Green Synthetic Route Research Articles

Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cordyline fruticosa L. Leave Extract Endowing Silk Fibroin Modified Viscose Fabric with Durable Antibacterial Property.

The current work presented a green synthetic route for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles obtained from aqueous solutions of silver nitrate using Cordyline fruticosa L. leaf extract (Col) as a reducing and capping agent for the first time. The bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgCol) were investigated using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained data demonstrated that AgCol in spherical shape with an average size of 28.5 nm were highly crystalline and well capped by phytocompounds from the Col extract. Moreover, the bio-synthesized AgCol also exhibited the effective antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The AgCol were applied as an antibacterial finishing agent for viscose fabric using a pad-dry curing technique. The AgCol-treated viscose fabrics exhibited a good synergistic antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Furthermore, the silk fibroin regenerated from Bombyx mori cocoon waste was utilized as an ecofriendly binder for the immobilization of AgCol on the viscose fabric. Thus, the antimicrobial efficacy of the AgCol and fibroin modified viscose fabric still reached 99.99% against the tested bacteria, even after 30 washing cycles. The colorimetric property, morphology, elemental composition, and distribution of AgCol on the treated fabrics were investigated using several analysis tools, including colorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Kjeldahl, and FTIR. Because of the excellent antimicrobial efficiency and laundering durability, as well as the green synthesis method, the AgCol and fibroin modified viscose fabric could be utilized as an antibacterial material in sportswear and medical textile applications.

Green HF-Free Synthetic Route to the High-Efficiency K2NaGaF6:Cr3+ Phosphor and Its NIR-LED Application toward Veins Imaging

Cr3+-activated phosphors with highly efficient broadband near-infrared (NIR) emission and superb thermal stability have been regarded as ideal candidates for next-generation NIR radiation sources. Nevertheless, the requirements of toxic and concentrated HF during syntheses of fluoride phosphors could lead to dramatic environmental and safety concerns. In this work, we developed a feasible HF-free green synthesis method to prepare K2NaGaF6:Cr3+ with high-efficiency NIR broadband emission using an aqueous solution instead of HF. The X-ray diffraction analyses and microscopy images all suggested the successful synthesis of the target materials without impurities. Theoretical simulations based on the density functional theory have also indicated a sufficient band gap of K2NaGaF6 as the host matrix for the Cr3+ activator. The luminescent properties of K2NaGaF6:Cr3+ were investigated in detail, where the optimum Cr3+ doping concentration was found at ∼6 mol %. Moreover, the temperature-dependent spectra revealed an excellent thermal stability of K2NaGaF6:Cr3+, where the luminescent intensity at 150 °C can retain as much as 91% of the initial value at the room temperature. These characteristics make K2NaGaF6:Cr3+ an ideal phosphor for phosphor-converted NIR light-emitting diodes. Therefore, device fabrication was carried out for venography demonstration, which shows superb imaging performance of human vessels and tissues.

Green Chemical Methods for Reduction of Levulinic Acid

This paper reports the production of ethyl 4-hydroxy valeric acid by Green synthetic routes by using twoecofriendly techniques of biocatalytic and electrochemical reduction of levulinic acid. For bicatalytic reductionBaker’s Yeast was used. Conditions for electrochemical reduction were explored by the use of cyclicvoltammetric investigation in different pH and scan rates. Electrochemical reduction was carried out byelectrolysis method using stainless steel (SS-316) electrodes galvanostatically. The reduction products wereisolated and purified by chromatographic techniques and characterized on the basis of spectral analysis.

Multifunctional Bio-Nanocomposite Films of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Pectin with Incorporated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

This study mainly deals with preparing multifunctional bio-nano composite films composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and pectin moieties incorporated with zinc oxide NPs produced by wet casting techniques. The zinc oxide NPs were produced by the green synthetic route. The physiological properties of synthesized zinc oxide NPs were well characterized using U.V-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and a particle size analyzer. The morphological properties of the films blended with Zinc oxide NPs were thoroughly characterized using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their antimicrobial activity studies were also performed by disc diffusion method against E. Coli, Bacillus, Streptococcus aureus, Klebsiella. The effects of CMC and Pectin were tested for their water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and the mechanical properties of the ZnO NPs blended with bio-nano composites were also evaluated. The bio-nano composite films showed that good water vapor barrier capacity, incorporating Zinc Oxide NPs into the biofilms, further improves the additional mechanical properties and antimicrobial properties. The above prepared ZnO NPs based bio-nano composite films could be used for packaging applications.

