluated. The experimental studies on HPSFRC showed significant enhancement in mechanical properties. By comparing the results with plain HPC, it was found that the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strengths at 28 days were improved by 11%, 47% and 51.2% respectively.

MODELING TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT AND SAND WITH QUARRY DUST GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE AND SLAG SILICA FUMES

Tensile strength of concrete were examined on its partial replacement of cement and sand using ground granulated blast furnace and quarry dust, the study examines its behaviour at different dimensions, this is to monitor the variation effect of these parameters on the growth rates of tensile to the optimum curing age, these includes non linear conditions of tensile state, non-elastic and its brittle behaviour at all times as it express zero conditions in tension, this means that it has the ability to with stand pull force, it also reflect its weak ability to handle shear stress thus tends to cause deformation in material as it has poor elasticity. The reflection of its brittle influence the rate of tensile behaviour from concrete ductility, these are known to be a material on modern mechanics of concrete. These also considered as quasi brittle material, this behaviour were reflected as the system considered evaluating the growth rate of tensile strength that replaced cement and sand with these locally sourced addictives. the developed model monitor other reflected influential parameters such as variation of concrete porosity due it compaction in placements, tensile behaviour reflects these effect that subject it to mechanical properties of concrete, the study expressed the reaction of these parameters in the simulation, the evaluation of these affected the details variation of tensile growth rate at different water cement ratios and curing age, the tensile behaviour that were monitored are based on these factors in the study, these derived model were validated with Jaharatul et al 2018, and both parameters developed best fits correlation, the study is imperative because the system expressed the behaviour of tensile strength from concrete at different dimensions, experts can applied these concept to monitor tensile behaviour considering these parameters in its growth rates.

Comparison of Pb(II) Adsorption by Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace and Phosphorus Slags; Exploitation of RSM

Comparison of Pb(II) Adsorption by Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace and Phosphorus Slags; Exploitation of RSM

Effect of Nano-Silica on the Properties of Concrete and Its Interaction with Slag

The current study investigates the performance of concrete incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBF) slag in the presence of colloidal nano-silica. A control group of concrete mixtures is compared with a group of mixtures with 50% slag replacement, with each group examined at two different ratios of colloidal nano-silica (3% and 6% of the total cementitious material). Subsequently, the relative performance of the two groups is compared with ordinary Portland cement concrete in relation to strength and durability properties. Evaluation included experimental examination of compressive and tensile strength, rapid chloride penetration, and porosimetry using mercury intrusion tests. Furthermore, the microstructure of the cementitious matrix was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy imaging. Results of the tested concrete mixtures indicated that nano-silica particles can improve the properties of concrete containing GGBF slag. Improvement in high early strength as well as reduction in permeability are observed. Furthermore, nano-silica caused a refinement of the pore structure and an improvement to the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) as seen through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results and scanning electron microscopy imaging, respectively.

Strain hardening behaviour of PE fibre reinforced calcium aluminate cement (CAC) – Ground granulated blast furnace (GGBFS) blended mortar

Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) is regarded as an effective protective coating material for concrete sewerage pipes to prevent bacterial induced acid corrosion. However, the conversion process occurred in pure CAC mortar limited its application for structural purpose. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) blended with CAC can change the hydration mechanism and stop the conversion process. To better utilise CAC-GGBFS blended mortar for retrofitting concrete sewerage pipes, the inherent brittleness needs to be addressed. Introduction of polyethylene (PE) fibres into CAC-GGBFS blended mortar can help to form multiple tiny cracks under tensile loading for better crack control, give it high potential for the use in concrete structure retrofitting. In this paper, the authors took a first attempt on developing a new type of PE fibre reinforced CAC-GGBFS mortar with strain hardening behaviour. The new composite reached a compressive and flexural strength of 59.76 MPa and 22.12 MPa, respectively. The tensile strength was 5.46 MPa with the corresponding strain of 4.78%. Multiple cracks behaviour was observed under tensile and flexural loads. Classic pseudo strain hardening (PSH) criterion was validated on the new composite.

Punching shear resistance of supplementary cementitious concrete slab

This paper analyses the Punching shear resistance of RC slab using different mineral admixtures like Ground Granulated Blast Furnace (GGBS), Silica fume and Alkali resistant (AR) glass fibers. Here, silica fume and GGBS are partially replaced with cement at different proportions of 0, 10, 20, 30% and 0.5% of AR glass fibers are added to the total volume of concrete. Strength studies of Split tensile, Bending and Compressive strength done for M40 grade of concrete and compared to the control concrete. The optimum percentage obtained at 20% replacement of cement on these studies is used for designing of RC slab. RC specimen of (1000 × 1000 × 60 mm) of dimension was casted with optimum strength and subjected to single point loading with Discontinued on all the side conditions on loading frame. Cracking and deflection are analyzed experimentally. The loads, deflections and crack configurations of strengthened specimen were compared to the control specimen with same dimension to determine the behavior of slab.

