Disease outbreaks substantially enhance greenhouse gas emissions from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) aquaculture pond.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance the recovery of submerged macrophytes and increase the absorption of greenhouse gases.

Extreme high temperature erodes the greenhouse gas mitigation edge of plant intercropping.

We used the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) flux-variance relationship to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from high-precision mole fraction measurements at 3 instrumented urban communication towers over several years, demonstrating the ability of this method to detect and quantify changes in emissions. Depending on data availability, we used carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements and/or tracer ratios to estimate fluxes at 1 urban site (Site 3) and 1 suburban site (Site 7) in Indianapolis, IN, USA, and 1 urban site (COM) in Los Angeles, CA, USA. We also compared the estimated fluxes of CO2 from fossil fuel sources (CO2ff) at Sites 3 and 7 and the total CO2 fluxes at Site 3 to 20 m, hourly resolution subdomains of the high-resolution CO2 emissions inventory, Hestia, for the year 2020, introducing a new way to evaluate emissions inventories at small spatial and temporal scales. Using the flux-variance relationship, we detected and quantified abrupt decreases in CO and CO2 fluxes at Site 3 and COM in April 2020, coinciding with the stay-at-home order due to COVID-19 pandemic, as well as abrupt decreases in CO and CO2 fluxes at Site 3 in July 2018 coinciding with a highway closure next to the site. The Hestia emissions inventory detected a decrease in emissions in April 2020 at Sites 3 and 7, but this decrease differed in magnitude from those detected in the atmospheric estimates. Seasonal trends in emissions are similar between Hestia and the atmospheric estimates at Site 7. We use differences in seasonal and spatial trends between the flux estimation methods to identify potential sources of uncertainty in both the atmospheric and inventory methods. The results from this study show that the flux-variance estimation method is a useful tool to monitor local-scale emissions and evaluate high-resolution emissions inventories.

Microorganisms are the unseen architects of our ecosystems. They are the key players in maintaining the ecological balance through nutrient cycling, waste degradation, bioremediation, and even climate regulation. Microbes control the greenhouse gas flux by consuming and producing CO2, CH4, and NO2 during their metabolic processes. They also protect plants from abiotic stress via carbon sequestration. Thus, microbes help safeguard both the atmosphere and life. To better understand and leverage this microbial contribution to combat climate change, biostimulants and other strategic environmental interventions must be improved with a suitable climate model and policy framework. Especially in Bangladesh, where climate vulnerability is high and heatwaves strike more frequently, using microbial resources can significantly enhance resilience. This review outlines the major roles of microorganisms as eco-engineers, examining recent studies and developments that emphasize their importance in ecosystems and in reducing greenhouse gases. Stam. J. Microbiol. 2025;15(1):33-39

Coastal wetlands are major sources and/or sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs), yet the role of abiotic oxidants like hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in regulating these fluxes, especially across salinity gradients, remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that ·OH is a pivotal biogeochemical agent whose function is governed by a "dual-coupling oxidative model". External coupling is demonstrated by salinity acting as a master variable, driving a significant increase in ·OH production potential. This salinity-driven gradient of oxidative pressure then interacts with the internal coupling─the functional duality of ·OH─to produce divergent GHG dynamics. For CO2, net promotion (contributing an average of 9.38 ± 3.92%) resulted from a trade-off where direct abiotic mineralization overcame the suppression of C-degradation enzymes. In contrast, ·OH acted as a net suppressant of CH4 emission, an effect predominantly driven by biotic responses. For N2O, an apparent promotion (contributing 4.36 ± 4.39%) resulted from a powerful indirect effect via suppression of its sink enzyme, which overwhelmed a direct chemical inhibitory path. Ultimately, the magnitude of the ·OH effect on GHG fluxes was codetermined by initial abiotic (23-41%) and biotic (14-29%) conditions. Our model provides a new framework for understanding abiotic-biotic interactions and predicting blue carbon ecosystem responses to global change like seawater intrusion.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), from mangroves can challenge their carbon sequestration capacity. This study measured GHG emissions from the tree stems of four mangrove species (Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Lumnitzera racemosa, and Rhizophora stylosa) along the western coast of Taiwan. All studied species emitted CO2, CH4, and N2O at the stem-atmosphere interface, with A. marina exhibiting the highest GHG fluxes. Notably, stem N2O emissions from A. marina significantly contributed (1.2 to 100.1%) to total ecosystem fluxes, whereas stem CH4 emissions were relatively low (-3.8 to 2.6%). This study is the first to demonstrate seasonal variations in stem N2O flux in mangroves, mainly influenced by temperature, as shown by the structural equation model. The results indicate that stem CH4 and N2O emissions can significantly offset soil carbon burial rates (0.19 to 889.28%), particularly in A. marina. First-order estimates suggest global mangrove stem-mediated emissions of 5.94 [0.88-168.65] Mg CH4 year-1 and 8.66 [2.46-36.19] Mg N2O year-1, presented as median [Q1-Q3] values, although these estimates carry some uncertainties. Nonetheless, these insights underscore the importance of including stem emissions in carbon budget assessments for mangrove ecosystems, highlighting their essential role in mitigating climate change.

Nutrient drivers and ecological restoration modulate greenhouse gas emissions from contrasting urban rivers.

