Greenish Tint Research Articles

Electrochemical formation and characterization of copper oxygenous compounds in alumina template from ethanolamine solutions

Peculiarities of Cu, Cu(OH) 2, Cu 2O, and CuO a.c. deposition into the porous alumina template from various triethanolamine (TEA) solutions were studied using anodic stripping, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Copper deposition into the porous alumina template mainly in the metallic form and, as a consequence, coloring them in cherry tints was found only from the acid solutions. The Raman vibrational spectrum of porous alumina a.c. treated in weakly acidic Cu(II)–TEA solutions (pH 4.1–5.3) and colored in greenish tint was found to be consisted of two main peaks located at 519–522 and 613–619 cm −1 what is characteristic of Cu 2O lattice vibrations. The additional peak located at about 365 cm −1 was detected in the spectrum of alumina colored in gray, obtained from neutral to alkaline solutions, what is indicative of CuO codeposition with Cu 2O. These results were confirmed by FTIR and X-ray absorption spectra clearly discernible absorption peaks of Cu 2O, CuO, and Cu(OH) 2 depending on the composition of Cu(II)–TEA solution used.

Hoganite and paceite, two new acetate minerals from the Potosi mine, Broken Hill, Australia

AbstractHoganite, copper(II) acetate monohydrate, and paceite (pronounced ‘pace-ite’), calcium(II) copper(II) tetraacetate hexahydrate, occur as isolated crystals embedded in ferruginous gossan from the Potosi Pit, Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. They are associated with goethite, hematite, quartz, linarite, malachite, azurite, cerussite and cuprian smithsonite. Hoganite is bluish green with a pale blue streak and a Mohs hardness of 1½; it possesses perfect {001} and distinct {110} cleavages and has a conchoidal fracture. Chemical analysis of hoganite gave (wt.%) C 23.85; H 3.95; Cu 31.6; Fe 0.4; O (by difference) 40.2, yielding an empirical formula of C4H7.89O5.07Cu1.00Fe0.01. The simplified formula is C4H8O5Cu or Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O, the mineral being identical to the synthetic compound of the same formula. Single-crystal X-ray data for hoganite are: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 13.162(3), b = 8.555(2), c = 13.850(3)Å, β = 117.08(3)°, Z = 8. The density, calculated from single-crystal data, is 1.910 g cm−3. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are [dobs (Iobs) (hkl)] 6.921 (100) (011); 3.532 (28) (202); 6.176 (14) (200); 3.592 (11) (22); 5.382 (10) (11); 2.278 (10) (204); 5.872 (9) (002). Hoganite (orientation presently unknown) is biaxial positive with α = 1.533(2), β = 1.541(3), γ = 1.554(2), 2V(meas.) = 85(5)°, 2V(calc.) = 76.8°, dispersion is r < v, medium (white light); it is strongly pleochroic with X = blue, Y = pale bluish, Z = pale bluish green and absorption X > Y > Z. The mineral is named after Graham P. Hogan of Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, a miner and well-known collector of Broken Hill minerals.Paceite is dark blue with a pale blue streak and a Mohs hardness of 1½; it possesses perfect {100} and {110} cleavages and has an uneven fracture. Chemical analysis of paceite gave (wt.%) C 21.25; H 5.3; Ca 9.0; Cu 14.1; O (by difference) 50.35, yielding an empirical formula of C8H23.77O14.23Ca1.02-Cu1.00. The simplified formula is C8H24O14CaCu or CaCu(CH3COO)4.6H2O, the mineral being identical to the synthetic compound of the same formula. Unit-cell data (refined from X-ray powder diffraction data) for paceite are: tetragonal, space group I4/m, a = 11.155(4), c = 16.236(17)Å, Z = 4. The density, calculated from refined cell data, is 1.472 g cm−3. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are [dobs (Iobs) (hkl)] 7.896 (100) (110); 3.530 (20) (310); 5.586 (15) (200); 8.132 (8) (002); 9.297 (6) (101); 2.497 (4) (420); 3.042 (3) (321). Paceite is uniaxial positive with ω = 1.439(2) and ɛ = 1.482(3) (white light); pleochroism is bluish with a greenish tint (O), pale bluish with a greyish tint (E), and absorption O ⩾ E. The mineral is named after Frank L. Pace of Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, an ex-miner and well-known collector of Broken Hill minerals.

