Grey Structural Modeling Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Influencing Hospitalization Expenses of Patients With Gastric Cancer in Shanghai, 2014-2021: Based on Grey Relational Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling

ObjectivesThis study analyzed the basic condition and the influencing factors of hospitalization costs of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai from 2014 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific reference for promoting the reform of the medical and healthcare system. MethodsThe study data were obtained from the electronic medical record system of Shanghai Hospital. The grey relational analysis was applied to analyze the correlation strength of various expenses with hospitalization costs. The structural equation modeling was constructed to analyze the influences of factors on the hospitalization expenses, as well as the relationship between each factor. ResultsA total of 23 335 study subjects were included. The results of grey relational analysis showed that the total cost of drugs had the strongest correlation with hospitalization expenses, followed by material expenses and surgery cost, whereas those of others were lower. The results of the structural equation modeling showed that age had the greatest influence on hospitalization expenses with a path coefficient of 0.618. Other influencing factors included surgery history, length of stay, hospital level, gender, and medical insurance. ConclusionsThe total cost of drugs had the strongest correlation with hospitalization expenses. Factors such as gender, age, and hospital level all affect the hospitalization expenses. In the future, it is necessary to take further measures to control the cost of drugs and constantly optimize the structure of hospitalization costs. Meanwhile, the reform of the medical and healthcare system should be deepened to reasonably regulate the medical behaviors and reduce the financial burden of patients.

Establishing Effective Remedial Instruction Grouping Using the Rough Set Theory and Grey Structural Modeling

In the field of education, the assessment of a student’s learning performance is based on his final course scores. Few people care about what is behind the numbers. Most of the time, the final scores represent the end of the course because students have already passed the subject. Low-level students especially, still have a lot of misconceptions, but they do not know how to make up for their poor grasp of the subject in preparation for future study. Instead of just giving students their scores, teachers are encouraged to provide remedial instruction to students for their future learning. This study aims to establish an effective method using rough set theory and grey structural modeling to determine which attributes affect students’ final scores and to cluster students accordingly. A rough set algorithm generates a set of attributes for an assessment list. Grey structural modeling (GSM) is then used to cluster students who have the same weaknesses in English. GSM changes from one dimension to two dimensions, and calculates the relative distance, so that cluster analysis can be performed. Targeted remedial instruction can then be given to each similar ability student grouping. The results revealed that through integrating the two theories, teachers could more effectively sort students into groups. Students benefit by coming to understand their weaknesses in English instead of just receiving a single score at the end of the semester, and they can learn with their peers as well. Teachers can adjust their teaching strategies and syllabus design based on the analytical results to target the students’ needs.

Applying Student-Problem Chart, Grey Student-Problem Chart and Grey Structure Modeling to Analyze the Effect of an Elementary School English Remedial Instruction

Student-Problem (S-P) chart, Grey Student-Problem (GSP) chart and Grey Structural Modeling (GSM) are graphical analysis tools to represent the relationship between students and test items which can be applied to diagnose, analyze, and evaluate students’ learning situation and achievement. This study has adopted a combination of these graphic analyses to assess the effect of an elementary school remedial instruction. A group of 20 fourth graders in Taipei city participated in this study, and an English test, consisting of four sections with 25 question items in total, which is based on the textbook in the fourth grade, was conducted before and after the remedial instruction. The results indicated that S-P chart, the distribution diagram of student and item types, GSP and GSM graphs effectively diagnosed students’ learning condition and items’ difficulty, and demonstrated the effect of students’ achievement and the change of test items’ types. It is strongly recommended that teachers utilize these methods in assessing the progress of their teaching and their students’ learning.

Factor analysis of teacher professional development and evaluation based on math methods of RaschGSP curve, ISM, GSM and MSM

Professionalism has been estimated as the most important fundamental impetus in progress. Teacher profession as the most important within-school factor has been emerged to explain effective teaching and learning by research. In viewing of teacher in-service training, professional development and innovation is thus highlighted as key prerequisite for high quality teaching. Factor analysis of teacher professional development and evaluation based on math methods was primarily to identify factorial sequences of activity involving two teamwork in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to perform to: 1) Couple quantitative and qualitative accesses to display teaching research; 2) Deliver the differences of pedagogical reasoning between graduate students and undergraduate students; 3) Analyze and visualize the educational practices based on math methods, the former is to embody educational performance in academic features, the latter is to communicate concretely and contextually. Researchtechniques herewith are Nagai’s proposals of Rasch model GSP curve (RaschGSP curve), Grey structural modeling (GSM) and Matrix-based structure modeling (MSM) have been applied to illustrate structural analysis.

A Learning Outcomes Assessment Analysis based on the Mathematical Modeling of RaschGSP Curve, GSM and MSM

This paper presents an educational praxis of classroom assessment in curriculum and learning outcomes of “Introduction to Education”, and constructs assessment tool and analyzes them based on the mathematical modeling, the former with Q Matrix and ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling), the latter mainly with Nagai’s GSP (Grey S-P) Chart, RaschGSP Curve, GSM (Grey Structural Modeling) and MSM (Matrix Based Structure Modeling). It aims: (1) To use and implement numerical value as the code for processing data, (2) To analyze and diagnose based on raw numerical values, (3) To illustrate and explain in visual diagraph analysis. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that applying mathematical logic in educational research, and such tools are not in favor of the quantitative approach, rather claimed unique feature of math logic, in benefit to: (1) Interface qualitative contextual analysis and quantitative numerical characters as the whole, (2) Convert teaching-learning praxis into binary numerical data, (3) Address alternative interdisciplinary educational research.

