Grid Frame Research Articles

Gold Nanoparticle Coated Biocompatible Polymeric Matrix Mesh Plasticizers Embedded over Polyvinyl Chloride Plastic Porous Grid: Designed Reusable Microbial Screening Mask and Its Application

Under severe pandemic conditions, any airborne microbe, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), leads to increased fatality if physical screening is compromised. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to design a reusable screening mask that could promise the highest safety and be compatible with users. After going through the analytical and clinical investigation, the design and the work quality are confined to the ground version. To initiate top quality mask screener design of high-tech gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) composite mask, safety evaluation data from all masks were collected. The porous polyvinyl chloride (PVC) circular grid frame was coated with a gold metallic nano particles layer, and the flexible adhesive polymeric matrix mesh plasticizers polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used to coat bed on each grid, as a design. In-vitro quantitative analysis process assembly of bio-contaminant and specific matter was developed, in which breathed/vacuumed air was passed via fractional screening cone adhesive edged stumbling block route for final pure contaminant free air. The vacuumed air was collected through the adhesive slide, and microbial growth and particular matter were analysed and discovered to be best compared to conventional filter masks. Gold coat film entrapment tests with colony density were performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and virus crystal structure analysis was done through an X-ray diffractometer. Clinical investigations of this development were done with 50 volunteers. The research demonstrates the advantages of the AuNPs HEMA composite reusable mask design comparatively best over other mask designs regarding microbiological screening and lab safety, and it may be helpful to stand against biological warfare.

Global Stability Study of a Reinforced Concrete Building: Comparison between Grid and Space Frame Model with an Integrated Model

The verticalization in large urban centers has provided a series of new challenges for large buildings designers. The slender the structures are, more susceptible they are to second-order global efforts, making its verification indispensable for any reinforced concrete structure. As allies, technological advances and the processing power of computer systems have enabled greater productivity in the verification of the global stability of large buildings. Over the years, several structural models have been implemented in structural analysis and design, aiming to better simulate the actual behavior of structures. In view of this, the present work aims to perform a comparative analysis of the global stability of a reinforced concrete building, using the grid models associated with the space frame and the integrated model. Moreover, the research aims to verify the importance of the structural elements in the global stability of the building. In study two different structural systems were employed for the same building, verifying through the TQS software the conception that presents the best behavior according to the model used. Based on the results obtained, some guidelines are proposed regarding the use of structural models, indicating which one presents the best behavior according to the characteristics of the building.

Experimental and numerical investigations on interaction between reinforced‐concrete grid frame and ceramsite foam concrete infill

AbstractExperimental and numerical studies were conducted to investigate interaction between reinforced‐concrete grid frame (CGF) and ceramsite foam concrete (CFC) infill. In the experiments, compressive tests were performed on the CGF and RC grid frame filled with the CFC which forms a composite wall, namely CGFW. To investigate the mechanical properties of the CGFW and the interactions between the CGF and CFC infill, the failure modes, integral stiffness, local strains, and load distribution coefficients of the composite wall were analyzed. The experimental results indicated that the CFC infill could uniformly transmit loads and significantly improve the bearing capacity and vertical stiffness of the CGFW while reducing the ductility of the composite wall. The load distribution coefficients of the CFC infill were stable at 0.51 ± 0.06 before peak load and damage evolutions in concrete columns were effectively alleviated due to obvious interactions between the CGF and CFC infill. To evaluate the interaction mechanisms of the two, numerical analysis was carried out by changing the sizes of central grid, opening rates, and reinforcement ratios of the composite walls. The finite element model with plastic damage constitutive of concrete was calibrated by comparing the experimental results. The numerical results indicated that the interaction between the CGF and CFC infill was insensitive to changes in grid sizes, and the interaction between the two was significantly different with the same reinforcement method of frame beams and columns. In addition, the CFC infill played an important role in the stability of CGF as the opening rate significantly affected the mechanical properties of the CGFW, and a stable path of load transfer was the key factor to ensure the interaction between the CGF and CFC infill.

Research on collaborative planning model of main distribution network frame structure and distributed power generation

The electric power industry is going through a relatively large transformation period of energy development, and new electric power equipment such as distributed power supply has emerged as the times require. However, there is often a problem of insufficient coordination between the grid frame and distributed power in the main distribution network. This paper starts with the two main stakeholders, namely, the distributed generation operator and the distribution system operator, to build a two-level collaborative planning model for the main distribution network. With the help of particle swarm optimization algorithm and genetic algorithm with improved constraint factors, the model is solved. In the optimization process, two different scenarios are set, including and not including the distributed generation output, for comparative analysis, the comprehensive cost of the collaborative planning model with distributed generation output is less than that of the collaborative planning model with traditional generation output. The results show that the model in this paper can not only optimize the overall line, but also reduce the excessive investment of the main distribution network, which is more in line with the future development of my country’s power industry, can improve the profits of related enterprises, and achieve a win-win effect.

