Green energy revolution: Peer effect as a catalyst for clean energy transformation in rural China

Wheat stem rust, a fungal disease that can be highly devastating under the right environmental conditions, was reduced to non-economically damaging levels during the Green Revolution. However, it has reemerged as a global threat to wheat production due to the appearance of new virulent strains in Uganda in 1999 that have spread steadily to other geographic areas. Wheat experts warn that the disease could pose a catastrophic threat to the global wheat supply if not monitored. Considering the importance of wheat as a principal source of calories, nutrients, and farm income throughout the world, assessments of the potential impacts of the disease are urgently required in order to formulate an appropriate response. Published assessments so far vary widely in method and results, and generally focus on wheat production losses alone, without considering how markets may offset or aggravate impacts (spillover effects). Here we take an integrated assessment approach and examine a set of “what-if” scenarios to account for direct and indirect economic and food security impacts of wheat stem rust in various world regions over the years 2026–2050. The severity and frequency of epidemics is introduced into the modeling framework based on a survey of international wheat experts. The results suggest that global market incentives may offset the worst impacts of wheat stem rust in most affected areas via international trade. However, the market mechanism simultaneously precipitates considerable food insecurity in areas far from any epidemic, as farms in these areas reallocate resources from the domestic cereal market to the wheat export market, in response to price signals.

The province of Santa Fe -Argentina- integrates an extensive plain with different agro-ecological, demographic and socio-economic conditions, configuring three regions: north, centre and south. The Second Green Revolution modified the productive and social space. In this article, continuing with lines of research on the changes in the agrarian social structure of Santa Fe, we will construct an image of the population that lives and works in the rural space of Santa Fe. The methodological approach incorporates a gender perspective to analyse data from the 2002 and 2018 National Agricultural Censuses in dialogue with qualitative sources -life histories of workers and in-depth interviews with qualified informants and members of farming families-. The data on residence, gender and work from the CNAs are insufficient and difficult to compare between intervals since they were taken in a non-homogeneous manner over time. The information obtained consolidates the image of an increasingly entrepreneurial agricultural sector, with a greater weight of male wage labour and a deepening of capitalist relations in Santa Fe agriculture to the detriment of other forms of production.

ABSTRACT This paper traces the resurgence of millets in India, from their role as staple grains in the drylands of central and southern India to their contemporary rebranding as climate-resilient, health-conscious superfoods. Once sidelined by the Green Revolution’s emphasis on rice and wheat, millets are now promoted by policymakers and embraced by urban consumers as solutions to food insecurity, environmental degradation, and chronic disease. Focusing on Karnataka, the article examines how this revival is shaped by wellness discourse, shifting state policies, and the aesthetics of ethical consumption. Using a cropscape approach, it explores how agricultural histories and food imaginaries are reassembled in service of modern food movements. Yet this revival often echoes earlier techno-solutionist logics, obscuring the structural roots of malnutrition and agrarian distress. As millets are commodified to align with dominant food regimes, they risk losing the practices and knowledges that once sustained them – revealing a central paradox: the more millets are made to fit the future, the further they may drift from their past.

Smallholder plantations are of great importance to commodity production and the macroeconomy in Indonesia. However, data shows a downward trend in the area and production of smallholder plantations in recent years. This is contrary to both the increasing global demand for smallholder plantation commodities and their value in the “green revolution” search for alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuels. This study aims to evaluate the production and area of smallholder plantations. There are two main questions regarding the future of smallholder plantation production that need to be answered: (1) What is the production projection for the coming years? and (2) What factors can predict crop production by smallholder plantations? Based on these two questions, the objectives of this study are formulated as follows: (1) To project smallholder plantation production in Indonesia in the coming years (2) To identify factors that can predict smallholder plantation crop production in Indonesia. The research data source is a tabulation published online by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Statistical analysis involves determining the distribution curve and regression modeling.