Decrespignyite-(Y), a new copper yttrium rare earth carbonate chloride hydrate from Paratoo, South Australia

AbstractDecrespignyite-(Y) is a new copper yttrium rare earth carbonate chloride hydrate from the Paratoo copper mine, near Yunta, Olary district, South Australia. Decrespignyite-(Y) occurs as blue crusts, coatings and fillings in thin fissures on the slatey country rock. Individual pseudohexagonal platelets are typically 10–50 µm in maximum dimension and are often curved. Associated minerals include caysichite-(Y), donnayite-(Y), malachite and kamphaugite-(Y). Electron microprobe and CHN analyses gave: Y2O3 42.2; La2O3 0.1; Pr2O3 0.1; Nd2O3 1.3; Sm2O3 1.0; Gd2O3 4; Tb2O3 0.4; Dy2O3 3.7; Ho2O3 2.6; Er2O3 2.5; CaO 0.5; CuO 10.9; Cl 3.0; CO2 19.8; H2O 10.8, yielding an empirical formula of (Y3.08Gd0.22Dy0.16Ho0.11Er0.10Nd0.06Sm0.05Tb0.02La0.02Pr0.01Ca0.08)∑3.91Cu1.12(CO3)3.70-Cl0.7(OH)5.79·2.4H2O. The simplified formula is (Y,REE)4Cu(CO3)4Cl(OH)5·2H2O. The mineral is royal blue to turquoise-blue in colour, transparent, with a pearly to vitreous lustre and a pale blue streak. No cleavage was observed but the morphology suggests that cleavage would be on [010]. The Mohs' hardness is estimated to be 4. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are {dobs (Iobs) (hkl)} 22.79 (30) (010); 7.463 (30) (001); 7.086 (50) (011); 6.241 (100) (021); 4.216 (30) (12); 3.530 (40) (022); 3.336 (30) (032); 2.143 (30) (222, 01). The powder diffraction pattern was indexed on a monoclinic cell with a = 8.899(6), b = 22.77(2), c = 8.589(6)Å, β = 120.06(5)°, V = 1506.3(7) Å3 and Z = 4. The structure of the new mineral could not be determined but powder diffraction data indicate the space group is P2, Pm or P2/m. The measured density is 3.64(2) g/cm3 and the calculated density is 3.645 g/cm3. Decrespignyite-(Y) is biaxial negative with α = 1.604(4) and γ = 1.638(3) with β very close to γ pleochroism is medium strong; X very pale bluish, Y and Z bluish (with greenish tint). Decrespignyite-(Y) is a supergene mineral which precipitated from mildly basic carbonated ground waters. The mineral is named after Robert Champion de Crespigny, a prominent figure in the Australian mining industry and chancellor of the University of Adelaide.

Chlorosls

“Pale and interesting” is how Lord Byron wanted to be when he died. He was referring to consumption. “Pale and green” is an apt description of yet another wasting disease that was commonly diagnosed for more than three centuries. Since its victims tended to be young virgins, they were probably interesting as well. Indeed, one late 19th-century doctor remarked that their greenish tint rather became them. The Renaissance doctor Johann Lange first described “chlorosis” in the context of De morbo virgineo. The disease took its name from a peculiar skin colour that characterised young women presenting with listlessness, loss of appetite, constipation, and dizziness. Its appearance in young, unmarried women, only just into their menarche, made it easy for male doctors to attribute the condition to female deprivation from their natural destinies—ie, marriage and childbirth. In the popular imagination, the green-sickness was often conflated with unrequited love. Moreover, chlorosis carried an attribute of gentility in Dutch domestic paintings and the medical literature.