An Efficient and Versatile Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Green Method for the Synthesis of Functionalized Coumarins.

Herein, we report a green and efficient synthetic route for the construction of diverse functionalized coumarins in good-to-excellent yields (60–98%) via the Pechmann condensation. The optimized synthetic route involves a biodegradable, reusable, and inexpensive deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride and l-(+)-tartaric acid in a ratio of 1:2 at 110 °C. Interestingly, phloroglucinol and ethyl acetoacetate, upon reaction, furnished the functionalized coumarin (20) in 98% yield within 10 min. On the other front, the same DES at relatively lower reaction temperature (90 °C) was found to provide the bis-coumarins in decent yields (81–97%) within 20–45 min. Moreover, this particular method was found to be quite effective for large-scale coumarin synthesis without noteworthy reduction in the yields of the desired products. Noticeably, in this versatile approach, the DES plays a dual role as solvent as well as catalyst, and it was effectively recycled and reused four times with no significant drop-down in the yield of the product.

Graphene-substrate fabricated oxides and zinc oxide catalysts for the degradation of the methylene blue in the industrial wastewater

Abstract The release of unsafe color dyes into various industrial effluents can harm the environment and human health and therefore needs remediation. The current research assesses the environmental friendly photo-less catalytic performance of zinc oxide/reduced graphene oxide (ZnO/RGO) nanocomposites, prepared via green synthetic route, for the degradation, and decontamination of methylene blue (MB) dye from industrial aqueous effluents and compared with that of zinc oxide (ZnO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The materials were characterized for surface morphology, functional groups, and crystallinity by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively, showing that ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were well-formed on the RGO surface and were having uniform pore sizes and large surface area. The degradation pattern of MB from its 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm solutions by employing the degradation materials were examined using UV–Visible spectral analysis. The pH before and after the degradation of the MB in all the sample solutions was noted and found to change slightly after the degradation of MB. The results demonstrate that the ZnO/RGO nanocomposites display a better catalytic degradation efficiency (99.57%) as compared to the other degradation materials with the order of efficiency as ZnO/RGO > RGO > H2O2 > ZnO which shows that the degradation efficiency of ZnO (∼14%) can be significantly improved while fabricating its nanocomposite with RGO (99.57%). These findings can be utilized on a large-scale decontamination of dyes from industrial wastes without the involvement of light i.e., photo-less degradation.

Lemon Juice Catalysed Green Synthesis of Triazole Based Schiff Base, Its Physico-Chemical & Spectral Characterisation and Determination of its Binding Stoichiometry with Cu2+ ion

Abstract: In the recent years Environmental Pollution has emerged as a major challenge for human society. Since the start of Industrial Revolution in England, the amount of chemical waste and toxic substances are increasing exponentially in the environment. The traditional synthesis of chemical substances is accompanied by use of large amount of energy, harmful solvents and release of toxic substances in environment. The green synthesis aims to minimise the release and use of harmful toxic material in synthesis. In the present paper we have prepared a triazole derivative, 4-[(E)-Benzylideneamino]-5-methyl-2,4- dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione through green synthetic route. The reaction was catalysed by lemon juice and it was carried out in solvent-free condition through mechano-chemical stirring method. The physico-chemical properties were studied. The FT-IR spectral analysis confirmed the structure of Schiff base. The stoichiometry of binding with Cu2+ was determined through Method of Continuous Variation. The Schiff base- metal ratio was found to be 1:1. Keywords: Green Synthesis, Mechano-Chemical Stirring Method, Triazole, Schiff Base, Lemon Juice, Physico-Chemical Properties, Job’s Plot, Stoichiometry of Binding.

Green and facile synthesis of EuBDC coordination polymer: Effects of ultrasound and stabilizing agent on morphological, structural and photophysical properties

In this study, a facile, green and fast method to produce the coordination polymer (CP) EuBDC is proposed for the first time using a stabilizing agent and ultrasonic irradiation. The crystal structure was investigated by XRD crystallography and it was demonstrated that the crystallographic profile was not affected by the addition of different amounts of PVP or the degree of crystallinity (which presented a value of ∼75%). The results showed that EuBDC synthesized in the absence of PVP exhibited a floral microcrystalline morphology, which changes to lamellar crystals with nanometric thickness with an increase in the PVP content. A notable result is that the surface area of the CP is approximately tripled in the presence of the stabilizer, and higher than values reported in the literature for this compound. The photoluminescence of all CPs displays a strong red emission characteristic of Eu(III) ions. Therefore, our study offers a fast, green, and economical synthetic route for the preparation of the coordination polymer EuBDC, in a controllable way with improved properties, which can promote the scale-up and broaden the applications of this material.

GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHRACTERISATION AND ANTIBCTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF TUNGSTEN, TIN AND LEAD NANOPARTICLES BYCUCURBITA MAXIMA (PUMPKIN) FLOWER EXTRACT

In this paper, a green synthetic route was developed to synthesize tungsten, tin and lead nanoparticles mediated by the Cucurbita maxima flower extract, Cucurbita is monoecious (unisexual flowers, with male and female on the same plant), bearing solitary actinomorphic flowers (10-20 cm across) that are open for a single day Cucurbita maxima was a traditional vegetable food for south Indian. The flower of Cucurbita maxima aqueous extract is analyzed for the phytochemical constituent. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD and SEM with EDS. The synthesized three nanoparticles also screened by gram positive and negative bacterial strains.

One step green synthesis of Cu nanoparticles by the aqueous extract of Juglans regia green husk: assessing its physicochemical, environmental and biological activities.

Juglans regia (J. regia) green husk is an abundant agricultural waste. In this study, an economical, rapid and green synthetic route was introduced for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by applying the aqueous extract of J. regia green husk at the ambient conditions. Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Visible) analysis revealed that the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of the CuNP was 212nm. The average hydrodynamic and metallic core diameters of the CuNPs were about 53-28nm, respectively. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)analysis presented that the CuNPs were amorphous. The CuNPs exhibited the highest free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)scavenging efficiency. These nanoparticles (NPs) showed antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm properties. They presented photocatalytic activity against Methyl Orange(MO). Besides, the potential of these NPs for the fast and precise colorimetric detection of Hg2+ was remarkable. The biosynthesized CuNPs are introduced as a multifunctional nanomaterial with various applications in medicine and environmental cases. The CuNPs were produced through an environmentally green process by the aqueous extract of dried J. regia greenhusk at the ambient condition. The CuNPs confirmed that this type of nanomaterial is a multifunctional agent with significant antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, photocatalytic activities. Besides, it is a promising colorimetric sensor for the detection of Hg2+ in an aqueous complex media.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Ag-Biochar Composite for Sono-Adsorption of Phenol

The silver-embedded wheat straw biochar (Ag–WBC) composite was tailored effectively via the green synthetic route and was used as a nano-adsorbent for the removal of phenol by using adsorption and sono-adsorption processes. Ligustrum lucidum leaf extract was employed as a reducer to prepare silver nanoparticles, and biochar was synthesized from wheat straw via pyrolysis at 450–500°C. The synthesized biochar and Ag–WBC were characterized by using UV–Vis, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The study confirms the ability of plant leaf extract of L. lucidum to synthesize AgNPs and Ag–WBC composites for the first time. UV–vis spectroscopic analysis confirms the formation of AgNPs and Ag–WBC composites (400–440 nm). SEM results showed that the size of the Ag–WBC composite is in the range of 80–100 nm. The elemental profile of the synthesized Ag–WBC composite shows a higher count at 3 kev due to silver. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups involved in reducing Ag metal ions into Ag nanoparticles onto the surface of the composite. Batch experiments executed adsorption and sono-adsorption studies on WBC and Ag–WBC composites, and the results revealed that under optimum conditions, that is, pH= 3, adsorbate concentration= 10 mg L−1, adsorbents dosage= 0.05 g, time= 90 min, and US power = 80 W, the phenol removal efficiencies onto Ag–WBC composite were 78% using sono-adsorption compared to the non-sonicated adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for fitting the experimental equilibrium data were studied, and the Langmuir model was chosen as an efficient model for the sono-adsorption process. The feasibility of the sono-adsorption process was also evaluated by calculating kinetics.

Recent Advances on N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Palladium‐catalyzed Heck Reaction

AbstractHeck reaction is a synthetically important C−C bond forming coupling reaction happening between alkenes and aryl or vinyl halides catalyzed by palladium complexes to form substituted alkenes. This review focusses on the recent advancements in the development of various types of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands coupled with palladium catalyst that can catalyze Mizoroki‐Heck reactions. NHC ligands have unique characteristic nature, and hence widely used in homogeneous catalysis. Generally, they have good σ‐donating and sparingly π‐accepting properties. It is more stable and shows superior π‐accepting properties when compared to phosphine ligands that is under prominent studies. Thus, they can stabilize large extend of metal oxidation states and have high thermal stability. Most of the catalysts outlined here provide efficient and green synthetic route for the development of C−C coupled bond formations. The review encompasses literature from 2017 to 2021.