Abstract Fresh waters provide environmental conditions that favour microbial CO 2 and CH 4 production, leading to the release of large quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. Despite their importance, these fluxes remain poorly defined, weakening estimates of global GHG budgets that are critical in implementing effective climate mitigation strategies. A major reason for persisting budget uncertainties is the high spatial and temporal variability, particularly of CH 4 emissions, which are difficult to capture using traditional floating flux‐chamber techniques. Here, we present a broadly accessible 3D‐printed low‐cost automated floating chamber (AFC) developed to improve long‐term temporal and spatial resolution of GHG flux measurements through extended multi‐chamber deployments. The design ensures high repeatability, versatility and operation with both high‐precision laser spectroscopy analysers and low‐cost CO 2 and CH 4 sensors. The technique, dubbed AutoChamber, enables high‐frequency GHG flux measurements with rapid low‐power ventilation between measurement cycles and a range of deployment strategies suitable for a variety of applications. Field assessments of chamber performance on lakes and ponds demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the chambers. The tested equipment and procedures provided diel GHG flux measurements, reliably distinguishing between essentially diffusive fluxes and episodic ebullition events, and improved assessments of site‐level variability in both pathways. Coupled measurements with laser spectroscopy analysers and low‐cost on‐board sensors proved promising not only for CO 2 ( R 2 = 0.95) but also for CH 4 ( R 2 = 0.92), despite outliers. The accompanying resources (build guides, CAD files, software) facilitate equipment standardisation, paving the way for coordinated distributed flux measurements to improve GHG budget estimates at large scales.

Southeast Asia is battered by intensifying climate hazards, yet the region continues to feed hundreds of millions through its vast rice bowls. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is increasingly regarded as the most viable route to sustain production, slash greenhouse-gas emissions, and strengthen farmer resilience in the face of worsening shocks. This systematic review consolidates the strongest field-based evidence currently available across the region. Methane emissions are reduced by approximately 35 % and global warming potential by 29 % when Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) is correctly applied, while irrigation water use drops substantially and rice yields remain stable or increase modestly. Greenhouse-gas fluxes are suppressed by roughly 20 % through biochar incorporation, and crop productivity is raised between 10 % and 28 %, with the most pronounced benefits observed on the acidic, low-fertility soils that dominate mainland and insular Southeast Asia. In the Lower Mekong Basin, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been shown to deliver average yield gains of 52 % alongside 70 % higher net economic returns. Despite these robust outcomes, widespread uptake is still constrained by multiple barriers. Training is often inadequate, initial investment costs are perceived as prohibitive, and access to land, credit, extension services, and timely information is distributed unequall-particularly disadvantaging women farmers. Large evidence gaps persist for non-rice agroecosystems and for standardised, comparable indicators of resilience. The review therefore concludes with a clearly sequenced research and policy agenda aimed at shifting CSA from scattered demonstration plots to landscape-scale transformation across Southeast Asia’s diverse farming systems.

Abstract. Representing 15 %–20 % of aboveground biomass in forests, deadwood is an important, yet understudied, component of ecosystem greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. In particular, standing dead trees (snags) can serve as conduits for the atmospheric flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), with fluxes varying according to environmental conditions. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from six snags along an upland-to-wetland gradient at Howland Research Forest (Maine, USA) with measurements made every two weeks from April to November 2024. Using nonlinear models, we quantified flux responses to environmental predictors including soil moisture, soil temperature, and air temperature. Gas fluxes increased with increasing temperature, yet CO2 flux peaked at moderate soil moisture (∼ 30 %), while CH4 peaked at the highest moisture levels. CH4 fluxes were overwhelmingly net positive, suggesting that snags are important pathways for wetland gas emission. CH4 flux was relatively insensitive under low soil moisture and temperature but increased with rising soil temperature when soil moisture was high, confirming that methanogenesis depends on anaerobic moisture conditions. Results also suggest that CO2 flux co-varied with CH4 flux from snags, with decreases in CO2 flux associated with increases in CH4 flux. As soil moisture increased, a pronounced shift in gas fluxes (from CO2 to CH4 emission) occurred at ∼ 60 % soil moisture. Compared to other substrates at the site, including soils, living trees, and various deadwood, snags were the largest emitters of CO2 and second-largest emitters of CH4. We present direct measurements of gas exchange from snags along a moisture and temperature gradient, providing new insights into CO2 and CH4 fluxes from snags.

The role of agricultural fertilization intensity on fluvial GHG fluxes from tropical and temperate catchments.

Is decoupling enough to achieve the U.S. climate targets for agriculture and forestry? Historical greenhouse gas and biomass fluxes from AFOLU sector production in the United States, 1910–2022

Increase in productivity enhances CH4 but limits N2O production in a shallow tropical lake experiencing seasonal volume reduction and salinization.

Seasonal variations in greenhouse gas production in coastal sandy sediments.

Greenhouse gas emissions in water-level fluctuation zones (WLFZs) of the Three Gorges Reservoir after 15 years of operation.

Estimations of GHG emissions from drained peatlands: Accountability in the trans-border Neman River basin.

Different responses of greenhouse gas emissions to biochar-based silicate fertilizer across rice seasons in a rice-producing region of China.

Contrasting greenhouse gas flux responses to ecological restoration: comparative insights from two shallow lakes.

Comparative assessment of soil greenhouse gas fluxes (carbon dioxide and methane) and climate effects across wetland types in South Bali, Indonesia