Presumed interference colours at the level of the human anterior lens capsule.

To assess the incidence and related factors of the presumed interference colour phenomenon at the anterior lens capsule. In 274 eyes of 137 normal subjects, ranging in age from 4 to 83 years old (50.1 +/- 24.9 years, mean +/- standard deviation), the anterior lens capsule was observed with slit-lamp microscopy under specular conditions to assess the presence and degree of presumed interference colours. The colouring phenomenon, which was thought to be relevant to the interference phenomenon induced at the level of the anterior lens capsule, was found in 67.5% of eyes. Typically, there was a colour spectrum with a greenish tint in the central area and a reddish tint at the periphery, which coincided with the area of capsular shagreen. Multiple regression analysis revealed a signigificant positive correlation between the degree of the interference colour phenomenon and the age of the subjects (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.713). Presumed interference colours are frequently seen at the human anterior lens capsule. Interference colours and capsular shagreen seem to reflect age-related changes in the lens.

Atlas of Anesthesia Volume VII: Pediatric Anesthesia.

Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and PediatricsDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7010Atlas of Anesthesia Volume VII: Pediatric Anesthesia. Series editor: Ronald D. Miller. Volume editor: William J. Greeley. Philadelphia, Current Medicine, 1999. Cost of book: $135. Cost of CD-ROM: $195. The multivolume series Atlas of Anesthesia has tried a visual method of presenting textbook information. The presentation mode of each volume is to deliver the information primarily in a format of tables, algorithms, figures, and pictures, all with descriptive headings. There is very little text. Pediatric Anesthesia , the seventh volume, seeks to use the visual media to “enhance the understanding of the medical conditions and surgical procedures encountered during the anesthetic management of children.”The book is divided into two sections. The first is divided into four chapters of basic principles: physiology, pharmacology, perioperative management, and regional anesthesia. Attempting to present highlights of the unique physiology of pediatric patients in 15 pages is a difficult task. Several of the figures and charts are classics and speak volumes. One or two are a bit confusing and relied on the heading to explain the context. The chapter on pharmacology presented a concise review of developmental changes, followed by an in-depth review of narcotics and muscle relaxants in children. In particular, the latter is easy to understand when presented as figures. It would have been nice to see inclusion of remifentanil and rapacuronium in this chapter to make it comprehensive. The chapter on perioperative management is well done, with great tips on topics such as premedication and parental presence. This chapter primarily uses charts to convey the information, but, again, it was easily assimilated. The last chapter in this section highlighted various central and peripheral nerve blocks. Obviously, this chapter contained a lot of illustrations with concise headings describing how to perform the blocks. I found it to be fairly inclusive of the blocks used in everyday practice.The second section of the book is dedicated to specific topics within pediatric anesthesia. The chapter on neonatal anesthesia had the difficult task of addressing not only physiology and pharmacology, but also specific types of surgery unique to neonates. Although some of the algorithms and tables for management of specific entities such as pyloric stenosis and congenital diaphragmatic hernia were overly simplified to present in this format, it was possible to quickly pick out the key issues in each type of condition.Chapters that were particularly well done included a good review of pediatric ophthalmologic surgery in chapter 10, detailed figures demonstrating the methods of delivering anesthesia during shared airways in chapter 11, and chapter 14, which deals with chronic diseases such as cerebral palsy and sickle cell disease. Because a picture can better depict the environment of performing anesthesia in outside locations, the chapter on this topic was very helpful with its numerous photographs (and the green tint of many of them conveyed the feeling many of us have when asked to go to those locations).Two chapters that stand out as fairly unique in their subject matter are those dealing with anesthesia for fetal surgery (chapter 15) and postoperative care (chapter 16). The photographs, tables, and charts are interesting in these areas not commonly addressed in pediatric anesthesia texts.The CD-ROM is identical in its material to the textbook. It was easy for a non–computer-literate type such as myself to use with either a MAC (68020 or better, minimum of 6 MB or RAM; System 7 or higher) or PC Windows (minimum 4 MB of RAM; Windows 3.1 or higher). I easily scrolled through the material and could quickly make slides from the tables and charts. The price is higher for the CD-ROM than for the textbook; again, one’s learning style and the convenience may justify the cost for some.I must confess that I actually purchased this textbook several months ago. I recognized the value of so many excellent tables and figures to be used as teaching slides in my academic practice. The authors have done a superb job of putting together information for concise presentation. Is this a textbook that one would have for reference? I think that depends on your method of learning. Certainly it is not an all-inclusive textbook of pediatric anesthesia and does not claim to replace more thorough texts. However, when I showed the atlas to residents, some thought they would learn better with this more visual format, and despite the cost, would like to have it on their shelves. It is an interesting and colorful addition to our pediatric anesthesia armamentarium.