Maize is a critical staple crop globally. Enhancing maize yield per unit area is essential to meet the rising food demand, and increasing planting density has emerged as a key strategy to achieve this goal. Optimizing plant architecture, a strategy central to the "Green Revolution", is crucial for maize's adaption to high-density planting. This study reports genome assemblies of two maize inbred lines, D132 and Yu82, characterized by significantly different plant architectures. By leveraging advanced sequencing technologies, we assembled the genomes of D132 and Yu82, achieving total lengths of 2,166.50 Mb and 2,193.33 Mb, respectively, and identifying 40,951 and 40,935 protein-coding genes. These genome data provide valuable resources for in-depth understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying maize plant architecture and hold promise for contributing to maize breeding improvement.

Agricultural sustainability faces serious challenges from population growth, climate change and ecological degradation. Genetic modification (GM) technology can be regarded as a precise extension of the Green Revolution, aiming to balance yield enhancement with ecological integrity through biotechnology. To systematically examine global trend, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis using worldwide literature data from 1994 to 2024. The findings reveal a dual-core structure of international collaboration, centered on China and the United States. The United States is closely connected with Korea, Japan and the United Kingdom, forming a high-density cluster, while China engages with emerging regions in Southeast Asia and Africa through the Belt and Road Initiative. This initiative is intended to strengthen China's influence and is accompanied by the proliferation of technology in countries less endowed with resources. The technology lifecycle has been evolved through three distinct phases. Initially, the process of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in tobacco plants was carried out, marking the beginning of transgenic development. This was followed by the implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) technology to silence multiple genes. Finally, a breakthrough happened through the development of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technologies. The analyses conducted in this study demonstrate the preponderance of CRISPR in contemporary research, thus suggesting that the industry places a premium on technological refinement. Hence, the future technological trajectory is predicted to focus on germplasm digitization, multi-gene editing, intelligent breeding and synthetic biology. Transgenic technology will serve as a foundational support for achieving sustainable food security in the forthcoming second green revolution.

The problems are that the agricultural production in the last five decades has been said to increase more than three times. Other factors responsible for increased agricultural production include technological advancement toward green revolution and expansion of soil for agricultural production. The study is aimed at modeling of biogas energy technologies for cooking and other application in (LIFE-ND) using Bayesian and (H-BAY) algorithms. The objectives of the study were to: quantify the volume of crop residues and processing waste generated from the LIFE-ND intervention program, optimize the crop residue and livestock wastes management practices adopted by beneficiaries of LIFE-ND intervention programme. The method involves: Bayesian and (H-BAY) algorithms and comparing yields. Two sets of structured questionnaires formed the instrument of the study. A total of eighteen (18) questions were carefully developed from the problem statements of this study. The results from the Bayesian model, it shows in table 4 that the maximum yield of 10428 tons is from cassava and the net benefit of farming in the LIFE-ND mandate states for four years (from 2019 to 2023 is N21,704,875,606: 58K or $54.3M , and if the total investment fund of $40M is deducted from the said net benefit, it equals a return on the total investment of $14.3M).The work concluded that maximum yields were from Poultry with energy of 142 KWH and cassava peels mixed of sludge with energy of 229KWH as integrated waste management system with the twin benefits of generating biogas and ensuring no evacuation of sludge. The work recommended the, poultry and cassava technologies for Biogas production to foster social benefits such as: improved waste management practices, creation of local employment opportunities, and promotion of community-led biogas initiatives empower residents to take control of their energy needs, strengthen social cohesion, and enhance overall quality of life.

Since the mid-20th century, the landscapes of Mediterranean mountain regions have undergone a significant transformation, linked to the socioeconomic changes caused by the opening up of these regions to the market economy. This prompted a rural exodus, the abandoning of farmland and the reduction in livestock, so activating various reforestation processes. In parallel, the “green revolution” promoted the modernization of agrifood systems, so contributing to the decline of traditional ways of farming in mountain areas. The farms on which traditional polyculture and agroforestry are still carried out today are important agrobiodiversity reserves. In this research, we monitor the dynamics of land use and cover and the changes in the structure of the agrifood landscapes on the southern slopes of Sierra Nevada (Spain) by comparing maps from 1956, 1984, 2007 and 2020. The results reveal a sharp decline in cultivated land, from 39.19% to 21.54%, and an expansion of natural covers, especially Mediterranean forest, driven by the abandonment of farmland and reforestation policies. Today, the landscape is composed of a more fragmented, less cohesive mosaic of agroecosystems. These changes indicate a reduction in agrobiodiversity at a landscape level, in line with the tendency observed at farm level in the study area.

