Green Forest Research Articles

Influence of soil fumigation by methyl bromide and methyl iodide on rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial community structure

Rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities were evaluated on roots and leaves of growth chamber-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa (L.) cv. Green Forest) plants by culture-dependent and -independent methods after soil fumigation. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with 16S rRNA primers followed by cloning and sequencing was used to identify major rRNA bands from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Three weeks after fumigation, there were no differences (P = 0.16) in rhizosphere microbial communities between the fumigated treatments and the control. The same effect was observed during week seven after fumigation (P=0.49). Also, no significant differences (P=0.49) were found in the phyllosphere microbial communities between the fumigated treatments and the control during the growth period of the plant. A majority of the bands in the rhizosphere were related to known bacterial sequences with a 96 to 100 % sequence similarity. Some of the derived sequences were related to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC300 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110. A total of 23 isolates were identified from leaf surface by both culture-dependent and independent methods, and only Photorhabdus luminescens was found on leaf surface using both techniques. All the Biolog isolates from phyllosphere were from the Proteobacteria phylum compared to the culture-independent bands from the leaves that were from different bacterial phyla. Based on our data, methyl bromide (MeBr) and methyl iodide (MeI) did not have any significant negative effects on rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities throughout the growing period of lettuce.

Nepal's Green Forests; A ‘Thick’ Aesthetics of Contested Landscapes

Forests in Nepal are central in people's imaginations and daily lives and are a key means to social, political and economic power. This paper explores how an aesthetic appreciation of forests is tied in to other knowledges and experiences including the social-politics of resource use and management in the context of community forestry in Nepal. As such, more than one ‘forest’ inhabits the same spatial extent and these socially and politically framed views are central to aesthetic valuing of forests. The paper thus argues for a ‘thick’ aesthetics that ties together an understanding of the forest as an ecologically and socially emergent entity with a variety of knowledges that inform aesthetic valuing to analyse how competing visions of what the forest ought to be materialise.

Romantic semblance and prohibitive presence: Green Forest, My Home as a case‐study of Taiwan’s Occidental myth and its discontents

In postcolonial Taiwan, although Taiwan‐centric consciousness is the dominant discourse, it does not exclude but often conforms to transnational capitalism. Nativism and globalism combined form a powerful hegemony. Taiwanese television ‘idol dramas’ endorse the status quo, justifying and propagating desire for the Occident; yet such idealization of the West cannot fully silence skepticism and aversion. This paper examines Green Forest, My Home (2005), to explore the Occidental myth and its discontents. In binary opposition, (quasi‐)Westerners are portrayed as rich, beautiful, and refined; locals as malicious, simple, or ludicrous. Race is conflated with one’s socioeconomic and cultural status, one’s language, and one’s moral standing. Frustration and resentment are projected onto the minor roles played by authentic Westerners: authoritative yet anti‐romantic, they represent the West with negative connotations. The drama’s double‐faced portrayal of Westerners betrays a profound ambivalence toward the self and the Western other.

Aldo Leopold and the Blue River: An Ironic Legacy

This article explores relationship between people and lands of River watershed, Arizona - a place known as the Blue - and ideas and legacy of Aldo Leopold, together with agency he served there, U.S. Forest Service. This relationship manifests some of major controversies and ironies inherent in ecological assumptions and intentions in twentieth-century America. The River originates in mountain country between Alpine, Arizona, and Luna, New Mexico. It zigzags south through rugged canyons of Mountain Range and, except for one deviation into New Mexico, keeps to Arizona side of border as it flows south. The watershed covers an area roughly twenty miles at its widest east to west, and more than forty miles as crow flies from its origin in north to its southern mouth. There merges with San Francisco, which after Clifton, Arizona, joins Gila River. The tributaries of upper begin in green forests of ponderosa pine, spruce, and fir at about eight thousand feet, while lower descends to just below four thousand feet in drier country dominated by juniper, cedar and pinyon. The upper watershed receives on average about twenty inches of rain a year; lower portion, about five fewer inches. Remote, rough and historically dangerous due to roving Apache bands - Geronimo's among them - was never settled by Spaniards and did not attract Anglo-American pioneers until 1880s. Some came to farm, while others, especially Texans, brought ideas of running herds of cattle. The two pursuits were complementary, and by 1890s a thriving ranching and farming community of about three hundred people was scattered along river and its creeks. It was