Apple Juice Clarification Using Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Polymeric Membranes

The flux behavior of polyethersulfone (0.2 μ m), polyvinylidene fluoride (0.2 μ m), cellulose (0.2 μ m, 100 kDa, 30 kDa, 10 kDa), and polysulfone (0.2 μ m, 100 kDa, 30 kDa, 10 kDa) membranes was examined during dead-end filtration of apple juice. Membranes with molecular weight cut-off of 30 and 100 kDa had superior flux performance to 0.2 μ m or 10 kDa membranes. A crossflow system equipped with various tubular polymeric membranes was also used to clarify apple juice at a temperature of 50°C, a crossflow velocity of 3.3 m/s and a transmembrane pressure of 414 kPa. Steady state fluxes increased as the molecular weight cut-off increased from 9 to 200 kDa. When challenged with P. diminuta, log reduction values between 6 and 7 were obtained with the crossflow tubular polymeric system. Membranes between 20 and 200 kDa produced juices with similar initial characteristics that underwent comparable changes during storage at 4, 25 and 35°C over 4–16 wk. The impact of filtration through the 9 kDa membrane was however noticeable on the physico-chemical properties since the apple juice had a green tint, lower soluble solids, lower flavanol content, and experienced minimal changes in browning and turbidity.

Tsugaruite, Pb4As2S7, a new mineral species from the Yunosawa mine, Aomori Prefecture, Japan

AbstractTsugaruite, Pb4As2S7, is a new Pb-As sulphosalt from the Yunosawa mine, Aomori Prefecture, northern Japan. X-ray studies indicated it to be orthorhombic Pnn2 or Pnnm, a 15.179(1), b 38.195(1), c 8.0745(1) Å, Z = 16 [Pb4As2S7] with a subcell with c′ = 1/2c. The six strongest diffractions in the X-ray powder pattern [d (in Å), (I), (hkl)] are: 4.47 (30) (340), 3.705 (34) (1.10.0), 3.395 (100) (450), 2.870 (34) (192), 2.819 (53) (550), and 2.739 (48) (560, 2.13.0). The average of seven electron microprobe analyses gave Pb 68.70, Tl 0.13, As 12.45, S 18.64, total 99.92 wt.%. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of total atoms = 13 is Pb3.99Tl0.01As2.00S7.00, corresponding to the ideal formula Pb4As2S7. The calculated density is 6.83 g/cm3 for the ideal formula.Tsugaruite is opaque with a metallic lustre and lead-grey streak. No cleavage was observed. It is brittle with uneven fracture. VHN25 is 75.4–94.9 kg/mm2, mean 86.4 (n) = 4), corresponding to 2.5–3 in Mohs' hardness scale. In reflected plane-polarised light in air, it is white with a greenish tint, more greenish than jordanite. Bireflectance and pleochroism are weak, weaker than those of jordanite; and anisotropism is weak to moderate, weaker than that of jordanite. No internal reflections. The reflectance spectra are tabulated in the text.Tsugaruite was found in a thin baryte veinlet exposed in the wall of a small open cut of the Yunosawa mine. It forms radiating groups of long tabular tapering crystals elongated along c and tabular to b, up to 0.04 mm wide and 2 mm long. The associated minerals are jordanite, which formed earlier than tsugaruite, and galena. The chemical similarity of tsugaruite and jordanite and their intergrown character indicates that earlier jordanite analyses may also include analyses of tsugarite.

