Greater Strength Research Articles

Napoleonic Governance in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany: Conquest, Incorporation, and Integration

At its height, the continental European possessions of Napoleonic France consisted of 130 departments. Among the last additions to the collection were the thirteen carved out of the Netherlands and north-west Germany and integrated, at least on paper, in 1810/11. Rule from Paris was short-lived: most of these departments were overrun by coalition troops in the course of 1813, though French forces clung on to Hamburg into the spring of 1814, when they finally surrendered after a devastating siege. Martijn van der Burg’s new book examines these departments, and thereby adds to a growing corpus of regional studies of Napoleon’s empire in recent decades. The territorial frame adopted by this book is its greatest strength. It allows for a comparison of integration policies in areas of vastly diverse histories and traditions. A similar methodology of cutting across multiple borders is adopted by Pierre Horn, in his book Le défi de l’enracinement napoléonien entre Rhin et Meuse, 1810–1814: L’opinion publique dans les départements de la Roër, de l’Ourthe, des Forêts et de la Moselle (published by Oldenbourg in 2016). With the Dutch departments examined by Van der Burg, the French confronted inhabitants already used to living together under a substantial territorial administration. The preceding phases under the Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) provided introductions to French-style governance. In contrast, the jumble of polities from which the north-west German departments were cobbled together were denied passage through any intervening decompression chamber. What made the whole area, Dutch and German, worth annexing from Napoleon’s perspective was his conflict with Britain. This was fought out economically, and the strategy of blockade and counter-blockade demanded direct control of the North Sea coast. The issue was how to best manage the annexation process.

The Hot Ductility, Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance in an Advanced Boron-Containing Complex Phase Steel Heat-Treated Using the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Process

The objective of this research work is to obtain the hot ductility behavior, and the structural, microstructural and mechanical characteristics of one of the latest generation of AHSS steels, a complex phase (CP) steel microalloyed with boron (0.006 wt.%), processed by hot and cold rolling operations and heat-treated using two different quenching and partitioning (Q&P) treatments, a one-step partitioning (quenching to 420 °C) and the other a two-step partitioning (quenching to 420 °C and reheated to 600 °C). The results show that boron has a marked effect on the solidification process of the CP steel, refining the austenitic grain size. Due to its refinement, the boron-containing steel had better ductility throughout the temperature range examined (700–900 °C), i.e., the hot ductility trough. Thus, the minimum percentage of reduction in area (%RA) value occurring at 800 °C was 43% for the boron-free steel, compared with 58% for the boron-containing steel. Hence, cracking would not be a problem when straightening the strand on continuous casting. The benefit of boron addition on the room temperature properties was found to be very marked for the higher temperature two-step partitioning treatment, giving a yield stress of 1200 MPa, a UTS (ultimate tensile strength) of 1590 MPa and a total elongation above 11%. The final Q&P microstructure, in both one- and two-step partitioning conditions, consisted of retained austenite (RA-γ), martensite and ferrite islands in a bainitic matrix. Furthermore, the boron treated steel on quenching produced a greater amount of RA-γ, which accounted for its better room temperature ductility and produced a martensitic matrix rather than a bainitic one, giving it greater strength. The addition of boron improved the corrosion resistance of this type of third generation AHSS steel.

The Characterisation of Fracture Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Rubber Modifiers and a Wax-Based Additive

Asphalt mixture modification with rubberised material frequently results in improved characteristics and extended service life in actual application. This research characterised the synergistic consequences of rubber modifiers (crumb rubber powder (CRP) and natural rubber latex (NRL)) and wax-based admixtures (Tough Fix Hyper (TFH)) on the performance of the asphalt mixture from the fracture energy and laboratory fracture resistance perspectives. Semicircular bending (SCB) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were conducted to assess the fracture properties of the asphalt mixture samples. To prepare asphalt mixture samples, the wet method was utilised. Higher CRP levels resulted in greater strength and a longer time to attain peak force for both control and mixtures containing wax admixture, as determined by SCB. The interaction between the higher CRP or NRL content and the TFH additive enhanced the fracture resistance, indicating that the components are highly compatible. The 10L + TFH additive produced the highest fraction of energy, indicating a more significant improvement than the counterpart mixes containing the CRP modifier. In addition, incorporation of the CRP and NRL increased the fracture plastic zone (FPZ), resulting in increased fracture toughness. Therefore, the gradient of fracture toughness and fracture energy in the asphalt mix depends on the rubber type, content, and TFH. Although the higher CRP, NRL, and TFH improve the fracture energy and cracking resistance, they increase the crack initiation and propagation velocities, whereby the high bitumen stiffness makes the mixture more brittle than the control mixture. Caution should be exercised when selecting the content of rubber modifier and TFH for the asphalt pavements in low-temperature service. Also, there is a direct interconnection between fracture resistance and fracture energy in the mixtures containing CRP, NRL, and TFH. Such correlations can be used as the premise of predictive micro- and macro-models to evaluate mixture performance in terms of fracture resistance.