Dynamic relationships between field temperatures and romaine lettuce yield and head quality

Abstract Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam.) has great potential as a winter alternative crop in coastal South Carolina. Apache (A), Darkland (D), Green Tower (GT), Green Forest (GF), Ideal Cos (IC), and Tall Guzmaine (TG) romaine lettuce cultivar transplants were planted on 9 different planting dates in Charleston, South Carolina (SC) on monthly intervals from September to April from 1998 to 2001. The objective was to determine romaine's yield and quality responses to different growing season climates. Growing season mean (GSM) minimum or maximum temperatures (temps) were determined by averaging daily min and max temps from planting date to harvest date. The growing season for the September planting date (PD) was the warmest, followed by the April PD. The coldest growing season was the December PD, followed by January and November PDs. Collectively, GSM max temps ranged from 17 to 27 °C and GSM min temps ranged from 5 to 15 °C with these planting dates. The total accumulated heat units (Base 4.5 °C) were similar for all 8 PD growing seasons. The harvest maturities were similar between: September versus April PDs; October versus March PDs; and November versus February PDs. The December PD growing season required the greatest number of days to reach harvest from transplanting followed by the January PD growing season, with every 1 °C decrease in GSM min or max temps, days to harvest increased by 5 days. GSM min temperature affected number of marketable heads produced per plot more than GSM max temps for A, D, GT and TG but not GF and IC. Individual marketable head weight, however, was unaffected by GSM min and max temps. When all cultivar data were pooled and regressed, we found that from about 3 to 6 °C GSM min temps, the number of culls produced dropped steeply, but then plateaued from about 6 to 11 °C, and then decreased rapidly from 11 to 14 °C. The major cull defect was loss due to field rots. Generally, the pooled cultivar mean indicated that with an increase in GSM min temps from 3 to 6.5 °C, the rate of field rot production accelerated, but from 6.5 to 14 °C, field rot production was much slower in contrast.

Quantify the landscape effect and environmental sustainability of rural region planning at town scale near metropolis

The urban fringe, which can be seen as a special form of regional ecosystem with a spatial transition from urban to rural areas, has strong heterogeneity and is a typical ecologically sensitive area. The expansion of cities and the landscape effect of the changes have attracted wide attention. The primary aim of this study is to obtain an understanding of the spatial patterns of landscape conversion and the corresponding environmental sustainability. With the help of GIS and Fragstats software, the changes of landscape patterns before and after town planning were compared in An-Ding town of Beijing, of which the sustainability was also revealed based on the ecological footprint using social and economic statistic data. The results showed that the landscape pattern changed greatly during its conversion from several villages to a small town and the landscape fragmentation increased due to road construction. Meanwhile, human disturbance increased with the constructed land extension. For the gap between the ecological footprint and the biological capacity, An-Ding town ran an ecological deficit at that period, which means it was unsustainable. However, the environmental sustainability decreased after planning due to the degraded green land and forest. The results suggested that ecological management should be strengthened during the town planning period.