Unveiling the green revolution: Exploring the impact of outward FDI, green transition, governance quality, and industrial structure on renewable energy penetration

Navigating rice culm resilience: High-throughput quantitative trait locus mapping in indica and tropical japonica derived population.

This article explores how food has been studied within the field of geography, focusing on two authors who have dedicated themselves to this topic: Josué de Castro and Max Sorre. It is based on the dissertation “O lugar do alimentos no pensamento geográfico: uma análise a partir de Max Sorre e de Josué de Castro,” defended in September 2021 at UFES (Federal University of Espírito Santo). Josué de Castro is a Brazilian physician and geographer who, since the 1940s, has studied hunger through his research on food. Max Sorre is a classical French geographer, heir to the ideas of Paul Vidal de la Blache, author of, among other works, “Les Fondements de la géographie humaine.” Sorre concluded his geographical studies with “L’Homme sur la Terre: traité de géographie humaine” (Man on Earth: A Treatise on Human Geography), incorporating food and the geography of food into several of his studies, as well as the topic of hunger, which had been introduced to the scientific world by Josué de Castro. Based on documentary research, bibliographic readings, and interviews, the importance of the topic of food is demonstrated, especially in an era prior to the revolution in information and communication technologies, the Green Revolution, and the post-Cold War period, marked by a significant increase in food production and global paradigm shifts. The text argues for the need for true interdisciplinarity and the humanization of the humanities, as exemplified by these two humanist geographers. Its main objective is to share the contributions of Josué de Castro and Max Sorre in French, to better understand the problems they observed and analyzed, as well as the continuity of their ideas after their deaths. He concludes that the issue remains relevant and requires ongoing efforts to eliminate the scourge already denounced by Castro in the first three-quarters of the 20th century, which continues to devastate, both directly and covertly, a large part of humanity.

Abstract Modern dietary patterns have shifted towards processed and refined foods, contributing to rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and micronutrient deficiencies. Millets and traditional foods, once staples of Indian diets, are nutrient-dense, climate-resilient crops that require minimal water and agricultural inputs. Despite their nutritional and environmental strengths, millet consumption has declined due to the Green Revolution’s emphasis on rice and wheat, growing urbanization, and low consumer awareness. This paper reviews evidence from nutrition research, clinical studies, and policy reports to assess the role of millets in modern diets and food systems. Millets such as sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet are rich in dietary fiber, iron, calcium, essential amino acids, and antioxidants, and generally exhibit a low glycaemic index (GI) and gluten free – attributes that support blood-glucose regulation, gut health, and micronutrient status. Epidemiological and intervention studies indicate that regular millet consumption is linked to lower risks of type-II diabetes, hypertension, and anaemia. Agroecologically, millets require minimal water and inputs and can thrive in marginal soils, making them well suited to climate-stressed, resource-limited regions and more resilient than major staple crops. The paper highlights three strategies to promote millets: develop value-added products for easier use, strengthen awareness and nutrition education to increase demand, and enhance government support through improved processing, market access, and inclusion in public food programs. With rising national and global interest, there is a strong opportunity to promote millets. Integrating them into modern diets can improve nutrition, strengthen food security, and support climate resilience. Realizing these benefits requires coordinated action across agriculture, industry, public health, and policy to ensure fair and widespread access.This paper highlights how millets contribute to sustainable health and food security, emphasizing their nutritional advantages when included in our daily diets.