Cerium oxide as a silver decolorizer in dental porcelains

Objectives. Silver-base alloys are known to produce an esthetically unpleasant yellow–green tint in the dental porcelain when making PFM restorations. Cerium oxide is used in dental porcelains to simulate the natural fluorescence found in human dental enamel, and has also been used in the glass industry as a decolorizer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CeO 2 additions on the resistance of dental porcelain to staining from silver contamination. Methods. Five batches of porcelain were prepared according to Weinstein et al. (1962) with 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 wt% additions of CeO 2. To determine the resistance of these porcelains to silver staining, 0.10 wt% additions of the silver oxides were triturated into the prepared CeO 2 porcelains prior to sample fabrication. This procedure provided a more quantitative method of staining than firing directly on silver alloys. Silver oxide was added in two valance states as Ag 2O and AgO to test for any possible effects on staining. Samples were pressed into a 17 mm diameter mold, and fired to 960°C under vacuum. Three additional samples were prepared from the non-cerium porcelain frit to produce a non-stained control group. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer on the ten experimental groups and the control group. The CIE L* a* b* color difference, Δ E*, was calculated between the control and the experimental groups. Results. There was a significant decrease in the silver staining of dental porcelains when CeO 2 additions of 0.10 wt% or greater were used. Significance. Cerium oxide additions in the range of 0.10 to 0.20 wt% caused a three-fold reduction in the staining of dental porcelain samples which had been doped with 0.10 wt% of AgO or Ag 2O.

Malanite—A New Cupric Platinum (Pt3+) and Iridium (Ir3+) Sulphide

AbstractMalanite was first found in veinlets of disseminated copper–nickel ores in Zunhua County, Hebei Province, and then in platinum–bearing chromite ores in Shuangfeng Village, Yanshan. In the former case, malanite appears as octahedrons or dodecahedrons associated with pyrrhotite, pentlandite, sperrylite and cooperite; while in the latter case, it is massive or present in anhedral glomerocrysts, filling in cracks of iridisite and associated with osmiride, ferrian platinum and iridisite. Malanite is steel–grey in colour, opaque with metallic lustre and black streaks and brittle with no magnetism. HM= 5.0, VHN20 = 417kg/mm2, cleavage {111} sometimes observed. The calculated density is 7.57 g/cm3. The reflective colour is white with a light green tint. Internal reflections are not observed. This mineral is isotropic, showing no birefiection or reflection pleochroism in air. By means of electron microprobe analysis, the empirical formula (based on 7 atoms) is expressed as (Cu0.93Fe0.06) Σ0.99(Pt1.03Ir0.66Rh0.04 pd0.03Co0.20Ni0.03)1.99S4.03) or (Cu0.95Fe0.07)Σ1.02 (Pt1.37Ir0.45Co0.11Rh0.08)Σ2.01S3.97. Five strongest lines (hkl, d, I) of X–ray powder diffraction data of malanite are 311,2.98 (6);400,2.48(5); 333,1.90(7); 440, 1.75 (10); 731, 1.29 (5). It was known on the basis of X–ray powder diffraction data that malanite is cubic, and the space group is Fd3m with a = 0.9940nm, V = 0.9821 (3) nm3 and Z = 4. The type material of malanite is deposited at the Geological Museum of China (GMC)

Quantitative genetic analysis of Sphaerotheca fuliginea sporulation in Cucurbit a pepo