Gaelic Music of Cape Breton Island: The Last Fifteen Years

In the liner notes to a recent Smithsonian Folkways recording of Cape Breton fiddle and piano music, folklorist Burt Feintuch describes the scene at a dance held in Mabou, Nova Scotia: It's a hot, muggy July 2003 night in Mabou. I pay my five dollars cover and walk into the Red Shoe Pub ... I step through the door; within moments, my shirt is stuck to my back. Kinnon [Beaton] is playing the fiddle, joined by [daughter] Andrea. Betty's on the electric piano. Feet are pounding the wooden stage and the floor of the pub. Kinnon and Andrea look as if they're possessed. People are shouting, whooping, and even screaming in appreciation. The music is loud. It wails. It's beautiful. (1) The Celtic revival of the mid-1990s exposed new audiences to recordings of singers, instrumentalists, and bands Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France, and other nations. The most famous product of this revival was Michael Flatley's 1995 dance show Riverdance (followed by The Lord of the Dance). The popularity of this stage show helped to inspire interest in acts that retained essential rhythms, melodies, and stylistic performance elements inherent in traditional folk music. It also helped to promote the idea of Pan-Celtic music, infused by elements of dance, storytelling, and daily customs. Lesser-known Celtic artists benefited this exposure as well, especially those areas with descendants rich in its heritage, such as Cape Breton Island in eastern Nova Scotia. Cape Breton Island has been especially prolific in the number of master fiddlers and pianists it has produced. Its relative isolation the more cosmopolitan regions of Halifax, Montreal, and Toronto has ensured a more rural lifestyle for its residents, who have historically worked as miners, fishermen, and farmers. In recent times many artists steeped in the region's Celtic-Canadian heritage have become international stars in the folk and country music industries, including fiddlers Natalie MacMaster (1973-) and Ashley MacIsaac (1975-), vocalist Mary Jane Lamond (1960-), and ensembles the Cottars and the Rankins. Many of its veteran artists, such as Angus Chisholm (1908-1979), Winston Fitzgerald (1914-1987), Jerry Holland (1955-), Hugh Allan Buddy MacMaster (1924-), William Bill H. Lamey (1914-), and Brenda Stubbert (1959-) have been celebrated in releases of field and historic recordings. Much less known outside of Cape Breton are recordings of the younger generation of native artists who increasingly record and promote their music locally (and, via the Internet, globally). This essay will touch upon all of these artists and their recordings and place them within a social, geographical, and musical context. THE MUSICAL ISLAND: GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE Singer Mary Jane Lamond titled her first album Bho Thir Nan Craobh, which translates Gaelic as from the land of the trees. In her introduction she wrote that her ancestors were surprised by the lush green forests of this new world, especially after coming the almost treeless Hebridean islands. (2) The name of the island probably derives Cap Breton, an area near Bayonne, France. (3) In Scottish Gaelic, its name is Eilean Cheap Breatuinn. It was settled originally by the French, whose Acadian musical heritage continues in villages such as Cheticamp on the northwest side of the island. After the forced migration of Acadians southward, Cape Breton was settled by English loyalists and a wave of Scottish immigrants who worked in coal mines, fisheries, and steel and paper mills. Both the music and the Gaelic language of the Celts were and continue to be a part of everyday life. Today tourism is one of Cape Breton's largest industries, and musical performance and recordings play a major role in attracting Canadian and international visitors. There was a time in the 1970s when the future of this traditional music looked bleak. …

Planting Date and Romaine Lettuce Cultivar Affect Quality and Productivity

The objective of this study was to determine the best combination of planting dates (PDs) and cultivars on yield and quality for long-term production of romaine lettuce. `Green Forest' (GF), `Apache' (AP), `Darkland' (DK), `Green Tower' (GT), `Ideal Cos' (IC), and `Tall Guzmaine' (TG) were successfully grown to harvest maturity on 19 PDs from September 1998 to April 2001. Lettuce planted in September and April PDs (pooled over cultivars and year), required as little as 47 and 49 days, respectively, to reach harvest (all cultivars harvested on the same day). Lettuce planted in October, November, February, and March PDs (pooled over cultivars and year), required on average 64, 66, 75, and 67 days to reach harvest, respectively, but in the coldest PDs of December and January, 90 and 98 days, respectively, were needed to reach maturity. Of the eight PDs evaluated, marketable numbers/plot (pooled over cultivars and years) were greatest in the September PD, followed by April (–8% decrease from September PD) > March (–13%) > October (–17%) > November (–21%) > December = January = February (about –30%) and heads weighed the most in September > January = February (–7% decrease from September PD) > March = April (–14%) > October (–21%) > December (–25%) > November (–31%). Cull heads/plot (pooled over cultivars and years) were greatest in April > December (–5% decrease from April PD) > January = February (–16%) > November (–27%) > October (–34%) > March (–44%) > September (–49%). Two out of three November PDs were lost to freezing damage and this PD should be avoided. Significant bolting occurred primarily in the September and October PDs (in 1 of 3 years) with negligible bolting in the November, December, and January PDs, but bolting recurred again in the February, March and April PDs. Marketable numbers/plot (pooled over all PDs and years) were greatest for GF > GT (–7% decrease from GF) > AP (–8%) > IC (–9%) > DK (–11%) > TG (–21%). The interaction effect of cultivar × PD indicated that GF yielded the most marketable heads in 6 out of 8 PDs. The best performing cultivars by PD (pooled over years) were September and February = GF and IC; October = TG; November = AP; December, January, March, and April = GF.