Application of Rough Set, GSM and MSM to Analyze Learning Outcome—An Example of Introduction to Education

Introduction to education is one of the basic courses in teacher education professional education, it covers a wide range of subjects. Thus, in order to practice the management teaching goals, the interdisciplinary developed mathematical tools are applied for the study. The participants of this study are students in course of introduction to education, and the research instruments applied are rough set, grey structural modeling (GSM), and matrix based-structural modeling (MSM). The purposes of this paper are: 1) To logically analyze educational datasets to practice the scientific traits in education; 2) To benefit from directed hierarchical analysis to identify and propose action planning; 3) To construct core-oriented educational structure as the criterion-reference for one-lesson-multiple-design and to provide the whole scope and visualized analysis with GSM and MSM.

GSM-RGSM Software and Its Application in Educational Measurement

Grey Structural Modeling (GSM) is an effective tool for analyzing complex systems and has been used in many educational researches in recent years. This study developed a tool to determine the relational structure between items and relational structure between students according to the GSM method. GSM-RGSM software, which is the result of this study, was developed by the MATLAB language. The software processes the data which is the result of a text and then provides results in graphs. GSM-RGSM software will help the user to reduce the complex mathematical calculations when using GSM method and provide results accurately and quickly. A graphical user interface is also designed to help users quickly become familiar and easy to use software. This software also provides RGSM graph, which is considered as a special case of the GSM. In this paper, a practical example of using GSM-RGSM software to analyze math test results is used as illustration for the application of the software in educational

Using GRA and GSM Methods to Identify the Learning Strategies of Good Language Learners

 Abstract—While learning a language, there are some learners who can learn it quickly, but come learners can't. If we know more about the learning strategies of the successful language learners, we could use this information to enhance the poor language learner's learning. The paper proposes to use the soft-computing methods: grey relational analysis (GRA) and grey structural modeling (GSM) to explore the learning strategy path of the good language learner. The purpose is to find the importance order of the learning strategies. Then both learners and teachers can adjust their learning and teaching styles in language acquisition. In order to quantify the data, 10 professional English teachers are interviewed, and their attitudes towards the learning strategies are calculated through the soft-computing methods. The results show that the planning strategy is the basic strategy of being a good language learner while communication strategy ranks the top. Overall, the results not only provide objective perceptions of good language learner's learning strategy path, but the proposed soft-computing methods can be applied to the future decision-making fields.

Clustering the English Reading Performances by Using GSP And GSM

The purpose of this paper is to apply an integrated approach to cluster the English reading performances among college students because finding the optimal teaching strategy for an individual student is difficult. The unified English reading exam with forty questions was used to clarify the different performances between day-time and extension classes which have thirty-eight students and thirty-seven students, respectively. The Grey Student-Problem(GSP) chart, which includes the equation of Rasch model, was then generated. Then the method of Grey Structural Modeling (GSM ) was used to cluster the students into appropriate groups. According to the GSP chart and GSM, students' reading performances are clustered into classes based on their levels. Finally, we used Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) to display the concept structure of each group. The results indicate that the teachers could provide adaptive teaching methods and remedial instructions based on the graphic models. Also, parents could understand their children's learning conditions better by reading the clear graphs. We suggested that the GSP chart can not only be applied to the educational field, but also be used in real-life applications, like medical data analysis, engineering, or decision-making fields.

Educational Evaluation Identification and Structural Analysis on Product Design Learning Course

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the product design learning course difficulty, and the results can be applied to adjust the teaching content and improve the teaching methods. The paper chose the students graduated from the Department of Industrial Design, and are working in the product design field as examinees. Using the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method for assessment, the data were analyzed by GRA (Grey Relational Analysis) to evaluate the difficulties of the course content and also put them in order, and the SP Chart (Student-Problem Chart) was used to establish the GSP Chart (Grey Student-Problem Chart) which provides the cognitive domain of the examinees and becomes the basis of the paper. At the end, the results are shown in the GSM (Grey Structural Modeling) which become the analytical basis of this paper. Through this objective evaluation, the figures and data generated from the paper can clarify the course evaluation which the best innovative evaluation methods, it is the best model of the new product design education and learning.

Grey Structural Modeling

This paper proposes a new system modeling approach about Grey Structural Modeling (GSM) which is based on grey theory, and it just likes ISM and FSM. Each class of systems depends on the order of localized grey relational grade. And each path of elements is found by the ordered pair of according to globalized grey relational grade. Classes and paths are both used Yamaguchi's grey relational grade, since it is more suitable to find the topology of given elements. GSM draws directed graph (digraph) by using three parameters: distinguish coefficient ζ which decides the basic composition of digraph, class coefficient θ which gives the hierarchy, and path coefficient ψ which gives an ordered pair of elements arrow. It is possible that the GSM handles not only causal binary relation, but also observed value which causality is unknown. Three examples are given, proposal method is analyzed and compared with traditional methods.