AbstractThe inheritance mechanism by which summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) suppresses powdery mildew (caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea) sporulation was studied by analysis of the sporulation yield per colony, measured spectrophotometrically at 700 nm. The value of the optical density (LOD) was used as the criterion for the pathogen sporulation. Three breeding lines of summer squash were used: Straightneck powdery mildew resistant (SNP), Benning's Green Tint (BGT) and Sihi Lavan (SLA), each differing in its susceptibility to powdery mildew. Cultivar SNP (resistant) was crossed with SLA (susceptible) or BGT (moderately susceptible) to generate F1 F2 and backcross populations. Continuous distribution was observed and joint scaling effect tests indicated that the additive‐dominant model was adequate. Narrow‐and broad‐sense heritability estimates for BGT × SNP were 0.74 and 0.85, respectively, and for SLA × SNP both were 0.79. These results indicate that it should be possible to select C. pepo populations on which S. fuliginea has low sporulation, and which consequently will exhibit quantitative resistance.

Cloud-Point Determination for Crude Oils

The cloud point represents the temperature at which wax or paraffin begins to precipitate from a hydrocarbon solution. Conventional American Soc. for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures for cloud-point determination are not applicable to dark crude oils and also do not account for potential subcooling of the wax. A review of possible methods and testing with several crude oils indicate that a reliable method consists of determining the temperature at which wax deposits begin to form on a cooled surface exposed to warm, flowing oil. A concurrent thermal analysis of the waxy hydrocarbon can indicate the presence of possible multiple wax-precipitation temperature regions in the solution.

Gene B Influences Susceptibility to Chilling Injury in Cucurbita pepo

The effects of gene B on susceptibility to chilling injury (CI) in two types of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) were investigated. Two pairs of near-isogenic lines with (BB) and without (B+ B+) gene B were included in the study: `Caserta' (B+ B+) and `Precocious Caserta' (BB) of the vegetable marrow type, and `Benning's Green Tint' (B+ B+) and `Benning's Yellow Tint' (BB) of the scallop type. Respiration and ethylene evolution at nonchilling temperature were consistently higher in marrows than in scallops. Gene B had no influence on respiratory rates at nonchilling temperatures; however, the presence of gene B enhanced the chilling-induced stimulation of respiration in both marrows and scallops. Temporal differences in the patterns of chilling-induced stimulation of ethylene evolution indicated a greater sensitivity to chilling in marrows than in scallops and in both types in the presence of gene B. Electrolyte leakage was decreased by storage at chilling temperature in both marrow genotypes and was not influenced by storage temperature in B+ B+ scallops, but was increased by storage at chilling temperature in BB scallops. Therefore, electrolyte leakage was not a good CI index for these summer squash.

Storability of Summer Squash as Affected by Gene B and Genetic Background

Abstract Three pairs of near-isogenic lines of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) with and without gene B were compared for storability. The test included ‘Bareqet’ (B+/B+) and ‘Goldy’ (B/B+) of the zucchini type, ‘Caserta’ (B +/B +) and ‘Precocious Caserta’ (B/B) of the vegetable marrow type, and ‘Benning’s Green Tint’ (B +/B +) and the ‘Benning’s Yellow Tint’ (B/B) of the scallop type. Fruit were hand-harvested between 3 and 5 days past anthesis and stored for up to 22 days at 5°C and 85% to 95% RH. Weight loss was higher in the cultivar with gene B for two of the three types (vegetable marrow and scallop). Shrivel, chilling injury, and overall appearance ratings were worse for the cultivar with gene B for all three types. Weight loss was highest in the vegetable marrow type, intermediate in the zucchini type, and lowest in the scallop type. Shrivel, chilling injury, and appearance, 7 days after harvest, were most severe in the vegetable marrow type.

Photodynamic therapy of rat liver cancer: protection of the normal liver by indocyanine green.