Nature conservation in forest management plans for small-scale forestry in Sweden

This article examines how professional foresters choose areas set aside for nature conservation and studies how these compartments differ from production compartments in Green Forest Management Plans for small-scale forestry in Sweden. The implementation of the forest management plans is supposed to lead to the desired policy outcomes. However, there has been a concern from several stakeholders that economic considerations could weigh too heavily. Observations from about 5000 compartments have been analysed at the estate and compartment level using discriminant analysis and descriptive statistics. The discriminant analyses highlight that planners mainly use the data in the plan to propose goal classes. Most variables studied were within the desired ranges for the areas set aside for nature conservation, for example age, volume and percentage of broad-leaved trees. However, the compartments set side for nature conservation were generally too small. In the south of Sweden the goal class ‘Nature conservation goal with management’ dominated, whereas the goal class ‘Nature conservation goal based on no management’ dominated in the north. Economic aspects were not found to be a major consideration when the planners selected compartments for nature conservation and the plans appear to comply with the new Swedish forest policy.

일본 Chichibu산지 계반림의 입지환경

In most mountainous parts of the temperate zone of Japan along the Pacific Ocean, some climatic climax forests, whose main dominant species is Fagus crenate, F. japonica or Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, are distributed. In the riparian regions of the zone, however, there appear summer green forests composed of the different species from the climatic climax forests. Climate plays an important role in determining the overall distribution of vegetation, but some environmental factors, i.e., topography, soil type, soil moisture content, etc. have a great influence on vegetation formation. Riparian forests seem to be controlled by various geomorphologic disturbances, such as landslide, soil erosion and accumulation. The study aims to present the relationships among vegetation, soils and landforms in the process of determining riparian forests dominated by Fraxinus platypoda and Pterocarya rhoifolia establishment in the mountainous region of central Japan. The study area extends an area of 302 ha with a range of elevation between 925 m and 1,681 m at the Chichibu mountains. The landforms were corditied at sampling grids (25 <TEX>$\times$</TEX> 25 m, n = 4,843) using a hierarchical system, and a brief description of the forest soil classification was also given. The mutual relationship analysis indicated that forest soils and landforms play a significant role in determining the geomorphological process of riparian forest, and shaping the ultimate pattern of vegetation. At the study area, riparian forests were mainly found on the <TEX>$B_E$</TEX> forest soil type and steep slopes ( > 30<TEX>$^{\circ}$</TEX>) at convex slopes along the streams. On the other hand, the direction of slopes did not have a significant impact on the establishment of the riparian forests. A mosaic of patchy distribution of those riparian forests on the slightly wetter <TEX>$B_E$</TEX> forest soil type was one of the characteristic features of the study area. This particular soil which contained large talus gravels was found on the land formed by erosion and deposition of landslide.

Labor relations and technological change at Canadian Pacific Railway

There was a time in this fair land when the railroad did not run When the wild majestic mountains stood alone against the sun Long before the white man and long before the wheel When the green dark forest was too silent to be real

Analyse de la réponse de la végétation aux trouées naturelles dans une futaie âgée de Quercus ilexL. en Corse (île Méditerranéenne)

Green oak (Quercus ilexL.) is the most common forest species growing under Mediterranean climate. Because of important past anthropic perturbations, green oak old-growth forests are very unfrequent and constitute, for that reason, a most interesting domain where to analyze the natural evolution of green oak stands. Such forests exist in Corsica and this study deals with vegetation successions as they occur in naturally occuring gaps. Because of the taxonomic poorness (32 species), two statistical tools (canonical correspondence analysis and random permutations) were used to take into account vegetation spatial structure according to types (herbaceous, shrubby, or arborescent). These statistical analyses show that plant succession does not really exist in gaps of green oak old-growth forests but rather a structural organization of common species found in the maquis. Results support the hypothesis about the internal dynamics of these forests going through a maquis phase.