The transformation of the iron and steel industry toward carbon neutrality is a global priority under Net Zero 2050 strategies and the European Green Deal. Recent investigations have emphasized that hydrogen–natural gas (H₂/NG) blending represents a technically feasible and near-term approach for the partial decarbonization of high-temperature steelmaking operations. This study theoretically investigates hydrogen-natural gas blending for tundish preheating in slab casting, with a focus on İSDEMİR, one of Türkiye’s largest steel producers. A fuel mixture containing 10% hydrogen and 90% natural gas by volume is evaluated in terms of energy equivalence, CO₂ emissions reduction, and economic feasibility. The analysis assumes continuous operation, negligible heat losses, and 100 % combustion efficiency to isolate the effects of hydrogen blending. The results indicate that a 10 % hydrogen substitution yields a 3.2 % reduction in CO₂ emissions compared with the pure natural gas process, which aligns with previous combustion studies reporting 3-5 % CO₂ mitigation for similar H₂ fractions. The required hydrogen is produced on site with solar photovoltaic (PV) powered polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis system, achieving a 6.2 year payback period, consistent with economic evaluations from the International Renewable Energy Agency and the IEA Hydrogen Review. Beyond its numerical outcomes, this study provides a strategic model for Türkiye’s Green Steel transition, aligning with national decarbonization goals and the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Similar frameworks across Europe and the UK illustrate the compatibility of existing natural gas infrastructure with blended fuels. The İSDEMİR case exemplifies how conventional gas systems can be progressively adapted for hydrogen integration, offering a replicable framework for other steel plants in developing economies. Additionally, the safety aspects of the H₂/NG mixture, such as flame stability, flashback risk, and potential impacts on burner components and refractory materials, are highlighted as subjects for future investigation to support practical application.

This editorial examines the shift of the primary focus in food science from the historically dominant paradigms of “Food Safety” and “Food Security” towards “Safe and Sustainable Food Systems” in response to changing global dynamics and crises. The 20th century, shaped by achievements such as the Green Revolution and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), focused on producing plentiful and safe food, but has reached its ecological limits due to intensive use of resources and environmental costs. Today, global supply chains, the climate crisis (with food systems being a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions), resource constraints, and consumer awareness (food waste, animal welfare, ethical demands) are pushing this discipline toward a “sustainability” focus. Food safety and sustainability are now inseparable disciplines; climate change alters food safety risk maps, and food waste is now recognized as a fundamental safety issue. The future of food science aims to develop ethical and sustainable production processes. Areas of solution include Digitalization and Resource Efficiency (Precision Agriculture, Vertical Farming), The Protein Revolution and Alternative Sources (Plant-Based Foods, Cellular Agriculture, Insects), and Circular Economy and Waste Management (Upcycling, Bio-Packaging). Success requires a systemic transformation covering the entire food system (agriculture, processing, distribution, consumption, waste management) and the holistic consideration of planetary health and human nutrition under the “One Health” approach. Sustainability (meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs) has become the primary priority of food science.

India was a prosperous agrarian economy, where two-thirds of its total population engaged themselves in agriculture as their main source of livelihood (Backbone of its economy). However, the times have changed. Technology has taken over and has given new techniques that can help increase the productivity and the soil fertility in the recent times. One of the major revolutions was that of the Green Revolution with the HYV seeds. But the technology has become much more than just this. Precision farming, Drone technology, genetically modified crops and vertical farming are few techniques that has aided in higher yields and keeping a check on the soil moisture and fertility. This paper discusses some other techniques that can help the farmers with the higher yields and non- degradation of soil. The Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the agriculture in the recent times by using smart sensors to boost productivity, sustainability, and efficiency. These sensors help with the optimizing resources, and managing crops in a better manner. IoT can also help us overcome some of the agricultural issues like water scarcity, soil degradation, and the climatic changes. On the other hand, agroforestry promotes sustainable farming practices. This paper provides insights into the key principles, different types, benefits, and challenges, emphasizing its importance in boosting the biodiversity, improving soil health, and combating climate change – the upcoming issue.