The application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been difficult because hematoporphyrin derivatives (HpD) accumulate not only in cancer cells but also in normal hepatocytes and, hence, laser irradiation causes injuries in both tissues. Protection of the normal liver tissue from laser phototoxicity was demonstrated using indocyanine green (ICG) as a protective agent. In vitro, argon laser irradiation decolored the green tint of ICG much faster in solutions containing HpD than those without, suggesting that ICG captured singlet oxygen from HpD. Degeneration of Change hepatocytes induced by HpD and laser irradiation was prevented by an addition of ICG into the medium. In vivo, laser irradiation of the rat liver surface caused hyperemia when HpD was injected two days before, while the hyperemia was much milder in rats additionally receiving ICG injection 10 minutes before the irradiation. ICG injected into rat HCC accumulated only in the normal liver tissue. Laser irradiation of rat HCC preinjected with both HpD and ICG destroyed only the cancer tissue, while the surrounding liver tissue was preserved. Both in vitro and in vivo results suggest that ICG has a scavenger effect against excited oxygen and it might be used as a protective agent in PDT of HCC.

Baghdadite, a new calcium zirconium silicate mineral from Iraq

AbstractBaghdadite, a new calcium zirconium silicate mineral has been found in melilite skarn in contact with banded diorite, from the Qala-Dizeh region, NE Iraq. Electron microprobe analysis yielded: SiO2 = 29.26, ZrO2 = 27.00, TiO2 = 2.11, Fe2O3 = 0.11, Al2O3 = 0.03, MgO = 0.05, CaO = 41.44, Na2O = 0.02, sum = 100.02 wt. %. The mineral contains about 0.16% HfO2. This analysis calculates to Ca3.00(Zr0.89Ti0.11)(Si1.98Fe0.01)O9 which leads to the ideal formula Ca3Zr[O2|Si2O7]. X-ray single crystal study showed it to be monoclinic with space group P21/a. The unit cell dimensions are: a = 10.42(2), b = 10.16(2), c = 7.36(1) Å, β = 91.1°, Z = 4 and cell volume = 779.04 Å3. The seven strongest lines in the powder diffraction pattern are (d,I,hkl): 7.30 (45)(110), 3.23 (80)(130), 3.04 (75)(2̄02), 2.98 (85)(202), 2.88 (70)(320,212), 2.84 (100)(230), 1.702 (40)(522). It is colourless, lustre vitreous, no cleavage and VHN50 = 725–783 kg mm−2 with H ∼ 6. Calculated density = 3.48 g cm−3 which is very close to 3.46 measured density of a synthetic Ca3ZrSi2O9. It is optically biaxial, positive, 2 V ∼ 72°, dispersion indiscernible. The cathodoluminescence colour is dull grey with a greenish tint. Refractive indices: α= 1.652, β = 1.658, γ = 1.670. The crystal habit is stumpy prismatic and a contact twin with b as twinning axis is observed. Optic orientation: α = c, β//b, γ = a.

Inheritance of light pigmentation in squash

ABSTBACT: The Inheritance of light external fruit pigmentation of squash {Cucurttta pepo L.) was studied at two stages of growth: 2-5 days past anthesls (dpa) (young, edible summer squash stage) and 18-22 dpa (Intermediate stage of fruit development). Four cuitivars and their F,s and Fjs were studied: Early Prolific Stralghtneck (EPS), Slhl Lavan (= White Bush) (SLA), Bennlng's Green Tint (BGT), and Vegetable Spaghetti (VSP), all four of which are lightly pigmented 2-5 dpa and all except the first remain lightly pigmented throughout growth. The results Indicated that the four cuitivars carry the same gene (/) for light pigmentation at 2-5 dpa. Two of the four cuttlvars, SLA and VSP, also carry gene r that in concert with / determines light fruit pigmentation at 18-22 dpa. EPS and BGT carry R that conditions Intense fruit pigmentation at 1822 dpa. BGT is lightly pigmented at 18-22 dpa because It carries W (white fruit color), which Is epistatic to ft The genotypes of the four cuitivars are EPS, II RR wv^BCJ, II RR WW; and SLA and VSP, llrrww.