Experimental analysis of supplementary cementitious materials with glass fibers

The aim of the research analyses the durability of concrete by Portland cement, silica fume (SF) & ground granulated blast furnace (GGBS). Here, mineral admixtures like GGBS and Silica fume are partially replaced with cement in concrete. Silica fume and GGBS are replaced with varying proportions of 0, 10, 20, 30%. Here, M40 grade of concrete is used for mix design and 0.5% of Alkali resistant (AR) type Glass fibers are also added to the total volume of the concrete. The present article investigates the detailed study of split tensile, bending, compressive strength of the concrete and comparing is done with control concrete.

Concrete Resistance to Sulfuric Acid Immersion: The Influence of Testing Details and Mixture Design on Performance as It Relates to Microbially Induced Corrosion

Abstract Sulfuric acid immersion tests are often used as a surrogate test for assessing concrete resistance to microbially induced corrosion (MIC). Although sulfuric acid immersion cannot mimic the complex nature of MIC in the field, these studies may be useful in assessing material resistance to a late stage of MIC (during microbial production of sulfuric acid). This article investigates the sulfuric acid resistance of a wide variety of concrete mixture designs exposed to a range of sulfuric acid concentrations. Specimens were constructed from twelve mixture designs with varying water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), cement type, supplementary cementitious material replacement, aggregate type and content, and air content. The specimens were exposed to sulfuric acid solutions with pH values of 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, and 2.0 and monitored for changes in appearance, mass, cross section, and dynamic elastic modulus. Specimens of different mixture designs were isolated in separate containers to assess acid consumption over time. Results show that as the w/cm was decreased, acid consumption increased and physical degradation increased. A thicker layer of corrosion products developed on specimens of higher w/cm. The partial replacement of ordinary portland cement with fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace, or finely ground limestone, the use of Type V cement, the use of limestone coarse aggregate, and the increase of coarse aggregate all resulted in improved resistance to sulfuric acid compared to concrete made with ordinary portland cement at an equivalent water w/cm. The magnitude of the improved performance was not always substantial and varied between mixtures. Material responses appeared to differ over the range of acid concentrations used; however, as expected, the most severe degradation for every mixture was observed in the most concentrated acid. The authors provide guidance as to when acid immersion tests are appropriate as well as potential improvements for the acid immersion test.

Evaluation of the Effect of Fly Ash and Slag on the Properties of Cement Asphalt Mortar

The application of cement asphalt mortar (CAM) in modern high-speed railways has been gaining attention due to its combined merits between asphalt and cement hydration product characteristics. To promote sustainable development, it is promising to utilize by-products in the making of new CAM instead of using only cement. In this research, the cement content was partly replaced by fly ash or ground-granulated blast furnace (GGBS) slag to achieve this objective. Then, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of these admixtures on the fresh and hardened characteristics of CAM. The test results revealed that the CAM mixture with slag received better fresh properties compared to the controlled mixture. However, the poor pozzolanic property of these by-product materials may lead to the low strength development. Meanwhile, although the mixture with fly ash suffered from slow strength establishment compared to the control mix at an early age, the strength of this condition increases dramatically after 28 days. Based on the findings, the application of appropriate fly ash content in the CAM mixture will not only provide ideal workable time and mixing stability but also ensure the required strength for the design target. This combination also serves as a cost-effective and environmental solution.

Evaluation of Strengths from Cement Hydration and Slag Reaction of Mortars Containing High Volume of Ground River Sand and GGBF Slag

This paper investigates the cement hydration, and the slag reaction contributes to the compressive strengths of mortars mixed with ground river sand (GRS) and ground‐granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag with different particle sizes. GRS (inert material) and GGBF slag (reactive material) were ground separately until the median particle sizes of 32 ± 1, 18 ± 1, and 5 ± 1 micron and used to replace Portland cement (PC) in large amount (40–60%) by weight of the binder. The results showed that, at the early age, the compressive strength obtained from the cement hydration was higher than that obtained from the slag reaction. The results of compressive strength also indicated that the GGBF slag content and particle size play important roles in the slag reaction at the later ages, whereas cement hydration is more prominent at the early ages. Although the results could be expected from the use of GGBF slag to replace PC in mortar or concrete, this study had presented the values of the compressive strength along with ages and the finenesses of GGBF slag that contributed from cement hydration and from GGBF slag reaction.