Agriculture underwent significant changes with the Green Revolution, which substantially increased food production; however, with the global population projected to reach 11.2 billion by 2050, the demand for food is expected to continue rising. Researchers are employing novel technologies, such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) genome editing, to address this issue. The information is gathered using keywords such as "green revolution," "CRISPR-Cas9," "sustainable agriculture," "gene editing," and "crop improvement" from authenticated sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI. This review explores the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 to unlock new possibilities for crop improvement, with a focus on enhancing resistance to pests and diseases. Creating crops with inbuilt defenses could reduce chemical pesticide use, improving environmental and human health. Increased stress tolerance can be achieved by genetically altering crops to resist heat, salt, drought, and other environmental challenges, thereby ensuring food security. CRISPR-Cas9 also enables biofortification, enhancing crops with essential vitamins and minerals, thereby addressing dietary inadequacies and malnutrition. Introducing genes that enable nitrogen fixation within crops may reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, promoting environmentally friendly farming. The application of CRISPR-Cas9 in agriculture is also subject to regulatory frameworks, potential unexpected consequences, and ethical considerations, all of which require careful evaluation. This review highlights these aspects, emphasizing that responsible research and development are essential for the ethical and long-term use of this technology. It attempts to illustrate the transformative capability of this technology for creating a more sustainable and food-secure future by critically assessing its possibilities and challenges.

Plant domestication involved prolonged artificial selection that progressively adapted plants to human agricultural practices. This process significantly modified both the genetic diversity and the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the domesticated plants, resulting in traits that markedly differ from those of their wild ancestors. At the same time, rhizosphere microorganisms, the second largest gene pool of plants, were also inadvertently altered by domestication through changes in root secretions, nutrient uptake or plant defence responses. In this review, we discuss the effects of domestication on plant rhizosphere microbiota and how plants and microbes interact and co-evolve during domestication. The effects of these changes are poorly understood and the subject of active ongoing research. The expected knowledge will help to exploit specific microbial communities for the improvement of plant traits and develop microbial-based management strategies that can be used instead of chemicals to increase plant productivity, reduce environmental pollution and promote the sustainable development of agriculture as a part of the second Green Revolution.

ABSTRACT Following the Green Revolution, development narratives have prioritized capital-reliant, input-intensive crop production among smallholders in the Global South. With the right incentives, smallholders will supposedly intensify production by aligning their social relations, economic decisions, and labor with state strategies to optimize inputs and outputs. Yet in the Philippines, experience with input-intensive rice production shows that rising costs, soil degradation, poor prices, and extreme weather have stalled output, forcing many smallholders to reconsider rice farming. These pressures have made the Philippines the world’s largest rice importer, prompting renewed state policies to push for self-sufficiency through new yield-intensification programs. Such policies presume that smallholders, given access to modern inputs and capital, will maximize yields. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork with smallholder farmers in Narra, Palawan, this paper examines how these assumptions overlook smallholder adaptation and diversified production within informal economies. Rather than pursuing profit or yield maximization alone, smallholders navigate rice production as part of broader livelihood strategies. They construct coping economies captured by the Filipino term hanapbuhay: securing a living by balancing constraints, diversifying income, and spreading risk. Embedding policy in these everyday realities enables a more grounded approach that moves beyond capital-intensive, yield-centric models toward resilience, equity, and food security.

ABSTRACT We examine the relationship between farm size and productivity during India's Green Revolution, a period of rapid technological transformation. Using a unique panel of over 5000 Indian farm households that spans the Green Revolution (1971–1999), we show that the classic (linear) inverse farm size–productivity relationship gradually evolved into the U‐shaped pattern observed today in India, with both small and large farms outperforming mid‐sized ones, by the turn of the century. The roll‐out of high‐yielding varieties seems to have driven this change, and also driven the increased rate of hired labor use and mechanization on large farms (relative to mid‐sized farms) that underpins that enhanced large farm productivity. Last, we show that the Green Revolution may have reduced the propensity of the smallest farms to grow into medium‐sized farms over time.