Evaluation of pollutant and greenhouse gas emission reduction effect of vehicles burning neat methanol

Wet Distillers by-products from the corn ethanol industry have become increasingly relevant in ruminant nutrition due to their high protein and fiber content. However, their high moisture content and rapid aerobic spoilage represent major challenges for storage, transportation, and environmental management. Ensiling has emerged as an effective strategy to preserve these by-products, particularly when incorporated into total mixed ration (TMR) or partial mixed ration (PMR) silages. This review discusses the principles of ensiling applied to wet Distillers by-products, with emphasis on wet Distillers grains and wet Distillers bran plus solubles (WDBS). The role of biological and chemical additives in improving fermentation quality, reducing nutrient losses, and enhancing aerobic stability is critically examined. In addition, the environmental implications of using ensiled agro-industrial by-products are discussed, including reductions in feed waste, effluent losses, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with improper disposal. Current challenges, knowledge gaps, and future research directions are also highlighted. The integration of wet Distillers by-products into ensiled rations represents a promising approach for improving feed efficiency and promoting sustainability in ruminant production systems.

Comparative life cycle assessment of dietary supplementation with protected organic acid and essential oils in swine production.

Processes for generating clean hydrogen from waste plastics through thermochemical methods such as pyrolysis and gasification are a promising solution for both waste management and clean energy initiatives. Then, this derived hydrogen powers the fuel cell, which produces electricity that can be directly fed to charge electric vehicles (EVs). Although this complex process has many challenges related to energy efficiency during the conversion processes—starting from the generation of hydrogen from thermochemical processes and hydrogen storage and followed by fueling the fuel cells and charging EV infrastructure—the simplistic conceptual modeling developed for this research demonstrates how an ecosystem of such processes can be made feasible commercially. Clean hydrogen generated using known techniques reported in the literature is promising for commercialization, but harnessing hydrogen from plastics offers additional benefits, such as reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Overall, the feasibility of clean hydrogen using this methodology is not limited by potential cost inefficiencies, especially when savings from GHG emissions reduction are taken into account. EVs have become commercially viable thanks to high-energy-density Li-ion batteries. And therefore, research continues to optimize charging performance through the integration of renewable energy and battery storage systems. This study examines another potential of clean hydrogen: its use as a power source in grids, especially V-2-G (vehicle-to-grid) systems. Additionally, direct current (DC) power from a fuel cell powers an EV charger at DC input voltages for e-ambulances. In particular, this designed system operates on DC voltages throughout the power system, combining high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, renewable energy sources, DC-DC converters, DC EV chargers, and other supporting components. The literature review identified gaps in plastics production, waste management, and processes for converting them into useful energy. The presented model is a stepping stone towards a novel, innovative process for clean hydrogen production to power electric vehicle charging infrastructure for emergency response systems in healthcare, thereby improving public safety. The limitations of the study would be governed by the effective establishment of locations where waste management services are performed (for example, landfills) and adoption by local government authorities with deregulated power systems.

Comparative effectiveness of composting sun-dried versus insect-bioconverted chicken manure: Impacts on maturity, early plant development, gaseous emissions, and microbial communities.

To effectively leverage the role of green shipping corridors (GSCs) in promoting greenhouse gas emissions reduction in international shipping, this paper firstly examined the current status and challenges faced by GSCs with the aim of providing valuable solutions for future development. Then, a conceptual framework of multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) for the international maritime industry that enables the construction and implementation of GSCs was proposed. Additionally, the inherent correlation mechanism between the “feasibility wall” of GSCs and the core elements as well as key principles in the MSP framework was also explored. The findings indicate that the GSC initiatives at the global, regional and local levels are advancing rapidly, yet very few have been truly implemented and effectively operationalized, with the fundamental cause lying in the lack of effective theoretical guidance and research support; based on the theory, mechanism and framework of MSPs, the existing GSCs are found to still have considerable deficiencies in partnership building, roles and responsibilities, governance structure, funding and resource support, as well as monitoring and accountability. Concept validation through case studies demonstrates that the conceptual framework proposed in this paper can serve as a practical diagnostic tool for GSC initiatives, which can help to identify the specific stage they are failing at and apply targeted principles to fix it. This paper is expected to contribute to a more effective advancement of the development of GSCs, thereby actively facilitating the achievement of net-zero emission targets for international shipping.