Green synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles-A novel approach using Carica papaya leaf extract

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanomaterial has received very significant importance in many fields. The aim of this research is to develop a novel green synthetic route to synthesize nanoparticles. The present study deals with green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of Carica papaya leaves. The aqueous extracts of Carica papaya leaves plays a major role in reducing the zinc acetate to zinc oxide nanoparticles and acts as surface stabilizing substance for zinc oxide nanoparticles production. Here, the characterization of green synthesized Carica papaya ZnO nanoparticles was done using various techniques like transmission electron microscope analysis (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.

Development of green synthetic routes for organic compounds

Development of green synthetic routes for organic compounds

High Doses of Silica Nanoparticles Obtained by Microemulsion and Green Routes Compromise Human Alveolar Cells Morphology and Stiffness Differently.

Among all the inorganic nanomaterials used in commercial products, industry, and medicine, the amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) appeared to be often tolerated in living organisms. However, despite several toxicity studies, some concerns about the exposure to high doses of SiO2 NPs with different sizes were raised. Then, we used the microemulsion method to obtain stable SiO2 NPs having different sizes (110 nm, 50 nm, and 25 nm). In addition, a new one-pot green synthetic route using leaves extract of Laurus nobilis was performed, obtaining monodispersed ultrasmall SiO2 NPs without the use of dangerous chemicals. The NPs achieved by microemulsion were further functionalized with amino groups making the NPs surface positively charged. Then, high doses of SiO2 NPs (1 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL) achieved from the two routes, having different sizes and surface charges, were used to assess their impact on human alveolar cells (A549), being the best cell model mimicking the inhalation route. Cell viability and caspase-3 induction were analyzed as well as the cellular uptake, obtaining that the smallest (25 nm) and positive-charged NPs were more able to induce cytotoxicity, reaching values of about 60% of cell death. Surprisingly, cells incubated with green SiO2 NPs did not show strong toxicity, and 70% of them remained vital. This result was unusual for ultrasmall nanoobjects, generally highly toxic. The actin reorganization, nuclear morphology alteration, and cell membrane elasticity analyses confirmed the trend achieved from the biological assays. The obtained data demonstrate that the increase in cellular softness, i.e., the decrease in Young's modulus, could be associated with the smaller and positive NPs, recording values of about 3 kPa. On the contrary, green NPs triggered a slight decrease of stiffness values (c.a. 6 kPa) compared to the untreated cells (c.a. 8 kPa). As the softer cells were implicated in cancer progression and metastasization, this evidence strongly supported the idea of a link between the cell elasticity and physicochemical properties of NPs that, in turn, influenced the interaction with the cell membrane. Thus, the green SiO2 NPs compromised cells to a lesser extent than the other SiO2 NPs types. In this scenario, the elasticity evaluation could be an interesting tool to understand the toxicity of NPs with the aim of predicting some pathological phenomena associated with their exposure.

Puerarin-coated gold nanoparticles (PUE-AuNPs) synthesized via green synthetic route: a new colorimetric probe for the detection of ciprofloxacin.

Puerarin-coated gold nanoparticles (PUE-AuNPs) synthesized via green synthetic route, a new colorimetric sensor, efficiently detected the ciprofloxacin (CP) in tap water and cow milk samples. The PUE-AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, AFM, and DLS techniques and were found to be spherical with an average size of approximately 19-20 nm. FTIR spectrum confirms that functional groups such as -OH, -C=O, -CO and -C=C were responsible for the reduction of gold (III) chloride trihydrate. These functional groups acted as capping agents to form AuNPs. The PUE-AuNPs sensor was proved to be selective and sensitive for the detection of CP through colorimetric method within the concentration of 1 to 1000 μM and the limit of detection was 51 μM. This colorimetric sensor is simple, cost-effective, and selective towards CP detection in environmental (tap water and milk) samples.

Reductant free green synthesis of magnetically recyclable MnFe2O4@SiO2-Ag coreshell nanocatalyst for the direct reduction of organic dye pollutants.