Xitieshanite—A new ferric sulphate mineral

Xitieshanite is a new ferric sulfate mineral discovered in the oxidation zone of a Pb-Zn deposit at Xitieshan, Qinghai Province, China. The typical crystal of xitieshanite is a rhombic rectangle. It is bright green in colour with a light yellow tint. Luster vitrous Translucent to almost transparent. Streak yellow. Cleavage imperfect. Fracture uneven or conchoidal. H. (Vickers)=62.6kg/mm2. Specific gravity=1.99obs(2.02calc,) Pleochroism strong, and axial colours: X=colourless to pale yellow, Y=pale yellow, Z=light yellow with greenish tint. It is optically positive, biaxial, 2V=77°,r v. Refractive indices:N x =1.536,N y =1.570,N z =1.628. Extinction parallel and inclined. Elongation positive and negative. X-ray single-crystal study shows it is monoclinic. Space groupP21/a. Unit cell parameters:a=14.102,b=6.908,c=10.673 Å, β=111.266°,V=968.9, Å3,Z=4. The powder pattern of xitieshanite gave the strongest lines: 6.67(6)(201), 6.09(5)(110), 5.69(5)(011), 4.96(10)(002), 4.81(10)(211), 4.21(5)(112), and 3.90(9)(211). Chemical analysis gave Al2O3 0.01, Fe2O3 26.15, FeO 0.18, MgO 0.03, CaO 0.09, K2O 0.03, Na2O 0.07, SO3 27.69, H2O 45.02, total 99.27%, corresponding to the chemical formula: Fe2+ (SO4)(OH) · 7H2O. The DTA curve shows respectively three strong endothermic peaks at 85°, 170°, and 735°C, and a weak peak at 460°C. The TGA curve shows a loss of weight in three different steps. The infrared spectral curve of xitieshanite demonstrates that it has two principal absorption bands at 3,350 and 1,225–1,003 cm−1 and two subordinate bands at 1,620 and 603 cm−1.

Bournonite from the Janggun mine, Republic of Korea - Contributions to the knowledge of ore-forming minerals in the janggun lead-zinc-silver ores. 1.

In the Janggun lead-zinc-silver ores, bournonite occurs as anhedral grains up to 2mm long, closely associated with galena, minerals of the tetrahedrite-freibergite series, boulangerite, sphalerite, pyrite and rhodochrosite. The bournonite, though minor or trace in amount, tends to occur in the peripheries of the ore pipe. In reflected light, it is light greyish white in colour with greenish tints and exhibits weak bireflectance and distinct anisotropism without any internal reflections. Occasionally, lamellar twinning on {110} plane may be observed. Reflectance: Rmax=37.5, Rmin=33.8 percent at a light with wavelength of 580 nm, and VHN: 175-198kg/mm2 at a 50-g load. The chemical composition on the average from 15 spot analyses by electron microprobe for 5 grains is, Pb 43.3, Sb 24.4, Zn 0.0, Cu 12.9, S 19.7, sum 100.3 (all in weight percent); the corresponding empirical formula on the basis of S=3 is, Cu1.00 Pb1.03 Sb0.99 S3, which is close to the ideal formula CuPbSbS3. The strongest reflections on the X-ray diffraction patterns are; 3.90 A (8) (002), 2.97 A (4) (220), 2.73 A (10) (130), 2.67 A (4) (212), 2.59 A (5) (310), 1.766 A (6) (332), the patterns are identical with those of literature, and in harmony with the space group _??_-Pn 21m. This mineral is considered to have been formed at the latest stage of hydrothermal lead-zinc-silver mineralization. At the beginning of this paper, geologic environments of the ore deposits are briefly described.

Neurons in brain cell culture specifically bind fluorescein-labelled angiotensin II

Cultured fetal rat brain cells were incubated with fluorescein-labelled angiotensin II in the presence or absence of excess unlabelled angiotensin II and viewed with epifluorescent light microscopy. Approximately 1% of the cells stained specifically in a bright patchy green pattern which were all of neuronal morphology. When excess angiotensin II was given, only a faint homogeneous green tint was seen, with 50–60% of all cells staining nonspecifically. This study demonstrates that certain neurons in cell culture have specific binding sites for ANG II.