Phytomass (live biomass) and carbon of Siberian forests

The results of the phytomass (live biomass) estimates inventory for the Siberian forests are presented. These results are based on the following: (i) models estimating basic phytomass fractions for eight main forest-forming species (pine, spruce, fir, larch, Russian cedar, birch, aspen, oak); (ii) an ecoregional division of the territory into 63 ecological regions; and (iii) data from the State Forest Account (SFA) of 1993. The models are in the form of multidimensional regression equations for the ratio R fr= M fr/ GS, where M fr is the mass of a phytomass fraction in teragrams (Tg), and GS is (green) growing stock in cubic meters (m 3). The independent variables used are age, site index and relative stocking of stands. The fractions evaluated are wood and bark of the stems, bark, wood and bark of branches, foliage, stump and roots, understorey and green forest floor. The final results are presented by 18 administrative units and three economic regions. The total phytomass of the vegetation of forest ecosystems of the total forested areas in Siberia is estimated to be 48 253.8 Tg of dry organic matter, of which 59.2% are stems, 18.4% stump and roots, 8.4% branches, 5.6% green forest cover, 3.4% foliage, 2.1% understorey and an additional 2.9% of the total phytomass is in the form of shrubbery areas. Due to Russian forest terminology, forested areas, i.e. closed forests, include forests generated by: (i) so-called main forest-forming species combined in three groups (coniferous, hard-leaved deciduous and soft-leaved deciduous); (ii) other species (rare, valuable and introduced species) with small area; (iii) shrubbery areas, considered as forested areas for territories where forests are not able to grow due to severe climatic conditions (zonal and altitudinal tree lines). The average density of phytomass (as an average of the total forested areas) is 4.04 kg of carbon (C) per square meter and varies from 2.0 kg C/m 2 (in ecoregions of the forest tundra) to 5.7–5.9 kg C/m 2 (in southern taiga and mixed broadleaved coniferous forests in the Far East). The C dynamics over time that have been estimated based on official forest inventory data for 1961–1993 reveal that during this period the Siberian forests were, on average, a small source of C emissions (about 20 Tg C/year). For `reconstructed' dynamics of the growing stock, which take into account systematic errors in the forest inventory data, the Siberian forests were estimated on average to sequester carbon (51 Tg C/year). Both approaches provide the conclusion that during the 10 years between 1983 and 1992 the Siberian forests have been a net source of atmospheric carbon (between 81 and 123 Tg C/year).

Climate Change and Its Impact on Tropical Montane Ecosystems in Southern India

The montane regions (>2000 m MSL) of the Western Ghats in southern India feature stunted ever- green forests (C3 plant type) interspersed with extensive grasslands (C3 or C4 plant types). We have studied the vegetational history of this ecosystem in relation to climate change during the late Quaternary through stable- carbon isotope analysis of peat deposits as indicators of C3 or C4 plant types. Grasslands (of C4 type) were predominant during the last glacial maximum (20-18 kyr BP) and again during 6-3.5 kyr BP, while forest and possibly C3 grassland expanded during the deglaciation, attaining their peak distribution at 10 kyr BP. The shift in C3 and C4 plant types seems related to changes in moisture and atmospheric C02, with lower moisture and CO2 levels favouring the latter plant types. The oscillating climate and vegetation has influenced the

