Greek Influence Research Articles

Kritik Sastra Arab pada Masa Yunani

<p><strong>The purpose of this study is to examine the development of literary criticism in the Greek period. The data collection method used in this study is the literature review method. The researcher will search all data related to this study and record the data. The approach used in this study is a historical approach where researchers look for stories related to the history of the development of Arabic literary criticism in the Greek period. From the results of this research can be found out about the understanding and classification of Arabic literary criticism. In addition, this study provides information on Arabic literary criticism in Greek times, Greek influence on Arab criticism through reading, and criticism of orientalist books in the context of Greek influence. In literary criticism, the task of teaching literature with the support of literary theory is literary criticism, especially oral literary criticism, using works of literary criticism to explain abstract literary theories.</strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong> - Criticism, Arabic Literature, Greek.</em></p>

Ionic Art and Script in Archaic Macedonia: Origin(s), Medium(s), Effect(s)


 
 
 It is widely assumed that Macedonia in the late Archaic period was under East Greek influence. This view was formed decades ago, based on scant evidence, but has since been established through repetition and persists despite the growing number of reported and published finds that indicate otherwise. In this paper I intend to challenge this opinio communis and to reframe the issue of Ionic influence in archaic Macedonia within the wider Northern Aegean context. To this end, the relevant pieces of evidence are reviewed, focusing on works of sculpture in the Ionic style and inscriptions in Ionic script, but also examining the coinage in the name of Alexander I. In short, it is demonstrated that the available pieces of evidence do not support widespread East Greek influence in Macedonia in the late Archaic period and it is argued that it was rather through the Cycladic colonies in the Strymonic Gulf that Ionic art reached Macedonia; that mostly Ionians from these colonies were responsible for the inscriptions in Ionic script in Macedonia; and that it was possibly a Central, not East, Ionic script that was employed on Alexander I’s coinage.
 
 

Календарные праздники Египта греко-римского времени: специфика религиозного взаимовлияния

The article analyzes the main Egyptian festivals during the Greco-Roman period concerning the influence of Greek and Roman mystery religions, which significantly affected changes in Egyptian festive culture. Through the examination of Egyptian temple reliefs, including calendar lists and scenes of the Osirian Khoiak Festival, the Coronation of the Sacred Falcon, the Feast of the Beautiful Reunion, as well as lunar festivals, it becomes evident that, from the Hellenistic period onwards, gloomy mystical subjects prevailed in the programs of Egyptian festivals. The rituals were reminiscent of dramatic performances rooted in the myths of Osiris’ and Dionysus-Zagreus’ deaths. The festival concept strengthened the principles of dualism of ideas and things, which were seen in ancient mysteries and involved the immersion of the participants in the darkness and then their unexpected exit to the dazzling light. These actions were associated with initiation stages, symbolizing the soul’s transition from the material world to the spiritual realm, and its posthumous exit from the dark depths of the underworld to Elysium, or the Isles of the Blessed, linked to the Egyptian Fields of Iaru. This dualistic festival concept is expressed, for example, in the reliefs of Dendera and Edfu temples, representing the processions of priests descending into dark rooms and ascending to the temple roof with statues of deities for the rite Xnm itn (meaning “unity with the solar disk”). At the same time, the balance between solar and lunar cults inherent to the ancient Egyptian religion was violated during the Greco-Roman period. The religious practices proposed a shift of the emphasis towards the Osirian cult, correlated with the moon phases.

GREEK INFLUENCE ON "KUTADGU BILIG" BY YUSUF KHOS KHAJIB

The influence of Greek civilization on various aspects of literature and culture is well-documented. However, the exploration of Greek impact on Turkic literature, specifically in works such as Kutadgu Bilig by Yusuf Khos Khajib, remains a subject that warrants further investigation. This scientific article aims to examine the presence and significance of Greek influence in the writing of Kutadgu Bilig and its implications on the overall meaning and interpretation of the work.This article aims to analyze thepresence of Greek influence in "Kutadgu Bilig" by examining linguistic elements, narrative structures, and philosophical themes within the text. By identifying and exploring examples of Greek loanwords, storytelling techniques, and philosophical concepts,we can gain insights into the extent and significance of Greek impact on the work.