Joint Planning Method of Virtual Power Plant for Distributed Generation and Grid in AC-DC Medium and Low Voltage Distribution Network

The high proportion of virtual power plants (VPPs) used for distributed generation may cause problems such as power fluctuations and voltage distribution. In contrast, AC/DC hybrid power grid has strong transmission capacity due to its power information transmission. However, Its power grid structure and the location and capacity of VPP have an impact on the consumption capacity of the system, and the relationship between them are closely coupled. In addition, Under different operation modes, power grids of different voltage levels also have great differences. Therefore, the cooperative planning of medium and low voltage AC and DC distribution networks can improve the transmission capacity of the power grid Further improve the ability of distribution network to consume distributed power, A method is proposed in this paper about siting and capacity determination and AC-DC distribution grid frame transformation planning for medium and low voltage systems. The upper-layer model mainly focuses on AC-DC transformation scheduling in the power grid, distributed node location in the access grid and transmission line transmission capacity, while the lower-layer model effectively communicates with the low-voltage system through information flow and changes the operation of the power grid to a certain extent.The results show that the distributed generation system can reduce the operation cost and improve the overall operation efficiency of the power grid.

INFLUENCE OF FULVIC ACID ON THE EGG LAYING OF QUEEN BEE IN THE SPRING PERIOD AND THE PRODUCTIVITY OF BEE FAMILY

The paper analyzes the effect of a promising additive (BAA) fulvic acid on the reproductive function of queen bees and the productivity of bee layers. A single dose of carbohydrate supplementation (40% sucrase) was 200 ml per family. A total of 12 feedings were carried out with an interval of three days. The effect of the drug on the reproductive function of queen bees was determined by counting the number of printed brood using a grid frame every 12 days. As a result of the research, a positive effect of fulvic acid on the reproductive function of queen bees was established. When using fulvic acid as a spring feeding of bee colonies, a significant increase was established on average by 22.5% over two years of research, and the honey productivity of bee layers increased by 17.7%.

Shaking table test on seismic performance of integrated station-bridge high-speed railway station

The structure of integrated station-bridge is commonly used in the construction of high-speed railway station, which mainly consists of the frame part and the grid part. The complicated structure is characterized by the discontinuous vertical stiffness and the large longitudinal span, which results in an undefined mechanism of structural dynamic catastrophe. In this paper, the shaking table test was carried out with the model scale ratio of 1/25 to study the seismic performance, including the failure mode, acceleration, displacement and internal force responses, etc. The results show that the buckling of the frame occurs under the PGA of 0.82 g, which mainly concentrates on the third floor. The beam end of the top joint buckles obviously under the PGA of 1.27 g. The members of grid begin to yield under the PGA of 0.40 g, in which the order of yield member was web and chord in the truss. Based on the results of experiments, a seismic performance evaluation method of the composite structure is proposed for the damage of the grid frame and frame under different seismic intensities.

Distribution Network Grid Planning and Automatic Routing Based on Cluster Analysis Algorithm

In order to improve the efficiency of power grid enterprises under the background of new power reform, the author proposes a set of planning ideas and methods for medium-voltage distribution networks based on the optimal division of power supply grids. First, the layout of the main channel in the planning area should be determined to ensure the reservation of land resources. Then, on the basis of clarifying the purpose and principle of grid division, based on the selection of the nearest load backup substation and the load clustering method, the optimal division of the power supply grid should be realized on a global scale. Finally, in each power supply grid, the wiring mode and the primary and secondary construction and renovation standards are selected based on the classification of the supply area, and the main line wiring planning is carried out. For the grid frame in the transition year, in order to avoid repeated reconstruction and facilitate construction, the principle of piece-by-piece construction and reconstruction is proposed. The results show that by the target year, each power supply grid in the planning area will use two substations as power points, the power supply range of the main lines of each grid is limited to this grid, the lines between grids will not be connected, and the line connection rate will reach 100% and all meet the N-1 check. The proposed method follows the basic planning concept of “technically feasible and economically optimal” on the basis of overall planning and transforms the complex global planning of distribution network into local planning within each optimized grid, and it enables different planners to obtain a basically consistent grid optimization scheme, strengthens the scientificity and certainty of planning, and provides a reference for the revision and refinement of relevant guidelines, which has been practically applied.