Keeping the Swarm: A Northwest Exploration of Place

G E O R G E V E N N Eastern Oregon State College Keepingthe Swarm: ANorthwestExploration ofPlace i. For nearly thirty five years, I have been writing about a particular place in western Washington—Alder—named for the red alder forest in the vicinity, a deciduous forest which regenerated thick and green after a crown fire had burned the conifers down to fly ash. The region was homesteaded by my German-Jewish and Scots-English relatives in the 1890s, and my Wisconsin grandparents found a refuge in Alder in the 1930s. Like many small northwest places, Alder is still invisible and would have remained so but for three events: the Nisqually River drainage had vast forests of old growth cedar, hemlock, and fir, so logging and railroads came early; Mt. Rainier National Park was offi­ cially established in 1899, so the demands of tourists paved a highway from Tacoma through Alder to Paradise in the mid-1920s; the City of Tacoma dammed the Nisqually River in the early 1940s, and flooded the Alder townsite so well that the engineers called the reservoira lake and found people who believed them. My firstAlder sketch was read aloud to the sophomore class by my high school English teacher. I had described one of my uncles—a crippled bachelor—who lived there. He was friend to everyone. In college, two of my three published stories were about fictional Alder characters—a fatherless family, and a solitaryold woodcutter. In gradu­ ate school, I published a story about a boy who left Alder during the construction of a dam, returned from Vietnam, blew up the dam, and unintentionally killed himself in the process. Several of the other sto­ ries in my M. F. A. thesis were set there. In 1988, I drafted a 600-page novel about a place called Vine Maple Valley. Several years ago, I sent an Alder Christmas story to my extended family. For years, I’ve written 60 Western American Literature poems about the place, collected photos, diaries, letters, clippings, and oral accounts from relatives there. Just last year, I found my uncle’s World War II diary—-just as it was about to become rummage. Uncle Leonard Falck was a logger who stayed home, believed that Hitler was The Beast of Revelation, that the end of the world was coming any day. Days of rain and fundamentalist theology can do this to you. So, what follows continues my finding and keeping of this Alder swarm—selected Alder poems from Off The Main Road (1978) and Marking the Magic Circle (1987). To give some of their northwest con­ text, I’ve attempted to add stories and statements which might illumi­ nate these pieces that rise from one ofthe places that has compelled my attention for thirtyfiveyears. “All artis local—somewhere,”saysWilliam Stafford. II. My grandmother, Hazel Munger Mayo, always told her story first—the storyofleaving Wisconsin and coming to the Northwest. Both her parents had died while she was young. She had lived with her brother and graduated from high school. Her brother had sent her to Wayland Academy—a finishing school in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin—to acquire some sophistication. She worked as a bookkeeper in an Eau Claire lumber yard, and met my grandfather while singing in the Baptist Church choir. They married and had two daughters. A fewyears after their children were born, cattle dust from their Wisconsin dairy had given her asthma so severe that she could hardly breathe. “When I came in from the milking, I could hear her breathing all over the house,”my grandfather would add. “You better go west or she will die,” the doctor told them. So, in the summer of 1927, the Mayos sold everything in Eau Claire, bought a new Model A, and drove overland with two young daughters carsick in the rumble seat and living on crackers and orangejuice. They rolled down Snoqualmie Pass into the wet, green forest on Puget Sound where dustless summers, mild heat, and Pacific humidity saved her life. Like the Israelites about whom she read so often, Hazel Mayo had escaped aplace ofsuffering and death, hadjourneyed, had found a new place of hope, health, new...

Distribution of Lucidophyll Oak-Laurel Forest Formation in Asia and Other Areas.