The Effect of Greek And Rum Identities Living in Anatolia Geography on Greek Music

The different naming of societies in different regions was thought to be related to their beliefs in the geography they lived in, their jobs, or their ethnic origins in social history. A similar situation exists for the Greeks, who have lived in Anatolian lands for numerous years. Because the majority of Byzantines were Orthodox Christians, they were all referred to as Romans, regardless of ethnic origin. During the Turkish rule, the Romans were given the name Rum which means Pontic, and it was used to describe all Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman period, regardless of ethnicity. Until Greece acquired independence, the Ottoman Empire referred to them as Rum. The Greek communities living in different regions within the Ottoman Empire have played a significantly influential role in the existence of a shared culture. The Greek and Turkish populations living together in Anatolian lands have influenced each other through sharing folk dances, songs, and activities, and they have continued to preserve this culture in the regions they migrated to due to historical reasons. This research aims to examine the influence of Greek and Rum identities, which existed in the Anatolian region, on Greek music. The research is a descriptive study. The literature on the subject was scanned using the document analysis method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and as a result of the scanning, information about how the Greek and Rum identities who lived in Anatolia were formed and was tried to establish a link between their traditional music.

The Cushites in Herodotus and Chronicles: Revisiting the Asa Narrative

The theme of "the Cushites " has been investigated in Chronicles by various scholars. The Cushites are mentioned in passing in various passages of the book, but more prominently in the first part of the Asa narrative (2 Chron 14-16). Herodotus has also given attention to them in Book III of his Histories. These ancient discussions of the Cushites are brought into interaction in this article. However, not only the different ways in which these historiographies use the Cushites as rhetorical trope, but also the issue of classical Greek influence on Yehudean literary development form the focus of this article.

Greece and Yehud in the Achaemenid Period: The Background of Cultural Transfer

ABSTRACT The paper aims to analyze the circumstances of cultural transfer between the Southern Levant and Greece in the Achaemenid period in order to assess the plausibility of Greek influences on the Hebrew Bible. First, the article addresses the theoretical question of possible “contact zones” between Greek and Levantine cultures. Second, it presents evidence of Greek presence in the Ancient Near East in that epoch. Third, it tries to estimate the possible extent of Greek influence in the Southern Levant. The next question to discuss is the presence of Levantines in Mainland Greece and the meaning of this phenomenon for understanding the situation in Yehud. Finally, the paper deals with the question of the mobility of the inhabitants of Yehud. In conclusion, the authors wonder whether the collected data allow for the creation of a coherent model of intercultural exchange between Greece and Yehud, as postulated by some scholars.

The ancient roots of dentistry in the Mediterranean civilizations: between Etruscan and Greek traditions up to the time of imperial Rome.

Etruscans, people living in Etruria (Umbria and Tuscany, Italy), were the first to make dentures and false teeth, from 700 BCE onwards. The aim of this study was to investigate, through archaeological and anthropological records, the Etruscans ability in dental practice to understand better Greek's influence on their medical knowledge and, subsequently, the transmission of their medical expertise to Romans. We extensively searched literature to find out references in previous studies on Etruscan medical and dental practice by using keywords such as "Etruscan medicine" and "Etruscan dentistry." We selected various historical papers, from the ancient age texts of 5th century to 2020, which best focused on the review's purpose. Etruscan civilization was influenced by Greek's culture throughout Italian colonies and later "merge" into Greek-Roman culture. Their medical practice based on a mixture of mythology, religion, and technical abilities, especially regarding metalworking. Archaeological remains show a great competence in creating dental prosthesis and in treatment of oral diseases. The results of this paper provide an evident contribution to the knowledge of Etruscan culture, still largely unknown by an anthropological point of view, and their strong relationship with the Greeks colonies, in a profitable cultural exchange.

THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAITH AND SCIENCE IN THE BOOK OF NEMESIUS OF EMESA «ON THE NATURE OF MAN»

The fourth-century Greek philosopher Nemesios Emesatsi's work "On the Nature of Man" was translated into Armenian by Stepanos Syunetsi with the support of Davit Hyupatos in the last period of the Greek school, in the eighth century. It was an important repository of knowledge for Armenian natural science and natural philosophy bibliography. The Armenian text of this book was copied throughout the Middle Ages. The Armenian translated text of the book has been preserved in numerous copies (about 65 manuscripts). As proof of the continuously growing interest in Nemesius's book, many solutions, reasons, interpretations have been preserved, which added to the Armenian natural philosophy literature during the flowering of Greek influence, preparing the basis for the formation of these directions in the Armenian national science. It is not surprising that quotations from the book of Nemesius are quite a frequent phenomenon in the works of various Armenian authors of the Middle Ages. The large number of copied manuscripts and the citation of individual sections and even complete chapters from this book in the works of many Armenian authors indicate that the book was a kind of anthropology textbook in medieval Armenia. This encyclopedic work is important for Christian philosophy in general. Ancient and Christian natural philosophical and anthropological ideas about the creation of man, his nature, his place and role in nature, his mental and physical properties are presented here. Seeking to reconcile ancient rationalist approaches with biblical ideas, Nemesius's goal is not only to set forth his own views, but to collect and transfer existing theories to medieval Christian culture. In this way, he presents ancient natural philosophy in the light of Christian ideology. The article presents the question of the relationship between natural philosophical and theological ideas in the book «On the Nature of man».

THE ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article is dedicated to the description of the origins of medical terminology. A brief historical note on the earliest written sources that have come down to us starting with Egyptian medical treatises written in hieroglyphs on papyrus is given. The contribution to the development of medical terminology of such great scientists and philosophers of antiquity as Alcmaeon of Croton, Homer, Aristotle, Hippocrates and the followers of his school, the Hippocratics, is considered. The Hippocratics were the first to describe diseases based on observation, and the names given by them to many conditions are still used today. The etymology of the terms introduced by these scientists is given in the article. With the Hellenistic era the names of Herophilus, Erisistratatus are associated. The emergence of the Alexandria Medical school predetermined the development of Medicine for many centuries to come. The article also highlights the processes of term formation that took place in Latin from the 2nd century BC, namely, the borrowing of Greek terms with their subsequent latinization. The mutual influence of Greek and Latin in the process of term formation is considered. The names of Lucretius Kara, Hippocrates, Celsus, Rufus of Ephesus are associated with the Roman period in the history of medical terminology. Throughout the subsequent development of medical science, medical terms of Greek-Latin etymology penetrated into the term systems of national languages, assimilating into them and turning into internationalisms.

Leksičko-semantička analiza naziva zaraznih bolesti u engleskom i srpskom jeziku

The issue of this paper is the analysis of infectious disease terms in English and their Serbian equivalents. The author also deals with the influence of the English language on the terminology of infectious diseases in Serbian as a consequence of the contact between these two languages. During the study, professional literature in English, bilingual and monolingual medical and veterinary dictionaries, bilingual collections of papers, abstract books, etymological dictionaries and other works on a similar topic in this area have been used. The analysis is based on 185 English terms and 196 Serbian equivalents for 173 infectious diseases. The processes of the development of terms are established on lexical level and they show great influence of Latin and Greek on both languages. Hybrid loanwords constitute a large section of English corpus, and the most common translation technique is calc. Based on contrastive analysis, the match, mismatch, similarities and differences are found in morphological, syntactic and semantic level. The research shows that a match occurs in over 60% of cases, and that the semantic differences are largely a matter of zero relations. The paper provides the statistical analyses of the research and a series of representative examples in both languages.

BORROWINGS IN THE ENGLISH VETERINARY MEDICINE TERMINOLOGY

The article deals with the problem of language borrowings in the English terminology of veterinary medicine. The aim of the рaper is to analyze borrowings in the terminological system of veterinary medicine of English, to determine the factors that influence the appearance of borrowed terms. The study aims to investigate the etymological and linguistic aspects of terms, tracing their origins and adaptation within the context of veterinary medicine. Borrowed units of the English veterinary medicine terminology consist of the following groups: 1) Greek-Latin borrowings; 2) Scandinavian borrowings; 3) French borrowings; 4) German borrowings. It was mentioned that the Greek and Latin languages are traditionally recognized as basic sources of lexicon replenishment. The article also describes borrowings from other languages. The research examines the influence of classical languages, particularly Latin and Greek, on the formation of veterinary medical terminology. Additionally, it explores the contemporary contributions of the English language, highlighting its role in the global scientific community and scrutinizing the adaptation of new terms in modern veterinary research. Technological advances, brands and marketing strategies also influence the use of borrowings in veterinary terminology. Borrowings in veterinary terminology help to create unity and understanding of international communication in this field. They promote the exchange of knowledge and experience between specialists from different countries and contribute to the further development of veterinary medicine. Employing a comprehensive analytical approach, the author unveils the historical development of veterinary medicine through its linguistic framework, identifying the impact of diverse cultural and scientific contexts. The findings of this study contribute to a nuanced understanding of the evolution of veterinary medical terminology and its significance within the global scientific community.

Actio familiae erciscundae u Gortinskom zakoniku i Zakonu 12 tablica

In this paper, the author examines the relationship between Greek and Roman legal traditions through the analysis of actio familiae erciscundae - a Roman legal action seeking the partition of inheritance (division of family property), which can be found both in the Gortyn Law Code and the Law of the Twelve Tables. Several scientific research methods were used in the paper, with the comparative legal research method being the most represented one, due to the nature of the subject at hand. Using comparative legal research, the author will try to answer the question of whether the actio familiae erciscundae legal action can be marked as a kind of legal transplant and whether it is possible to come to some more general conclusions about the degree of legal transplantation between the two great ancient legal systems from this relationship. To provide the most comprehensive answer to this question, the historical method (historical approach to legal research) was also used in the paper to better understand the socio-political context of the given time, along with the linguistic method to correctly interpret the true sense and meaning of the actio familiae erciscundae action. Although, at first glance, the existence of this particular legal action in these two large ancient legal systems indicates certain similarities, a deeper analysis of the nature of family union and property in Roman and Greek society reveals some key differences presented in the paper, based on which the author concludes that the degree of Greek influence on Roman law is somewhat overrated and overemphasized

Dirk Booms and Peter John Higgs (eds.), Sicily: Heritage of the World (London: The British Museum, 2019)

This journal is about the relations between the south, The Mediterranean, and the north, the Arctic, the Nordic countries and generally the northern Europe. Half of the book under review here is specifically about this relation, the Norman influence on Sicily and its institutions, starting about the year 1000 and lasting until the middle of the twelfth century. The other half is about archaeological excavations in Sicily of objects and artistic works from the period of Greek influence in Sicily lasting from the eight century BC until third century BC. The book is a result of a conference related to the exhibition, Sicily: Culture and Conquest, that opened in 2016 at the British Museum in London, giving a deep background to the exhibition.

The Problem of Greek Influence on Egyptian Pottery during 1st Millennium BCE

The paper is devoted to the issue of Greek impact on ancient Egyptian pottery during the Late period (7th–4th c. BCE). According to evidence of various historical sources at that period a lot of Greeks lived in many Egyptian cities. They maintained a customary way of life. Moreover a lot of Greek pottery (amphorae, various black glazed pottery, and etc.) was imported to Egypt due to extensive trade with various Greek colonies. Cultural and political contacts were maintained as well. As a result of this active interaction with Greek civilization there was cross-cultural exchange between Egyptians and Greeks. Potters could try to meet the needs of Greeks, adapting new shapes of vessels which were unusual for Egyptians. Egyptians could also be interested in the vessels which imitated Greek shapes.

What Is Hellenistic Judaism?

Abstract Martin Hengel argued effectively that all Judaism in the Hellenistic period was Hellenistic Judaism, but Judaism in the land of Israel remained very different from its counterpart in the Diaspora. Recent study of globalization and “glocalization” has shown that local cultures are not obliterated by globalization but react to it in various ways. There is also a new and growing appreciation of the differences between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires. The category of Hellenism, understood as the ways of thinking of all the peoples subjected to Greek influence, remains useful, but it must be understood to embrace considerable local diversity, and not limited to the use of the Greek language.

LATIN IN ENGLISH/SLOVAK NEUROLOGY TERMINOLOGY

The paper studies the use of Latin in Neurology terminology. Specialised communication in medicine isimpossible without recognizing the unique role of Latin being the language of scientific progress in the processes ofaccumulation, preservation, documentation, and transfer of knowledge and expertise. The comparative terminologyresearch deals with the identification, analysis, and assessment of Latin terms used in the English and Slovakneurological environment in the modern era. Latin presents the foundation of medical terminology and has beenused since the beginning of the formation of medicine as a scientific discipline. The theoretical part of the paperdefines basic terminological concepts and focuses on the field of neurology, English/Slovak neurology specialty,research methods, and methods of terminology work. To achieve the objective of the paper the following methodshave been used: observation, excerption, conceptual analysis, term analysis, comparative analysis, classification ofterms, and synthesis of data. It also describes the historical development of Latin, and medicine including medicalterminology. Specialised medical language and terminology performs at international and national levels. Besidesthat, the paper describes the Greek influence on medical terminology and the importance of terminology literacy andterminology culture. The empirical part deals with the terminology work consisting of excerption, harmonization,and terminography. Many bilingual terminology records have been compiled with equivalents and terminologycontexts and prepared for multiple uses as a terminology product: glossary, dictionary, database…). Neurologicalterms of Latin origin are excerpted from highly specialised neurology papers (100 terms from English papers, 155terms from Slovak ones, 255 excerpted terms with their equivalents in total). As a result of partial comparativeterminology, analysis terms have been classified according to their degree of assimilation and latinity. 100neurological terms excerpted from the English written papers are divided into 3 categories: 46 multiple-assimilatedterms, 45 Latin assimilated terms, and 9 semi-assimilated terms. 155 neurological terms excerpted from the Slovakwritten papers are assigned into 4 categories: 75 multiple-assimilated terms, 63 Latin assimilated terms, 15 nonassimilatedterms, and 2 semi-assimilated terms. As a conclusion of comparative terminological research there aresome findings and recommendations for practice pointing out that firstly, neurology specialists from both countriesprefer use of Latin terms in communication with professionals, secondly, Latin terms are more dominant in theSlovak professional environment using the origin unchanged pronunciation, thirdly, studying the Latin language andterminology is essential for comprehending and defining the medical (neurological) concepts even in contemporaryage, thoroughly, there are non-assimilated Latin terms in English written neurology papers, the English languageprefers its own pronunciation rules, fifthly, findings help to model concept structures based on specialisedknowledge of the field and clarify the relations between concepts, sixthly, preference for native language isrecommended in national terminology, seventhly, the conceptual system facilitate the comparative analysis ofconcepts and designations across languages, and finally, the terminology literacy and competence is important forlanguage users in every subject field.

Ancient Greek for Kids: From Theory to Praxis

AbstractThis essay presents the methods, as well as the pedagogical effects, findings and results of introducing Ancient Greek in the curriculum of children between three and 12 years old as evidenced over 27 years in the method of Elliniki Agogi. Elliniki Agogi is an award-winning private educational institute established in Greece in the mid-1990s at a time when the teaching of Ancient Greek was questioned and dramatically reduced from the public curriculum. Its aim is to safeguard learning that has its roots in Ancient Greek and to continue to introduce students to the Greek civilisation and its language, using effective, entertaining and artistic methods. This endeavour was based on specific pedagogical models; by learning through experience and through a communication-orientated educational process. With concomitant, cautious organisation and preparation of each lesson a diversified educational curriculum is created that connects the students to their distant past while experiencing positive emotions, filled with ethical paradigms that contribute later to master a fully-shaped personality. 27 years later, studies have come to prove the positive influence of learning Ancient Greek in children's linguistic and mental abilities. The following study conducted is distinctive in the detailed pedagogical method it provides and validates the importance of teaching the Ancient Greek language to children as early as possible.

Fiction of a Jewish Hellenistic Magical-Medical Paideia


 
 
 The idea of Greek influences on Hellenistic Judaism appears to be so deeply engrained within modern scholarship that nothing could upset this apple cart, at least as reflected in two recent books on various aspects of magic, astronomy, and medicine in Jewish sources from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The usual frame of reference relies upon paradigms clearly outlined by Saul Lieberman and Martin Hengel, that Greek culture and science had penetrated Jewish thinking to such an extent, that even Hebrew and Aramaic texts from Qumran or the Mishnah were eventually integrated into an undefined Hellenistic-Greek Jewish episteme. The present review article advocates an alternative Near Eastern context for Jew- ish writings in the period, one that did not reflect Hellenism in any form.
 
 

Greek and Roman artistic influences in Egypt and their role in creating popular elements of a sustainable nature "Developmental archaeological vision"

Greek and Roman artistic influences in Egypt and their role in creating popular elements of a sustainable nature "Developmental archaeological vision"