A New Polar Rapid Transfer Alignment Method Based on Grid Frame for Shipborne SINS

A polar grid rapid transfer alignment method for shipborne strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) is studied. The basic framework and the specific process of grid rapid transfer alignment are built. The grid equations of attitude error, velocity error and position error of SINS are deduced. The math model of alignment with velocity plus attitude quaternion method is established. The velocity plus attitude quaternion method and velocity plus attitude angle method are derived and compared. On this basis, the Kalman filter algorithm is used to design grid alignment filter. The ship trajectory is designed and generated, and the researched alignment method is simulated and verified by MATLAB. Simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the attitude error angle, velocity error, deflection deformation angle and installation error angle, except at the poles, whether in mid latitude or high latitude, and regardless of the sea state level. The horizontal estimation accuracy of attitude error angle is 0.8’, the azimuth estimation accuracy is within 1.8’, the velocity error is within 0.03m/s, and the estimation accuracy of deflection angle and installation error angle is within 1.2’. Finally, the ship experiment is carried out, and the experimental results show that the actual application effect of the proposed method was as satisfactory as in the simulation experiment. During the estimation time of 20 s, the attitude misalignment angle error is 0.2 ’, the velocity error is 0.05 m/s, and the estimation accuracy of deflection deformation angle and installation error angle is less than 1’.

In-Motion Coarse Alignment Method for SINS/GPS Integration in Polar Region

In this article, an in-motion coarse alignment method in the polar region is proposed. Different from the traditional coarse alignment method, the vector observation is constructed with the grid frame. Thus, the calculated singularity in the polar region, which is easy to see in the navigational frame, is suppressed. Considering the GPS measurements, the velocity errors are assumed in the GPS measurements. Since the characteristics of the observation vectors, the initial velocity error always exists during the whole alignment process. To address the initial velocity error, a simple method with the vector subtraction operation is used to construct the new observation vector. In the new observation vector, the initial velocity is eliminated. Thus, the initial velocity error is suppressed. To verify the performance of the proposed method, a virtual polar region method is proposed to transform the experimental data of the field tests in the low and middle latitude region. The simulation and field tests are shown that the proposed method can get more accurate alignment results than the traditional methods.

Theoretical and experimental investigations on active vibration control of the MRE multifunctional grille composite sandwich plates

This work investigates the active vibration control performance of the magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) multifunctional grille composite sandwich plate (MRE-MGCSP) subjected to a base excitation load, when a multi-regional magnetic field is generated inside the structures due to the magnetorheological effect. Initially, by taking two carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) skins and an MRE-based grille core as a sandwich example, a theoretical model of the MRE-MGCSPs is proposed, which in fact consists of multiple grille functional units (GFUs) and grid frame beams. Here, each GFU is made up of a rectangular frame and 4-layer functional laminates, including a bottom copper wire layer, an MRE layer, a top copper wire layer and a piezoelectric perception layer. The equations of motion are derived to solve the free and forced vibrations in accordance with the integral first-order shear deformation principle, together with the energy approach, the Biot-Savart law and the improved Rayleigh-Ritz method. The present model is initially validated against the published results in literature. Then, a multi-regional vibration control strategy is proposed to better exert the unique advantages of such the structure with highly integrated vibration control and space-saving functions. Also, the detailed measurements, including pulse excitation, sweeping frequency excitation and resonant excitation tests, are undertaken to comprehensively verify the effectiveness of the proposed model as well as the control strategy. Finally, the influences of critical magnetic control parameters on the anti-vibration performance of the MRE-MGCSPs are discussed to summarize practical conclusions for engineering applications.

Multi-Stage Expansion Planning of Distribution Network Considering Distributed Power Generation

With the gradual increase in the penetration rate of distributed power sources, in view of the planning problem of coordinating the location and capacity of distributed power sources with the grid frame and transformers of the distribution network, a distribution network that takes into account distributed power sources is proposed. Aiming at the lowest cost of investment, maintenance, energy production, energy loss, and load loss penalty, and considering the power flow constraints, planning and operation constraints of each planning stage, a multi-stage expansion planning model for the distribution network is established. The mixed-integer linear programming algorithm is used to solve the problem, and the optimal planning scheme at each stage is obtained. The simulation results show that the multi-stage expansion planning method for coordinating distributed power and distribution network proposed in this paper can prevent the problems of isolated nodes and transmission nodes, improve the reliability of the planning scheme, and have good economic benefits.