Urbanization exacerbates riverine greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) emissions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Bioaugmentation-induced assimilatory sulfate reduction and chain elongation mitigate H2S and CH4 emissions in sewers.

18–26 years: A critical window for synergistic reduction of atmospheric pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions

Cost-effective decarbonization of urban wastewater sector in eastern Chinese cities toward 2035: Integration of low-carbon treatment and energy reduction technologies.

Decarbonizing transportation through electric vehicles: A life cycle perspective across China, Europe, and the USA.

Alternate wetting and drying irrigation and selected hybrid rice maintain high grain yield and further reduce soil trace gas fluxes in Arkansas.

A just energy transition is a central topic in discussions about the future of energy, mainly since the commitment of 196 countries in the 2015 Paris Agreement to prevent global temperatures from rising 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Efforts are concentrated on limiting the increase to approximately 1.5 degrees to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Colombia has set ambitious short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets (51% by 2030) and a long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. Achieving these objectives necessitates a profound transformation driven by the Energy Transition Policy. The policy mandates a shift from less than 1% to over 12% in the energy matrix by 2022 for non-conventional renewable energies, a GHG emissions reduction target from 20% to 51% by 2030, and the prioritisation of ‘sustainable recovery’ as the cornerstone of the economic recovery strategy post-COVID 19. However, as the sixth-largest global coal exporter, Colombia faces an uncertain future. The geopolitical aftermath of the Ukrainian war has underscored the imperative to ensure energy security and expedite the transition to renewable energy sources. While an immediate economic opportunity exists for Colombia, the long-term outlook involves an escalating decline in coal demand. Climate policies and the rapid growth of renewables, with an expected global drop in coal demand through 2030, increasingly pressure coal's role in the power sector. The current Colombian energy transition policy, acknowledging the need for decarbonisation, does not envision provisions for repairing human rights impacts during the dismantling of coal operations. The existing legal frameworks on mine closure do not also consider human rights issues to remedy the adverse impacts caused to the affected communities during closure and post-closure. Questions arise regarding the Colombian government's ability to adapt and respond to the real-time decline in coal demand and potential closure operations. The consequences of the lack of preparation for these scenarios extend beyond the environment and the economy and land on the human rights of the individuals and dependent communities in the sector, such as La Guajira and Cesar departments. This scenario calls for a fair and equitable framework for the energy transition in the coal sector, prioritising the human rights of nature, individuals and populations dependent on the industry. Specific regulation focusing on human rights is required to establish clear obligations for authorities and companies during mine closure and post-closure of coal operations. The principles of restorative justice and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights provide a robust framework for states and companies to identify harm, assign responsibility, repair damage, and prevent future occurrences that can be used in Colombia's coal mine closure framework.

This study evaluated the cooling performance of an electric vehicle heat sink manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) with a topology-optimized design, compared with a conventionally manufactured pin-fin heat sink. The experimental results showed that the topology-optimized heat sink improved the cell cooling coefficient by up to 42.6% compared to the conventional heat sink, leading to an estimated 7.6% extension in battery lifetime. This study also assessed the environmental and life cycle cost (LCC) implications of this extended battery life, revealing that battery production emits approximately seven tons of CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) greenhouse gases per pack; however, longer battery life reduces the frequency of battery replacement and the overall demand for battery production. Under a scenario where the topology-optimized heat sink achieves a 15% market penetration by 2040, the cumulative reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions is projected to reach 2.4 MtCO2-eq. LCC analysis further indicated that despite the higher manufacturing cost of the AM heat sink, the increased battery longevity lowers total operating cost by approximately 5.3%. These findings show that enhanced functionality of optimized components can simultaneously improve performance and reduce LCC. This study’s evaluation framework for assessing environmental impacts and costs across the product life cycle provides a transparent and consistent basis for selecting appropriate manufacturing technologies for component production.