Antonios Tzimas: Following His Path with “Meraki”

Antonios Tzimas was once told that his greatest strength was the passion and commitment he applied to his work. He later realized that this strength is best defined by the Greek word “meraki.” While not having a direct translation in English, “meraki” is a word that modern Greeks use to describe putting a piece of yourself, such as your soul or your creativity, into your work. This is exactly what Tzimas has done throughout his pursuits in academia, industry, and beyond.

Involving multiple stakeholders in assessing and reviewing a novel data visualisation tool for a national neonatal data asset

ObjectivesWe involved public and professional stakeholders to assess a novel data interrogation tool, the Neonatal Health Intelligence Tool, for a National Data Asset, the National Neonatal Research Database.MethodsWe recruited parents,...

Physical Properties of Different Brands of Cement Manufactured in KPK, Pakistan: A Case Study

One of the key elements affecting structural concrete's strength and longevity is the cement's quality. In Pakistan, large amounts of cement are utilized in construction projects. This study appraised some physical properties of five brands of Portland cement bought from cement industries in KPK. Cement brands are investigated, including Cherat cement, Askary cement, Luckey cement, Kohat +, and Bestway cement. The composition of the cement has been recorded from the cement bags. Each initial setting time, normal consistency, final setting time, fineness, and compressive strength cement samples (collected as bags from the market) have been tested in the laboratory at three days, seven days, 14 days, and 28 days per ASTM standards. Amongst these various cement brands in KPK, we aim to investigate the best cement brands taking into consideration the above all physical test and then test these brands after three months. Taking time as a factor, the best cement quality is to be found. According to the fineness of cement, Cherat cement is found to be the best amongst all five brands of cement when tested initially, while lucky and Kohat were the least in fineness properties. Consistency tests were performed for all brands of fresh types of cement, and Cherat and Kohat have more consistency, while Askary has the least consistency. Initial and Final setting time tests were performed for all brands, and Cherat cement was found to have the more initial and final setting time, while Kohat and Askary had the least setting time. In the case of the compressive strength test, Cherat cement was found to be the greater strength, while lucky had the least compressive strength. For seven days curing. For 28 days curing Cherat cement was the best one having greater strength, while Askary had the least strength among all. All the cement brands were tested the same way after three months of age, which shows that all five brands crossed the ranges for each test. Still, it has been observed that the decrease in the fineness is small for Cherat compared to all other brands while in case of compressive strength, the decrease in Cherat is greater than all other brands.

Peculiarities of relationships between rheoencephalographic and anthropo-metric indicators of mesomorphic volleyball players somatotype

Annotation. For early detection of signs of fatigue and overtraining at high altitude of professional sportsmen, quality is of great practical importance monitoring of the state of the cardiovascular system, in particular indicators of cerebral hemodynamics in combination with individual constitutional features of the body. The purpose of the study was determination of features of relationships between rheoencephalographic indicators and parameters of the external body structure of volleyball players youth of a high level of skill, which belonged to the mesomorphic constitutional type. They conducted a comprehensive study of 70 young men (aged from 17 to 21 years old), who played volleyball for at least 3 years and achieved a high level skill level (small sports categories from the first adult to masters of sports). After somatotyping according to the Heath-Carter (1990) found mesomorphic somatotype in 36 volleyball players. Rheoencephalography was performed on a computer diagnostic complex according to by the method of Ronkin and Ivanov (1997), anthropometry - by the method of V. V. