Abstract A simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of ketoprofen and famotidine in combined dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Roc C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using an isocratic mobile phase of methanol:water:acetonitrile (35:35:30, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 3.1 with formic acid, at a flow rate of 2 mL/min and detection at 264 nm. Retention times were 2.86 min for ketoprofen and 8.56 min for famotidine. The method was validated following ICH Q2(R2) guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity (R 2 = 0.9996 for ketoprofen, R 2 = 0.9993 for famotidine), accuracy (98.35–101.26%), precision (%RSD < 1%), and sensitivity (LOD: 18.3 and 25 ng/mL; LOQ: 61.8 and 84 ng/mL, respectively). Robustness testing confirmed reliability under varied conditions. Importantly, the method minimizes solvent usage and employs short run times, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles. The proposed RP-HPLC method is precise, accurate, and suitable for routine quality control of ketoprofen–famotidine formulations, offering a sustainable alternative for pharmaceutical analysis.

Catalytic carbonylation for flavone synthesis: Advances and prospects. A mini-review

ABSTRACT Conversion of CO 2 into carbon‐neutral fuels and chemicals remains a central challenge in sustainable chemistry and energy sectors, as conventional catalytic processes are critically limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium and low overall energy efficiency. Here, a micro‐plasma chip for CO 2 ‐to‐CO conversion is introduced that achieves ultra‐high energy efficiency and breaks the thermodynamic equilibrium limitation under ambient conditions. These micro‐plasma devices (MPDs) with sub‐10‐µm discharge gaps self‐generate nanosecond pulses directly from a DC bias without external pulsed‐power sources and drive discharges through field emission at substantially lower voltages than conventional plasma systems, together yielding an ultra‐high energy efficiency. An experimentally validated theoretical framework elucidates the device's working principle and is used for performance improvement. The resulting optimized, scaled‐up MPD array constructed for benchmark comparison demonstrates 30% single‐pass CO 2 conversion and 50% overall energy efficiency without any catalyst, which is unprecedented among all previously reported micro‐plasma systems. Remarkably, its performance exceeds that of many conventional large‐scale plasma systems, while consuming orders of magnitude less power. Integration of localized on‐chip reactive species generation by MPDs with catalytic, synthetic, or electrochemical processes could spur the development of new CO 2 reduction pathways.

Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) provides a framework for reducing hazardous reagents, energy consumption, and waste. The topic has gained momentum across many chemical industries over the past 25 years; however, progress in implementing sustainable methods and conducting greenness assessments within forensic laboratories has been comparatively slow. The purpose of this review is to highlight green approaches to analytical separation methods, including greenness assessment metrics, that have been reported in the literature for forensic chemistry and toxicology applications and to raise awareness of GAC in the forensic field. Recent scientific literature highlights promising advances in greener sample preparation and chromatographic approaches, particularly in forensic toxicology and seized-drug analysis. Emerging trends include the use of green solvents, bio-based and deep eutectic solvent systems, and the rapid expansion of microextraction techniques such as SPME, LPME, MEPS, FPSE, and DLLME, which reduce solvent volumes, minimize waste, and support higher-throughput workflows. Parallel developments in portable and miniaturized chromatographic instrumentation such as miniaturized LC–MS systems with increased detection specificity and Lab-on-a-Chip applications show promise for in situ measurements in the field. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry—in particular, DESI and DART—has had a major impact on forensic chemistry by providing tools for the rapid and direct analysis of chemical compounds in complex matrices with little or no sample preparation. Greenness assessment tools—including AGREE, AGREEprep, Eco-Scale, GAPI, and BAGI—are increasingly applied to evaluate analytical methods in forensic chemistry and toxicology, including those used for novel psychoactive substances. Although many green methodologies are well documented, their routine implementation remains limited. The continued integration of green solvents, microextractions, portable instrumentation, and standardized greenness metrics will be essential for advancing sustainable forensic separations.

Here, we reported a Cu(II)-catalyst with a water-tolerant active site for the Friedel-Crafts reaction of 4-amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine with various aldehydes in aqueous medium, using a surfactant. A portion of the hydrated homogeneous copper(II) complex remains an effective Lewis acid in this reaction, consistent with the theoretical study (DFT) and various control experiments. The study revealed the involvement of a water-assisted hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), indicating the importance of surrounding water molecules. The influence of explicit water-solvation models (20- and 60-molecule shells) on the structures and energies of selected intermediates and transition states was studied. Furthermore, the gram-scale synthesis, recyclability of the reaction medium, and various green chemistry parameters demonstrated the sustainability of our process. Additionally, the structure and relative energies of the various tautomers of product bis-(2-thiopyrimidine) compounds were investigated at the DFT and SCS-MP2 levels. The water-assisted tautomerization mechanism is described, showing that the keto form is prevalent in neutral solutions. The doubly protonated and quadruple deprotonated forms exist in acidic and basic media, as confirmed by TDDFT-predicted UV-vis spectra and DFT-calculated 1H-NMR shifts, which are supported by the respective experimental spectra.

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are bioactive compounds with promising applications in functional foods, but their enzymatic production is hindered by high costs and operational instability. To address this, we developed a food-compliant magnetic bimodal mesoporous silica (Fe3O4@BMS) biocatalyst for sustainable COS synthesis via cellulase immobilization. The hierarchically structured carrier combined small (2-5 nm) and large (20-40 nm) mesopores, offering a large surface area of 851 m2/g. The immobilized cellulase demonstrated superior stability, maintaining 83.60 ± 3.32% residual activity at 80 °C, alongside exceptional pH adaptability (3-9). Magnetic Fe3O4 integration facilitated rapid biocatalyst recovery, retaining about 70% of catalytic efficiency after 10 repeated cycles. In a scaled-up stirred-tank reactor, the system achieved a high yield of 316.33 ± 9.39 mg/g reducing sugar from chitosan after 5 h under optimized conditions. This work offers an industrially scalable route for COS production, aligning with green chemistry and food safety standards.

Spin manipulation has emerged as a transformative strategy in boosting electrochemical reactions. Yet, its application in organic electrosynthesis involving diffusive radical intermediates remains less explored compared to aqueous systems. Herein, we report a systematic study of spin-controlled organic electrosynthesis via precise regulation of radical coupling and hydrogenation pathways in solution during the electroreduction of benzyl chloride. By leveraging ferromagnetic electrodes with external magnetic fields, spin-polarized electron transfer fundamentally alters the spin states of radical intermediate, selectively suppressing radical coupling by 70% while achieving 85% selectivity for hydrogenated product─performance unattainable through conventional potential control. Notably, the contribution of the MHD effect was further excluded with the absence of a magnetic field effect using nonmagnetic electrodes, highlighting the spin manipulation as the intrinsic mechanism underlying the observed magnetic field effects. Our findings establish spin polarization as an orthogonal methodology for reaction pathway engineering and selectivity enhancement in sustainable organic chemistry.

Thermal desorption as an environmentally sound alternative for the determination of high production volume chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter.

Development of lignin-based nanoparticles using green chemistry for targeted delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells: In-silico and in-vitro study.

In order to lessen its impact on the environment, increase resource efficiency, and improve process safety while preserving product quality, the pharmaceutical sector is progressively implementing sustainable practices. The creation of environmentally safe synthetic pathways for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has been made possible by developments in green chemistry, catalysis, and process intensification. Waste, energy consumption, and solvent usage have been shown to be significantly reduced by techniques including step-economical and atom-efficient synthesis, one-pot processes, biocatalysis, solvent substitution, continuous manufacturing, and modular production systems. The adoption of sustainable techniques has been hastened by industry-led green chemistry programs, public-private collaborations, and regulatory guidelines from organizations like the FDA, EMA, and ICH. Technical, financial, scale-up, and regulatory obstacles still exist despite these developments. It is anticipated that new developments such as AI-driven route design, net-zero manufacturing, circular economy models, and the incorporation of sustainability in early drug discovery will further shift pharmaceutical development toward efficient and ecologically conscious production. This review critically evaluates existing techniques, industrial case studies, regulatory measures, and future perspectives in sustainable medication development, giving a comprehensive viewpoint for researchers, industry experts, and politicians.

Towards sustainable chemistry: Advances, challenges and opportunities in organic electrosynthesis

High-throughput and green UPCC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous quantification of 20 oligomers of PEG1K coupled with ammonium adduct and post-column infusion strategies to enhance sensitivity.

Inspired by green corrosion chemistry and wastewater remediation: A high-performance Zn anode with locally gradient microstructures

Environmental fingerprinting of recent strategies for detection of macrolides and fluoroquinolones in environmental and food matrices based on green analytical chemistry indexes

Abstract Finerenone, a third-generation selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, is used in the management of diabetic kidney disease, with its efficacy further extended to reducing cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received considerable attention for analytical and sensing applications because of their distinctive optical and surface properties, particularly surface plasmon resonance. In this study, AgNPs were green synthesized by the reduction of silver ions using gallic acid in basic media. The NPs were then characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, revealing an average size in the range ~ 10–30 nm and the zeta potential to be − 28 mV indicating the stability of the nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs were then employed in the determination of finerenone in bulk by correlating the decrease in absorbance at 394.5 nm with drug concentration. The method was linear in the range 6.00 × 10 –7 –6.00 × 10 –6 M with a limit of detection of 1.96 × 10 –7 M and a limit of quantification of 5.94 × 10 –7 M. The proposed approach was validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) requirements and successfully applied to the quantification of finerenone in both marketed dosage forms and spiked human plasma samples. Furthermore, the analytical eco-scale was used to assess the method’s greenness, and it demonstrated excellent compliance with green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles. Graphical abstract

Harnessing marine algae for sustainable nutraceuticals and food chemistry: A comprehensive review on biomass production and applications

Green chemistry for nano-hydroxyapatite using moss: A sustainable approach for biomaterial production

The utility of green chemistry in spectrofluorometric quantification of Futibatinib; an oncological drug using fluorescamine and erythrosine B in pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluid.

Sustainable multisample emulsive microextraction technique for the determination of triazole fungicides in food samples.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Ag/Ni15O16 nanocomposite: Exploiting green chemistry for environmental and biomedical applications