To meet the global climate change challenge and the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy, and promote the shipping industry’s transition to clean energy, this study focuses on the 6S35 2-stroke marine low-speed engine to explore hydrogen fuel combustion and emissions in the cylinder. A detailed chemical reaction kinetics model is constructed on the CONVERGE platform, coupling 42 components and 168 elementary reactions, integrating the SAGE combustion model with the extended Zeldovich NOx mechanism for refined numerical simulation of hydrogen combustion. Model validation shows the cylinder pressure peak simulation error is within 5%. Research results indicate hydrogen fuel has significant premixed combustion characteristics with a violent and concentrated heat release. Under simulation, the cylinder explosion pressure reaches about 28 MPa, and the max combustion temperature nears 3000 K, far exceeding traditional diesel engines. In terms of emissions, hydrogen’s carbon-free characteristic keeps CO2 and CO emissions at extremely low levels (concentrations of approximately 0.02 and 0.085, respectively); whereas NOx emissions exhibit strong “high temperature dependence” and “expansion cooling effect,” with peak concentrations approaching 0.00042. This numerical model can effectively predict the combustion performance of hydrogen fuel, potentially providing a reference for optimizing fuel injection strategies and combustion chamber design to achieve efficient and clean combustion, and offering a theoretical basis for the development and commercial application of marine hydrogen fuel engines.

West Nusa Tenggara Province (Nusa Tenggara Barat/NTB) has demonstrated a strong commitment to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through various policies and strategic documents. However, among the many contributing sectors, the livestock sector—particularly cattle farming—has not received sufficient attention, despite its substantial contribution to GHG emissions in line with the increasing cattle population, which has exceeded 1.3 million heads. Improperly managed cattle manure contributes significantly to methane (CH₄) emissions, which have a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO₂). This study aims to analyze the potential utilization of cattle manure as a biogas feedstock, estimate the amount of energy generated, and assess its contribution to GHG emission reduction in supporting the achievement of Net Zero Emissions (NZE) in NTB Province by 2050. The research employs a mixed qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach through literature review, secondary data analysis, and limited interviews with the NTB Provincial Office of Energy and Mineral Resources and the Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda). The results indicate that with 6,150 constructed biogas units utilizing approximately 12,300 cattle, the potential GHG emission reduction reaches 26,658.65 tons CO₂e per year, equivalent to about 0.625% of the total emission potential from the cattle livestock waste sector in NTB. This emission reduction is derived from methane (CH₄) emission avoidance and the substitution of fossil fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). In addition to climate mitigation benefits, biogas utilization provides economic advantages through household energy savings and supports the implementation of a circular economy by utilizing bio-slurry as organic fertilizer. Although the current level of biogas utilization remains relatively low compared to its potential, biogas technology has proven to be a strategic and sustainable solution for livestock waste management, renewable energy development, and climate change mitigation efforts in NTB Province.

Abstract Utilizing advancements in peatland mapping, spatial analysis of drainage intensity, and automated segmentation of forest resource data, we produced an openly available dataset to classify drained peatland forests in Finland based on productivity. Five classes were separated: unproductive, low-productive, medium-productive, and productive, the latest including a separate class for young stands. Productivity was assessed through tree stand volume development, using consecutive Multi-Source National Forest Inventory (MSNFI) data from 2000 to 2021. Our results show that approximately 83% of forestry-drained peatlands were productive or medium-productive. The identified poorly productive areas (unproductive i.e. volume < 30 m 3 ha −1 excluding young stands, and low-productive i.e. volume < 45 m 3 ha −1 ) covered an area of 782 000 ha (17% of all forestry-drained peatlands). Earlier classification of economic feasibility for timber production, based on temperature sum and site fertility class, yielded larger poorly productive areas, but increasing temperature sums seems to decrease their area. Besides temperature sum, drainage intensity and fertility class explained the lowest and highest classes of productivity. Poorly productive drained peatland forests were primarily located in the northernmost regions. The produced dataset includes stand boundaries, most recent stand information from MSNFI, stand productivity classification (1–5), ditch density and spacing, and site fertility class, and supports targeted decision-making for the management of drained peatland forests, greenhouse gas emission reduction, the restoration law, and the freshwater directive of the European Union. Graphical Abstract