Summer-rain warm-temperate, wet subtropical and tropical zones in East, South and Southeast Asia are widely covered by evergreen broad-leaved forests. These forests are dominated mainly by evergreen tree species of Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae and Hamamelidaceae. Trees have leathery smooth leaves ready to reflect the sunshine and brighten, and Kira (1977) put forward a proposal of lucidophyll forest as a new nomenclature of this type of evergreen broad-leaved forest. It was fIrst reported as Lorbeerform by Griesebach (1872) in Canarias Islands. The lucidophyll oak-laurel forests are found in ranges among 85 and 180°C month of Kira’s warmth index, which corresponds to warm temperate zone and among 180 and 240°C month to subtropical zones in Japan. Such lucidophyll oak-laurel forests have a wide range of distribution in Asia, New Guinea, Macaronesia and southeastern United States. The northern limit of its distribution is at about 40°N of the seashore or islets of Northeast District of Japan in the PacifIc and at 39°N in Acres Islands in the Atlantic. The altitudinal limit goes up to about 1,000 m from sea shore in warm-temperate Japan, and upwards to about 3000 m in the wet tropical Asia. The constituent species of the forests becomes diversifIed as it goes to the tropics. In the area of northern limit the forest is dominated only by a laurel, Persea thunbergii, but forests are diversifIed with many species of a number of genera and families as shown in Appendix. In the tropics they are mixed with some tropical species such as climbing bamboos, screw pines, palms and climbing species of Araceae. On the other hand, some species of Lauraceae and Fagaceae are found in the lowland tropical rain forests, but they are minority of tall lowland rain forests. In Africa temperate and montane forests (afromontane forests) do not have lauraceous and fagaceous dominants but for Ocotea as a companion, and their species composition is not similar with the Asian lucidophyll oak-laurel forests. Southeastern evergreen hardwood forests of the United States are dominated by Quercus (Quercus) species under summer-rain climate with hot and humid summer and not so severe winter. As their leaves also reflect sunshine and brighten, this type of forest should be included into lucidophyll forest formation as well as Macaronesian laurel forests. The nomenclature of the lucidophyll oak-laurel forest is diversifIed, and a number of names have been used. They are largely classified into five groups of terms based on vertical zonation, climatic zone, leaf characters, species composition and plant sociology. The author thinks that it is desirable to give a standard name like summer green forest formation to the forest formation widely distributing in the lowland of warm-temperate, and montane areas of subtropical and tropical regions dominated by oaks and lor laurels. Lucidophyll oak-laurel forest formation is a recommendable name of the formation. Evergreen Nothofagus forests evolved and developed only in the southern hemisphere under similar climate to that of lucidophyll oak-laurel forest formations, could be included into the latter formation, because trees in evergreen southern beech forests are also lucid under humid climate and both forests assembled only in New Guinea and its adjacent islands. Discussion is carried out on other types of vegetation in the Middle and South America.

The Distribution of Mistletoes in South Africa: Patterns of Species Richness and Host Choice

We analysed distribution records of mistletoes (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) in South Africa in terms of host taxa and geographic patterns. Few species are found in nutri- ent-poor Cape shrublands (fynbos) and in the southern ever- green forests on nutrient-poor sands. The most species-rich areas are the nutrient-rich mesic savannas (including Valley Bushveld, a subset of savanna). Mistletoe species richness is significantly correlated with the average nitrogen levels of the woody plants in any biome, suggesting that the overall nutri- ent status of a biome influences mistletoe species richness. The analysis of host-choice of mistletoes also indicates a non-random distribution; thirty-three genera in twenty-two plant families host from three to twenty-four different mistle- toe species, suggesting that parasitism is not related to phylo- genetic position. The most important host genera are Acacia (hosting twenty-four spp. mistletoes), followed by Combretum (fourteen), Maytenus (thirteen) and Rhus (twelve). The species richness of mistletoes on host genera is significantly correlated with mean host N, and in four of five areas sampled, the number of mistletoes on host trees was significantly correlated with host N.

Bergwind Fires and the Location Pattern of Forest Patches in the Southern Cape Landscape, South Africa

A hypothesis is developed that environmental fac- tors (rainfall and substrate) determine the potential limits of forest distribution, but that actual forest location pattern is determined by the fire pattem, which in tum is determined by the interaction between prevailing winds during dry periods and terrain physiography. The warm-temperate, mixed, ever- green forests of the study area occur in few large but isolated patches on the coastal platform and river valleys, but in many small patches in the dissected mountains. Late arrival of europeans in the area due to many deep and steep gorges through the coastal platform, and the early control over timber cutting and forest clearing prevented man from influencing the location pattern of the forests. Rainfall throughout the study area is high (900-1200 mm per annum, and expected to be higher in the mountains). The strike of geological formations cuts across forest patches. The forests persist on both deep and very shallow, rocky soils, and the soils are similar both inside and outside the forest. The study has shown that forests on the coastal platform persisted in topographic shadow areas of the gusty, hot, desiccating northwesterly fohnlike bergwinds which are com- mon during autumn and winter. Bergwind direction is locally changed due to barriers posed by the position and form of the mountain ridge to the windward (northern) side of the forests, and is channelled through valleys running from the mountains. Fires associated with the bergwinds would burn with higher frequency in zones in the landscape where forest is currently absent. The wind-fire pattern would furthermore cause calm conditions and a lower frequency of fire in localities where the forests have survived. A graphic model is presented to indicate the likelihood of forest persistence in topographic positions in relation to bergwind direction. The study also related under- storey differences and the presence of seed of the legume tree Virgilia divaricata Adamson, and of charcoal in the litter layer of Witelsbos forest to such a bergwind fire which occurred an estimated 230 years ago. Forest can therefore recover from episodic, extreme fires, but disappears from areas where fires occur at high frequencies. The results have implications for the interpretation of spe- cies-diversity patterns in the landscape in relation to disturb- ance and recovery, for the application of prescribed burns in catchment management, for the development of fire protection plans for commercial forestry, and for understanding the spread and control of invasive alien plants.