Eco-friendly solar distillation apparatus for improving the yield of essential oils with enhancing organoleptic characteristics

Solar-operated distillation unit (SDU) was designed and fabricated for extraction of valuable essentials from aromatic crops with a reduced cost of operation without carbon-credits to the environment. It comprised of distillation still, mesh grid frame, packed column, condenser, oil receiver, energy meter, resistive heating elements, and solar panels. This improved SDU can process 20 kg of aromatic crops in a batch type of operation. Resistive heating elements (4.5 kW) with controllers powered by the solar photovoltaic panel (5 kW) were used to produce the uniform steam generation within 20 min. This produced steam was adequate for continuous distillation (∼3 h) of aromatic crops to collect valuable essentials in an oil receiver. The total power consumed by the SDU in carrying out the distillation operation was calculated (13.5 kWh). The extraction studies of Ocimum cultivars (CIM-Shishir, 100 and 102) through SDU and Clevenger-type apparatus (standard set) revealed that the SDU process was yielded improved essential oil (0.36–0.73%). GC-FID and GC/MS analyses divulged that the essential oil obtained through SDU was superior in quality with improved percentage of biomarkers such as linalool (upto 62.8%) and methyl chavicol. Designed SDU has saved about 20 kg of wood per batch as compared to practiced wood-based distillation operation.

Analysis and active control of bending and vibration responses of the MRE multifunctional grid composite sandwich plates

This paper investigates the active control effect on the bending and vibration responses of the magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) multifunctional grid composite sandwich plates (MREMGCSPs), which consist of top and bottom carbon fibre/epoxy panels and one MRE-based grid functional core with many grid functional components (GFCs) and several grid frame beams (GFBs). First, based on the first-order shear deformation theory, the energy principle, the Ritz method, the Duhamel integral approach, etc., the solution to bending and the pulse vibration responses of such a structure under cantilever boundary condition are successfully obtained. Thereafter, to verify the current model as well as evaluate the bending and vibration resistance, a MREMGCSP structure is fabricated and measured with different measuring points and magnetic field magnitudes. Finally, the influence of critical geometric and control parameters on static and dynamic properties is discussed to summarize some practical conclusions for engineering applications. This study provides a useful model for estimating both static and dynamic behaviors of the MREMGCSPs, which can assist researchers in designing, manufacturing, and optimisation of similar multifunctional structures with MRE.

The covariance matrix transformation method in all-earth integrated navigation considering coordinate frame conversion

In the exploration of polar regions, navigation is one of the most important issues to be resolved. To avoid the limitations of a single navigation coordinate frame, navigation systems usually use different navigation coordinate frames in polar and nonpolar regions, such as the north-oriented geographic frame and the grid frame. However, the error states and covariance matrix are related to the definition of the navigation coordinate frame, since coordinate frame conversion will cause overshoot of the integrated navigation Kalman filter and error discontinuity. To solve this problem, the transformation relationship of error states defined in different frames is deduced, whereby the covariance matrix transformation relationship is also analyzed. On this basis, covariance transformation-based open-loop and closed-loop Kalman filter integrated navigation algorithms are proposed. The effectiveness of the algorithms is verified by flight tests with a rotational strapdown inertial navigation system/global navigation satellite system integrated navigation system.

Метафоричний модус англомовного лінгвоетичного концепту dignity

The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorical modus of the English-language ethical concept DIGNITY. The aim of the study is to highlight the metaphorical range of the analyzed concept. The article outlines the boundaries of the three main dimensions of the concept: logical, conceptual and structural. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between the terms “concept” and “category”, the relationship between which is nonlinear. On the one hand, the category includes similar concepts. Moreover, the classifiers of the category are categorical domains, which in relation to another frame of reference – the conceptosphere, are independent concepts. On the other hand, the concept is broader than the category of the same name, as it includes those “optional” features for the category that may undergo bidirectional metaphorical rethinking. The article substantiates the conclusion that the category is a logical dimension of the concept existence. This conceptual dimension exists in the linguistic picture of the world in the form of a fixed and relatively stable information gestalt. It is noted that such stability is possible only in static existence, i.e. in the category representation in the mental lexicon and its verbalization within the language system, which is not characteristic of its real unfolding in the form of a concept during its actualization in speech. This unfolding of the category takes it out of the logical dimension into the conceptual one, transforming it from a category into a concept. In addition, the specificity of the studied abstract concept is determined. It is established that the subject of classification of ethical categories are not material objects but phenomena that have an ideal, speculative origin and are manifested in relation to other mental spaces. Also, the article defines the foundations of the theory of conceptual metaphor. It is noted that the basis of the conceptual dimension is cross-domain projections, which are based on metaphorical transfer due to the associative connections that arise between the elements of the conceptual grid (frame), which is part of a concept. The article highlights the conceptual parcels based on the analysis of lexical and semantic variants of its representative unit dignity. The metaphorical range of the DIGNITY concept is highlighted and source domains are identified, the features of which are projected onto the target domain. The frequency of involvement of individual parcels of the concept in metaphorical mappings is determined. The categorical relations of DIGNITY conceptual domains are analyzed.