The plastics industry is now confronting the intertwined challenges of environmental leakage and greenhouse gas emissions. Although policy interventions may exert synergistic reduction effects, the magnitude of such synergy remains underexplored. Here, we systematically analyze the material metabolism, environmental leakage, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with 14 plastic types in China over the period 1992-2021, and model the synergistic emissions reduction potentials and relative cost-effectiveness of these plastics under 14 scenarios between 2021 and 2060. Our results show significant heterogeneity in historical emission trajectories across plastic categories. By 2060, the system change scenario demonstrates the greatest potential for synergistic emission reductions and optimized cost-effectiveness. Relative to the 2060 baseline scenario, the system change achieves an 80% reduction in plastic leakage and a 63% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. These results provide a reference for the development of synergistic emission reduction strategies suitable for different plastic types and industries.

Agriculture and food systems are among the world’s greatest energy consumers and emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs), highlighting the importance of energy-efficient strategies that maintain a balance between productivity and sustainability. This study used the PRISMA-ScR methodology and the Biblioshiny platform to conduct a systematic review and evaluation of renewable energy integration and digital advances in agriculture and food systems. Fifty-one peer-reviewed research articles published between 2009 and 2025 were examined to determine technology trends, performance outcomes, and adoption challenges. The findings identified two significant innovation pathways: renewable energy technology such as solar-powered irrigation, biogas generation, and agrivoltaic systems, and digital solutions such as precision agriculture, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled monitoring, and automation. Results indicate yield improvements of 10–25%, irrigation water savings of up to 40%, and yearly GHG emissions reductions of 0.3 to 0.6 tonnes of CO2 per hectare. However, adoption remains uneven across regions, restricted by infrastructural constraints, capital costs, and inadequate policy support especially in underdeveloped countries. Overall, combining renewable energy and digital technology improves productivity, resource-use efficiency, and environmental performance while promoting various SDGs. Furthermore, integrating these two types of technologies leads to digital economic transformation in agriculture and food systems. These findings show the innovative potential of energy-efficient solutions in enabling sustainable intensification and climate resilience in agriculture.

Traditional fleet management approaches based on local systems and manual control fail to provide necessary responsiveness and monitoring accuracy, leading to 15-30% higher fuel consumption and increased environmental impact. Objectives: This study aims to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for implementing SaaS fleet tracking systems to ensure sustainable logistics management in Ukraine, including systematization of cloud technology approaches, analysis of international implementation experience, and development of integration models. Methods: The research employs comparative analysis of 30 scientific sources from Scopus and Web of Science databases (2020-2025), case study methodology examining European SaaS implementations, mathematical modeling for route optimization, and economic analysis of total cost of ownership. Multi-criteria evaluation framework incorporating operational, economic, and environmental KPIs was developed. Results: The study demonstrates that SaaS fleet tracking implementation enables 25-30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 20-40% decrease in operational costs, and 30-35% productivity improvement. The proposed three-tier architecture model integrates GPS positioning, telematics, and cloud computing, ensuring real-time monitoring and optimization. Economic analysis reveals 169% ROI over five years with 8-12 months payback period. Critical success factors include leadership commitment (9.36/10 importance score), supportive organizational culture (8.57/10), and stakeholder engagement (8.57/10). Discussion: The research identifies logistics network complexity (7.57/10) and resource constraints (6.79/10) as primary implementation barriers. Ukrainian companies demonstrate 52/100 digital infrastructure readiness compared to 78/100 in Poland, indicating significant improvement potential. The phased implementation approach, starting with 10-20 vehicle pilots, reduces transition costs by 40% while ensuring organizational adaptation. Conclusions: SaaS fleet tracking systems represent a transformative technology for Ukrainian logistics, enabling simultaneous achievement of economic efficiency, environmental responsibility, and social equity. The developed readiness assessment methodology and KPI framework provide practical tools for digital transformation.