Coccidiosis, a parasitic disease in animals, is often treated with coccidiostats, but their excessive use has led to drug resistance, reducing treatment efficacy. This study sought to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticoccidial capacity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum extract (CSE-ZnONPs) against Eimeria papillata. CSE-ZnONPs were synthesized and characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). E. papillata oocysts were treated in vitro with decreasing selected concentrations from CSE-ZnONPs (100 - 0.5mg/ml K2Cr2O7) of CSE-ZnONPs for 96h as part of a sporulation inhibition assay. For In vivo, five groups (G) of mice were utilized: G1: control group (Non-Infected), G2: received CSE-ZnONPs, G3: infection group with 10³ sporulated oocysts (Infected). G4: infected and treated with CSE-ZnONPs at a dosage of 50mg/kg b.w. (Infected + CSE-ZnONPs). G5: infected and treated with amprolium at a dosage of 120mg/kg b.w. (Infected + Amp). The treatments were persisted for five days. In vitro results indicated that CSE-ZnONPs markedly decreased sporulation rates and caused morphological damage in E. papillata oocysts. The in vivo oral administration of CSE-ZnONPs to infected mice considerably reduced the numbers of jejunal endogenous stages and notably decreased their morphometric dimensions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a downregulation of Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) expression, whereas biochemical antioxidant studies indicated reduced nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels, alongside elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. ELISA verified reduced serum concentrations of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, and iNOS in the treated mice. CSE-ZnONPs possess a promising potent in vitro sporulation inhibition and in vivo anticoccidial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immuno-therapeutic properties against E. papillata.

The current study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effects of chemically prepared and Rhus coriaria (sumac) green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on circulating neutrophils and the histological structure of liver in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated rats. CCl4 rats showed biochemical changes and histopathological damage, together with increased neutrophil markers [myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrullinated histone (H3cit)] as well as decreased neutrophils’ phagocytic activity and miR-223 expression compared to control. ZnO-NPs treatment was significantly associated with biochemical and histopathological improvement, decreased neutrophil markers, and increased both phagocytic activity and miR-223 expression. In addition, green-synthesized ZnO-NPs were associated with greater histopathological improvement and a significant increase in miR-223 expression in comparison to chemically prepared ZnO-NPs. It can be concluded that ZnO-NPs may have immunomodulatory effects on circulating neutrophils that have a biological impact on disease progression. In addition, green-synthesized ZnO-NPs may be more efficient than chemically synthesized ones at providing a greater modulatory effect on circulating neutrophils and better hepatoprotective effects.

ABSTRACT Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and can disrupt morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes in plants. In this study, for the first time, we present a green-synthesis approach for zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Rumex dendatus leaf extract and demonstrate their efficiency in ameliorating Pb-induced toxicity in Brassica juncea (Brown mustard). The green ZnO NPs were spherical, with an average crystalline diameter of ~7.5 nm, showed a characteristic UV‒Vis absorption peak at ~350 nm, and consisted of zinc (58.58%) and oxygen (41.42%) by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. In the pot experiment, thirteen-day-old B. juncea seedlings were exposed to Pb (30, 300, and 3000 mg L−1) and ZnO NPs (2, 20, and 200 mg L−1), individually or in combination, under controlled conditions. Exposure to Pb at 3000 mg L−1 markedly inhibited plant growth and physiology, reducing root/shoot lengths and chlorophyll content by 22%, 18%, and 29%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. In contrast, ZnO NP treatment at 200 mg L−1 significantly enhanced plant growth and related traits. Notably, combined ZnO NP + Pb treatment mitigated Pb toxicity: co-treated plants showed improved root length (+18%), shoot length (+17%), fresh weight (+19%), and leaf chlorophyll content (+24%) compared with Pb-treated plants. Pb accumulation was also reduced, with root and shoot Pb uptake decreasing by 57% and 43%, respectively, relative to Pb-stressed plants. Antioxidant enzymes activities were elevated; SOD and CAT increased several-fold in ZnO NP + Pb-treated plants compared with Pb-stressed plants, indicating enhanced ROS scavenging. APX and POD levels were similarly boosted, contributing to reduced oxidative damage. Overall, green-synthesized ZnO NPs promoted B. juncea growth under Pb stress by enhancing chlorophyll content, reducing Pb uptake, and suppressing ROS-associated toxicity.

Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance maize tolerance against drought stress by improving plant water balance, antioxidant defense, and osmotic adjustment

The green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is a simpler, low-energy method that avoids toxic chemicals, making the process more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The green synthesis was performed using aloe vera extract (55% - Aloin), rich in electrons from its hydroxyl groups, as a reducing agent, and natural polysaccharides from xanthan gum to disperse particles and prevent agglomeration. The green synthesis product was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Diffuse Reflectance UV spectroscopy. The green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, both with xanthan gum (ZnO-AL/XG) and without xanthan gum (ZnO-AL), adopted a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The addition of xanthan gum significantly reduced the crystallite size and enhanced the surface homogeneity of the photocatalyst. Over 50% removal of both anionic and cationic dyes was achieved by ZnO-AL/XG for up to 3 uses, and by ZnO-AL for up to 2 uses, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of the aloe vera–xanthan gum-based green synthesis as a sustainable and efficient strategy for producing ZnO nanomaterials applicable in dye wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Textile industries discharge large quantities of hazardous dyes that are non-biodegradable and toxic. Traditional wastewater treatments often fail to degrade these pollutants completely. This study investigates the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using plant extracts and evaluates their photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Characterization using UV -Vis, XRD, and SEM confirmed the formation of wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles (30-50 nm). Photocatalytic tests showed 92% degradation within 120 minutes under UV irradiation. The results demonstrate that green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly materials for wastewater treatment. Keywords ZnO nanoparticles, green synthesis, photocatalysis, textile dye degradation, wastewater treatment.

This study investigated the effects of green-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and histopathology in Japanese quail. The NPs were synthesized using extracts from Moringa oleifera (MrOl) and Agaricus bisporus (AaBi). One-day-old quails (six per group) were assigned to a control and each of 16 treatment groups receiving dietary supplementation with varying doses of ZnO-NPs (20-80 mg/kg) and Se-NPs (0.05-0.30 mg/kg) for 9 weeks. Biochemical, hematological, oxidative stress biomarkers, and gene expression (Nrf-2, IL-6) were analyzed, and histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and spleen were conducted. Results showed that optimal doses of MrOl-synthesized NPs, particularly Se-MrOl, significantly improved antioxidant status (reduced MDA, increased GSH), upregulated Nrf-2, downregulated IL-6, and enhanced lipid profiles (increased HDL) without causing significant histopathological damage. In contrast, higher doses, especially of AaBi-synthesized NPs, induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and mild tissue alterations. The study concludes that green-synthesized ZnO and Se-NPs, particularly from MrOl at optimized doses, can enhance antioxidant defenses and modulate immune responses in quail, highlighting their potential as effective nutritional supplements in poultry production.

This study reports the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles using Acacia nilotica (L.) leaf extract and their application in the photocatalytic degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) films in aqueous medium. Phytochemical screening revealed that A. nilotica leaves contained high levels of phenolics (298.21 mg/100 g) and tannins (53.33 mg/100 g), providing strong reducing and stabilizing agents for nanoparticle formation. The synthesized ZnO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited UV–Vis absorption peaks at 385.09 and 467.92 nm with corresponding band gaps of 3.22 and 2.65 eV, confirming their semiconducting properties. Dynamic light scattering showed mean particle sizes of 13.64 nm (PDI 0.172) for ZnO and 19.21 nm (PDI 0.309) for Fe3O4, indicating uniform dispersion and good colloidal stability. XRD and HRSEM analyses confirmed their crystalline, well-defined morphologies, while EDX verified elemental purity. BET surface areas of 216.81 m²/g for ZnO and 199.41 m²/g for Fe3O4 suggested mesoporosity suitable for catalytic applications. Photocatalytic degradation studies revealed substantial polyethylene breakdown after 30 days under sunlight, with LDPE weight reduced to 73.07% (ZnO) and 74.90% (Fe3O4), and HDPE reduced to 91.20% and 91.76%, respectively. FTIR spectra of treated films showed the formation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and C–O functional groups, while SEM images displayed surface cracks and cavities indicative of polymer chain scission. EDX spectra further confirmed Zn and Fe incorporation with intensified oxygen peaks, evidencing oxidative degradation. These findings demonstrate that A. nilotica-mediated ZnO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are effective and sustainable photocatalysts for polyethylene degradation, offering a promising route toward eco-friendly plastic waste management.

Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Adjuvant to Albendazole in the Management of Hydatid Cyst Disease: Molecular and Biochemical Insights.

Microbial resistance is a major public health concern, leading to treatment failure, prolonged hospitalization, and increased mortality. Developing new, cost-effective antimicrobial agents is critical. This study presents a simple, economical, and eco-friendly (green) synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using bioactive metabolites from the mushroom Lepista sordida EGDA2 as a bio-nano-factory. The resulting ZnO NPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis, while the bioactive capping agents were profiled using GC–MS. UV–Vis analysis confirmed ZnO NP formation with a characteristic absorption peak at 301 nm, and XRD and TEM revealed crystalline wurtzite-structure nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of approximately 33 nm (18–46 nm). FTIR and GC–MS indicated the presence of stabilizing bioactive compounds, notably fatty acids (e.g., palmitic acid, oleic acid) and polyphenols, and the NPs exhibited good colloidal stability, with a zeta potential of − 21.83 ± 4.25 mV. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs showed potent, dose-dependent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against a panel of drug-resistant bacteria (e.g., MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and pathogenic fungi (e.g., Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger), with minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) values correlating with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and up to 70% inhibition of biofilm formation in MRSA and P. aeruginosa at 150 µg/mL, consistent with the reported antibiofilm potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs. The NPs also exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (78.1% inhibition) and interacted with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) via an intercalative binding mode, in line with previous reports on ZnO NP–DNA interactions. Cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay on Vero cells yielded a high CC50 value of 208.17 ± 1.94 µg/mL, indicating that the biogenic ZnO NPs are biocompatible at their effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm concentrations (≤ 150 µg/mL), which agrees with the generally favorable biocompatibility profile reported for green-synthesized ZnO NPs on Vero cells. This work presents a promising, safe, and effective alternative treatment utilizing green synthesized ZnO NPs capped with bioactive compounds from L. sordida EGDA2. The resulting NPs demonstrate synergistic antioxidant, antimicrobial, and significant antibiofilm activities, offering promising applications in industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications.

• UV-grafting of green ZnO/Bentonite creates a novel multifunctional PES membrane. • Optimised M2 rejects amoxicillin and cephalexin at ∼99 % with high flux. • Visible-light activation enables 92.4% COD removal on real pharmaceutical effluent. • Antibacterial inhibition exceeds 95% against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical residues in wastewater pose a significant global threat due to their persistence and their role in contributing to antimicrobial resistance. This study presents a novel, sustainable nanofiltration membrane designed for advanced treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. We utilized an eco-friendly UV-grafting technique to immobilize green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles, anchored on acid-activated bentonite (ZnO-NPs/AAB), onto the surface of a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane. This approach is the first to combine these specific green components and fabrication methods. The resulting multifunctional membranes demonstrated significantly improved hydrophilicity, antifouling properties, and filtration performance. Characterisation by FTIR and EDAX confirmed successful surface modification. The optimized membrane, M2, UV-grafted with 0.06 wt% ZnO-NPs/AAB achieved outstanding removal efficiencies for amoxicillin trihydrate and cephalexin monohydrate (>99 %) and high degradation of organic pollutants from real pharmaceutical wastewater, with COD removal exceeding 92 % under visible light. Moreover, the membrane displayed potent antibacterial activity (>96 % inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus ), highlighting strong resistance to biofouling. Enhanced performance results from the synergy of photocatalysis, adsorption, size exclusion, and electrostatic interactions. This work presents a scalable and environmentally responsible approach for fabricating high-performance membranes that simultaneously address both chemical and microbial contaminants in wastewater.

Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized via a green approach using Passiflora incarnata extracts (1, 3, 5%) to evaluate the effect of precursor concentration on their physicochemical and photocatalytic properties. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed an absorption peak at 367 nm, with bandgap values decreasing from 2.90 to 2.58 eV as the extract concentration increased. XRD confirmed the zincite phase with crystallite sizes of 30.13, 15.68, and 11.55 nm, while FTIR identified phytochemical functional groups and Zn–O stretching. SEM–EDS showed semi-spherical nanoparticles with moderate agglomeration and extract derived organic residues. Photocatalytic degradation of six dyes under UV irradiation for 180 min demonstrated variable efficiencies: enhanced performance for MO (80.67%), AB (92.06%), AY (80%) and MR (73.48%), but reduced activity for RhB (43.25%) and MB (57.04%) at higher extract concentrations. These results highlight the potential of Passiflora incarnata mediated ZnO nanoparticles as efficient, ecofriendly photocatalysts for wastewater remediation. Graphical abstract

Development of eco-friendly bovine hoof gelatin-cellulose films reinforced with Myrothamnus flabellifolius extract, green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) and β-cyclodextrin nanocomposites

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a green route using Cassia siamea leaf extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. Zinc sulfate served as the precursor, and nanoparticles were prepared through a precipitation method followed by calcination at 600 °C. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, XRD, TEM and TGA analyses. UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibited a sharp absorption peak at 369 nm, corresponding to a band gap of 3.36 eV, while FTIR confirmed Zn–O bond formation. EDX verified the elemental composition, and XRD revealed a highly crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure. FESEM and TEM showed hierarchical flower-like morphologies composed of interconnected nanosheets. TGA analysis showed ∼5.5% moisture loss, followed by ∼18.8% decomposition of plant-derived residues, confirming the involvement of organic components during synthesis. The stable final mass verified the formation of thermally robust ZnO nanoparticles after calcinations. Photocatalytic studies demonstrated 94% degradation of methylene blue within 60 min. Furthermore, antibacterial assays indicated strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The study highlights an eco-friendly approach for producing multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles with potential applications in environmental remediation and biomedical fields.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the vector borne parasitic disease, causing skin lesion and ulcer. Several studies have reported the resistance of cutaneous leishmaniasis parasite to antimonial drugs. Hence, there is a need to develop cheaper and effective alternative therapies for resistance breakdown. In the current study we report the effectiveness of Teucrium stocksianum extract mediated green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against Leishmania tropica (KMU25), a causative species of cutaneous leishmanaisis. ZnONPs was successfully synthesised at 70°C by continuous stirring (2h) of aqueous extract (5mg/mL) and Zinc acetate solution (2g/50 mL, pH: 8) in 1:9. The characterization of these NPs showed a UV-Vis surface plasmon resonance at 365nm, hexagonal morphology with irregular shapes through scanning electron microscopy, average crystal size 21.48 ± 5.2nm through XRD analysis and the complex metabolites attachments to the surface of the particles was confirmed by FTIR. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay-based antioxidant activity showed 50% free radical scavenging at 624.94µg/mL and 798.45µg/mL for extract and ZnONPs, respectively. The hemolysis assay revealed moderate cytotoxicity with a LD50 value of 3807.54µg/mL and 1537.16µg/mL for the extract and ZnONPs, respectively. The antileishmanial activities were examined at different concentration (50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000µg/mL) using MTT cell viability assays. The LD50 values 1895.63µg/mL (for extract) and 837.07µg/mL (for extract mediated ZnONPs) were estimated, showing enhanced antileishmanial activity of ZnONPs compared to the extract. Moreover, the ZnONPs were nontoxic towards normal RBCs, making it a potential candidate as an interesting topical nanomedicine against cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Aquaculture production is often linked to improper use of chemotherapeutic agents for pathogen control, leading to adverse effects in organisms and environment. As an alternative over these toxicological agents, in this study we propose the development of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of red Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolia) (EERA) and tested them against fish pathogens. Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 150 nm, and showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, as well as antifungal and antiparasitic activities against Saprolegnia parasitica and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, at the highest tested concentrations (10 and 15 mg/mL). The extract alone showed antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, but not against Streptococcus agalactiae, suggesting a synergistic effect between EERA and ZnO nanoparticles. These findings demonstrate that green ZnO nanoparticles hold significant potential as a multifunctional antimicrobial agent for managing various pathogens in aquaculture, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemotherapeutics.