Deinstitutionalization: A Perspective from Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the West African countries south of the Sahara desert. Geographically, it is divided into the North, with arid vegetation, and the South, with green forests. It has an estimated population of 80 million, consisting of three main ethnic groups, the Hausas, the Yorubas, and the Igbos, each group having several linguistic subgroups. The Hausas live mainly in the North; the other two groups live in the South. There is interaction among the different ethnic groups, however; and people are free to settle in any part of the country. Over 70% of the population has no formal education. Islam, Christianity, and traditional religions coexist, but Islam is the predominant religion, especially in the northern parts of the country. Most of the people live in homogeneous rural settings and cultivate the land. Trading is an important occupation among both city -dwellers and those in rural areas. Within the last two decades, since oil production has become the backbone of the nationTs economy, rapid urbanization and industrialization have taken place. Nigeria has a federal system of government similar to that of the United States of America. It has a central government headed by a democratically elected president. At the center, the legislative bodies consist of the Houses of Representatives and the Senate. Each of the 19 states of the federation has a semi -autonomous government with executive and legislative branches, a governor heading the former, and a house of assembly serving as the latter. Under the constitution both the

Analysis of the structure of the woodland bird communities in Japan

1. This second report treats of the classification of the Japanese forest bird communities in winter on the basis of the structure and similarity analyses of line census data (40 plots) collected by the author and others.2. The similarities of the bird communities in forests or other localities were analysed by using Whittaker's index of association. And finally, eleven types of bird communities were classified by the grouping of plots with about 50% similarity. In this paper, the coniferous forest in the subalpine zone is not treated.3. The similarities of the winter bird communities among eleven types showed the same trend as in the breeding season. Namely, the similarity between the types in the temperate zone and those in the subtropical zone are low, whereas the similarity among the types in each zone is high.4. The dominance ratio of winter visitor bird group is at most 18% in the temperate zone and is lower in the other zone.5. The eight species, namely Aegithalos caudatus, Parus major, Parus montanus, Parus ater, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Regulus regulus, Sitta europaea and Emberiza cioides, are recongnized to be vasic constituents in the winter woodland bird community in Japan.6. The eleven types of winter bird communities are hypothesized as follow; and each bears the names of the three species which comprise chief dominant species in each types.A. Ever green coniferous forest at the lowland in Hokkaido Regulus regulus-Parus palustris-Parus ater AssociationB. Pan-mixed forest in Hokkaido Parus ater-Parus montanus-Sitta europaea AssociationC. Deciduous broad-leavedforest at the lowland in Hokkaido Parus montanus-Sitta europaea-Picus canus AssociationD. Mature deciduous broad-leaved forest at the Fagus crenata zone in Honshu Parus montanus-Sitta europaea-Aegithalos caudatus AssociationE. Larix leptolepis plantation in northern Japan Aegithalos caudatus-Parus ater-Parus major AssociationF. Young deciduous broad-leaved forest at the Fagus crenata zone in Honshu Aegithalos caudatus-Emberiza cioides-Parns montanus AssociationG. Ever green coniferous forest at the temperate zone in northern Honshu Parus ater-Aegithalos caudatus-Regulus regulus AssociationH. Open mixed forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees at the lowland temperate zone. Aegithalos caudatus-Emberiza cioides-Regulus regulus AssociationI. Open mixed forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees at the subtropical zone Hypsipetes amaurotis-Carduelis sinica-Emberiza cioides AssociationJ. Inland ever green forest at the subtropical zone Hypsipetes amaurotis Parus major-Aegithalos caudatus Association.K. Seacoast ever green forest at the subtropical zone Hypsipetes amaurotis-Zosterops japonica-Parus major Association (alphabets coincide with Table 5)