The present paper describes in situ green immobilization of silver nanoparticles on MnFe2O4@SiO2 nanospheres using Epilobium parviflorum (EP) without using any other toxic chemicals and reducing or stabilizing agents. The morphology, composition, and magnetic properties of the resulting MnFe2O4@SiO2-Ag core-shell nanocatalyst were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The catalytic performance of the synthesized MnFe2O4@SiO2-Ag was employed on the organic pollutants dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB). The results revealed significant reduction performances for the MB (116.28 s-1 g-1) and RhB (27.12 s-1 g-1) over the existing literature. Furthermore, the MnFe2O4@SiO2-Ag exhibited high stability for the completion of the reduction of RhB between the reaction times of 13.1 (first) and 19.8 min (final) with the 100% decolorization efficiency even after several cycles with an excellent magnetic separation. Overall, this work demonstrates a simple and practical green synthetic route for the preparation of magnetic recyclable core-shell nanocatalyst that can be a good candidate for the treatment of organic contaminants in wastewater adhering to green chemistry principles for the environmental pollution concerns.

Esterification of Cellulose with Long Fatty Acid Chain through Mechanochemical Method.

Mechanochemical reaction, a green synthetic esterification route was utilized to prepare long-chain cellulose esters from microcrystalline cellulose. The influence of reaction conditions such as reaction temperature and time were elucidated. Only low dosage of oleic acid, 1-butyl-3-metylimidazolium acetate, and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride were required. The success of modification reaction was confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy as a new absorbance peak at 1731 cm−1 was observed, which indicated the formation of carbonyl group (C=O). Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance was also performed to determine the structural property and degree of substitution (DS) of the cellulose oleate. Based on the results, increasing reaction temperature and reaction time promoted the esterification reaction and DS. DS values of cellulose oleates slightly decreased after 12 h reaction time. Besides, X-ray diffraction analysis showed the broadening of the diffraction peaks and thermal stability decreased after esterification. Hence, the findings suggested that grafting of oleic acid’s aliphatic chain onto the cellulose backbone lowered the crystallinity and thermal stability.

Green preparation of quaternized vinylimidazole-based anion exchange membrane by photopolymerization

• AEMs were prepared via environmental friendly, highly efficient and single step ultraviolet polymerization method. • Non-toxic ethanol and water were used as solvents and the reaction mass efficiency was higher than 94%. • The performance of the membrane could be finely adjusted by the varying the content of imidazolium monomer. • The prepared membrane showed excellent desalination performance with the NaCl removal ratio as high as 99%. At present, most preparation processes of ion exchange membranes inevitably involve toxic solvents and complicated synthetic procedure. Herein, we reported a one-pot ultraviolet induced polymerization route to prepare quaternized imidazole-based anion exchange membranes. During the preparation processes, only environmentally friendly ethanol and water were used as solvents. The effects of mass ratio of quaternized imidazole monomer, crosslinker and vinylimidazole comonomer diluent on membrane structures and properties were carefully investigated to optimize the performance of anion exchange membrane. In optimized conditions, reliable mechanical properties as well as good electrochemical property could be achieved. The best-performing membrane showed a resistance of 1.86 Ω·cm 2 (reaching the level of a normal homogeneous membrane) and desalination ratio as high as 99% (superior to the commercial anion exchange membrane Fuji type II (98%)). Besides, the reaction mass efficiency of all membranes was above 94%, indicating the high raw material utilization, low energy consumption and environmentally friendliness of the proposed synthetic route. This research would shed light on the development and commercialization of the green synthetic route for ion exchange membranes.

Photoremediation of methylene blue by biosynthesized ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves aqueous extract: A comparative study

Abstract This article reports a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly biosynthesis of ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves’ water extract. For the first time, we used a green synthetic route via C. viminalis leaves’ extract to prepare ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) using zinc acetate and ferric chloride as precursor materials. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results revealed polyphenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids present in the plant extract acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs. Outcomes of XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ZnO–Fe3O4 heterojunction in ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs, with crystallite sizes of 45, 35, and 60 nm, respectively, according to Debye–Scherrer’s formula. EDX confirmed Zn, Fe, and O in the ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed the existence of both ZnO and Fe3O4 in the NCs with some agglomeration. The thermal stability of NCs was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, as-prepared ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs along with biosynthesized ZnO and Fe3O4 (prepared by C. viminalis extract) nanoparticles were examined for photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation for 150 min. The result reveals that the photodegradation efficiency of ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs (99.09%) was higher compared to that of monometallic ZnO (84.7%) and Fe3O4 (37.1%) nanoparticles.