Polar Region Integrated Navigation Method Based on Covariance Transformation

Aircraft flying the trans-arctic routes usually apply inertial navigation mechanization in two different navigation frames, e.g., the local geographic frame and the grid frame. However, this change of navigation frame will cause filter overshoot and error discontinuity. To solve this problem, taking the inertial navigation system/global navigation satellite system (INS/GNSS) integrated navigation system as an example, an integrated navigation method based on covariance transformation is proposed. The relationship of the system error state between different navigation frames is deduced as a means to accurately convert the Kalman filter’s covariance matrix. The experiment and semi-physical simulation results show that the presented covariance transformation algorithm can effectively solve the filter overshoot and error discontinuity caused by the change of navigation frame. Compared with non-covariance transformation, the system state error is thereby reduced significantly.

ITRF96-ED50 Transformasyonu: Radyal esaslı enterpolasyon ve küresel harmonik modelleme

Datum transformation is carried out directly by geometric relations between the coordinates of common points or by gridding or modeling the coordinate differences of common points. In this study, to obtain a grid frame using 2591 common point data, the inverse distance weighted interpolation method and spherical harmonic functions modeling method are applied and the accuracies of these methods are determined with 25 control points. Before the evaluations, the trend in the data has been largely eliminated by “Standard Molodensky Transformation”. A grid frame of 15′x15′ from 66x20 = 1320 points is generated by the inverse distance weighted interpolation of the original data. Using this frame, the accuracy of the datum parameters derived from the inverse distance weighted interpolation of the control points is found to be ± 0.225 m for longitude and ± 0.189 m for latitude. The precision of the spherical harmonic functions modeling of the original data is obtained as ±0.035″ (~0.84 m) for longitude and ±0.0245″ (~0.76 m) for latitude. Gridded data is also modeled with spherical harmonic functions. The precision of this modeling is found to be ±0.0177″ (~0.424 m) for longitude and ±0.0129″ (~0.398 m) for latitude. Using this model, the datum parameters of the control points are calculated. The accuracy of the datum parameters of the control points is found to be ±0.38 m for longitude and ±0.28 m for latitude.

Shape optimization of piecewise developable free-form grid surface using plate components

Various difficulties in the manufacturing process of free-form roofs generated using the shape optimization process, which is also called structural morphology, can be resolved using the properties and methods of differential geometry. In this paper, a new structural morphology method is proposed for assembling a free-form grid surface using plate elements. The surface is an assembly of piecewise developable surfaces, and the grid frame also consists of plate components. A new directing condition is introduced as a constraint into the definition of developable surface using the (1-n)-Bézier surface. The control points of the directing Bézier curves are chosen as design variables. The developability conditions, directing conditions and continuity conditions are taken as the constraints in the optimization problem for minimizing the strain energy of the grid structure subjected to static loads. Effectiveness of the proposed method and the mechanical properties of the optimal structures are investigated in the numerical examples. It is shown that a new rational architectural shape integrating aesthetics, mechanics and constractability can be generated by using the new morphology method for free-form grid surface structure composed of plate elements.

Vibration and damping study of multifunctional grille composite sandwich plates with an IMAS design approach

In the present study, an integrated material and structure (IMAS) design approach is proposed for fabrication of a multifunctional grille composite sandwich plate. It consists of two panels made of carbon fiber/resin polymer (CFRP) and one grille functional core that includes several grid frame beams (GFBs) and grille functional units (GFUs) via falcon riveting connections to achieve vibration sensing and damping control functions. In each GFU, it is composed of a rectangular grille (RG) and several embedded functional materials with 4-layer laminates, including a piezoelectric sensing layer, an upper copper wire layer, a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) layer and a lower copper wire layer. To investigate the free vibration and damping characteristics of such a highly integrated sandwich structure, an analytical model is proposed that is based on the complex modulus method, the polynomial expansion approach, the improved Rayleigh-Ritz method, etc. After the natural frequencies, modal shapes and damping parameters are successfully solved, with results from literature being employed to roughly validate the model developed. Meanwhile, the dynamic experiments with different internal magnetic field distribution patterns and intensities of MRE are undertaken to give a further validation of the present model. Finally, the parameter analysis is carried out and some important conclusions are summarized to better exert active and passive vibration suppression performance of the CFRP-GFB-GFU plate.