Phytochemical profiling and bioefficacy of Atropa belladonna root extract and its green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Antioxidant, antibacterial, insecticidal, and antiproliferative potentials.

IntroductionSoil salinization constrains maize productivity by elevating osmotic stress, disturbing nutrient homeostasis, and intensifying oxidative injury. In this study, we developed a green nano-biochar approach by synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Coriandrum sativum leaf extract and combining them with walnut shell biochar (BC) to form a composite soil amendment, which may increase the nutrients (N, P, K) and increase plant antioxidant defenses in saline soil.Material and methodsZnO NPs were verified as crystalline ZnO with wurtzite structure and nanoscale morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). A factorial pot experiment (15 days) was conducted in moderately (S-1; 4–5 dS m-1) and highly saline (S-2; 9–10 dS m-1) soils to compare ZnO NPs, BC, and composite against the unamended control.Results and discussionAdditionally, maize plants treated with the composite demonstrated improved morphological traits, including a 43% increase in shoot, 41% higher total chlorophyll content, and a 28% increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. Stress diagnostics further showed improved membrane stability, with lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) burdens and reduced peroxidation and EC under saline conditions. Across both salinity levels, the composite consistently outperformed single amendments, underscoring the value of integrating ionic buffering with micronutrient delivery. By coupling plant extract synthesis and valorization of walnut residues, this study offers a resource-efficient alternative to conventional salinity management and offers a promising approach for potential crop productivity and soil health in saline-affected agricultural lands. However, studies should be done on the large scale in experimental fields.

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONps) are safe, affordable, and versatile, with strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption and visible light transparency, making them excellent sunscreen agents. Plant extract-mediated synthesis of ZnONps provides an eco-friendly substitute for conventional chemical approaches by avoiding toxic reagents and provides bioactive properties. The study aims to develop non-comedogenic cream formulation using green synthesized ZnONps using the extract of Senna alata and Zingiber officinale - Allium sativum together which possess antibacterial, UV absorption, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Methods: The characterization was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . The antioxidant activity was determined by the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The anticancer properties were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using HeLa cells. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the cream formulated by the incorporation of ZnONps was determined. Results: The crystalline sizes of ZnONps synthesized using S. alata leaf and a mixture of Z. officinale-A. sativum extract were 16.98 nm and 92.30 nm, respectively. The FTIR and DPPH assay results showed the presence of phytochemical residue. The antibacterial activities of synthesized ZnONps from the combination of A. sativum and Z. officinale extract have displayed better inhibition ( S. aureus : 14.67 ± 0.35 mm) against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli : 22.63 ± 0.62 mm) than those made with S. alata extract ( E. coli 14 ± 0.32 mm and S. aureus 19.4 ± 0.17 mm). The formulated cream showed skin-friendly pH with SPF more than 15. Conclusion: The biosynthesized ZnONPs exhibited antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential and can be exploited in bioactive cosmetic formulations.

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health challenge associated with complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disorders. This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesised using the fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca through a green synthesis approach. The plant extract served as both a reducing and stabilising agent, and the formation of crystalline ZnO-NPs was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally in Wistar albino rats using streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg). STZ induction caused a significant increase in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, along with a reduction in HDL, anaemia, and elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), indicating hepatic dysfunction and haematological disturbances. Oral administration of ZnO-NPs (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 14 days significantly reversed these alterations in a dose-dependent manner. Treated rats exhibited reduced fasting blood glucose, normalised lipid profiles, restored haematological parameters, and improved liver enzyme levels. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissues revealed marked β-cell regeneration and restored islet architecture, comparable to glibenclamide-treated rats. These findings suggest that B. aegyptiaca-mediated ZnO-NPs possess potent antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and haematoprotective effects. The synergistic action between zinc and plant-derived phytochemicals enhances therapeutic efficacy, providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective nanotherapeutic for diabetes management.