GHG mitigation of railway concrete products using eco-concrete and surface protection agent

This study investigated the life cycle greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation effect of railway infrastructure through the application of an eco-concrete, using ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag and electric arc furnace (EAF) slag as alternative materials in railway sleeper, and a concrete surface protection agent in railway track. A simplified life cycle assessment method was applied to compare GHG emissions and an instrumental analysis as well as a physical performance test were carried out to identify the protection mechanism between the agent and concrete along with field tests. From this study, it was found that two different approaches might contribute substantially to mitigate GHG emissions from railway infrastructure. The surface protection agent with an anti-deterioration function showed high possibility of increasing lifespan of the concrete structure and the use of alternative materials, such as furnace slag, reduced the concrete consumption by more than 20% (w/w). It was estimated that the potential GHG mitigation effects from the surface protection agent and eco-concrete technology applied to a railway concrete track were at least 27 ton CO2 eq. per km a year and 11.1 kg of CO2 eq. per 1 sleeper, respectively.

Evaluation of Heat Evolution of Pastes Containing High Volume of Ground River Sand and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

This paper investigated the heat evolution of pastes containing inert and active materials with different particle sizes. Ground river sand was used as an inert material while ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag was used as an active material. Ground river sand (GRS) and GGBF slag were ground to have the same particle size and were used separately as a replacement of Portland cement type I at rates of 50 – 70 % by weight of the binder. Heat evolution of pastes containing GRS and GGBF slag was measured using an isothermal conduction calorimeter up to 72 h. The results showed that GRS with different particle sizes had a slight effect on the heat evolution of pastes. GGBF slag with median particle size d50 of 4.4 µm and d50 of 17.8 µm had a small effect on the heat evolution of pastes during the first 24 h, and the pastes also had very low heat evolution for up to 72 h. At the same replacement rate of Portland cement, however, the heat evolution due to the slag reaction was slightly increased when the particle size of the GGBF slag was decreased. Finally, the higher is the cement replacement by GGBF slag, the higher is the slag reaction.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.23.1.13579

Experimental study on transfer length of an eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleeper

This study focuses on investigating transfer length in a newly developed eco-friendly concrete prestressed concrete sleeper. A next generation prestressed concrete sleeper was developed at the Korea Rail Research Institute (KRRI) in order to improve structural performances of the current prestressed concrete sleepers while addressing some environmental issues such as CO2 emissions and a lack of natural resources. The authors used ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag and electric arc furnace (EAF) oxidizing slag to reduce the amount of Portland cement (III) and natural sand. To ensure the safety and structural integrity of the newly developed sleeper prior to a mass production and installation in the field, the structural performances of this newly developed eco-friendly concrete sleeper ought to be studied. One of important structural performances of prestressed concrete members which should be measured is transfer length. Unlike other civil engineering fields, no design guidelines for transfer length in prestressed concrete sleepers have been established in the railway industry. For example, the American Concrete Institute Building Code and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Bridge Design Specifications specify the required transfer length in prestressed concrete beams or girders depending on the size of prestressing wires or strands. Therefore, this study examines transfer length in the newly developed eco-friendly concrete sleeper and compares that with the transfer length in traditional prestressed concrete sleepers. Four sleepers are manufactured for each concrete, and the transfer length in each sleeper is monitored at the day of prestress release, and 7, 28 and 90days. As monitoring the behavior of the sleepers over 90days, the long-term effect on the transfer length is also investigated. The study demonstrates that the transfer length in the eco-friendly concrete sleepers is not only shorter than that of the traditional prestressed concrete sleepers, but also found to be more desirable since the prestress is fully developed prior to the railseat area.

Structural performances of an eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleeper

This study focuses on investigating structural performances of a newly developed eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleeper for railway tracks in South Korea. An eco-friendly concrete has been developed by authors at the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI) with the aims of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and finding a replacement of natural sand for fine aggregate. Direct and indirect CO2 emissions are one of the main environmental issues in the concrete industry. Reducing the amount of cement usage is beneficial to address the issue of CO2 emissions in the concrete industry. Another environmental issue in the concrete industry in South Korea is the shortage of natural sand as a fine aggregate. So there is a need for finding a replacement of natural sand. The authors utilized two types of recycled industrial byproducts (slags) to handle the environmental issues of railway prestressed concrete sleepers: (1) ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag, which replaces 30% of Portland Type III cement and (2) electric arc furnace (EAF) oxidizing slag, which entirely replaces natural fine aggregate. With the recycled industry slags, an eco-friendly concrete was developed with a high initial compressive strength at prestressing release (<24h) and 28-day compressive strength, which are essential properties for manufacturing prestressed concrete sleepers. Herein, required laboratory tests such as static test, dynamic test, fatigue test, and vertical test for fastening components are carried out to evaluate structural performances of the eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleepers according to international and domestic prestressed concrete sleeper standards. Experimental results demonstrate that the eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleeper not only satisfies the structural requirements of prestressed concrete sleepers in accordance with the international and domestic standards, but also shows superior structural performances compared with those of normal prestressed concrete sleepers.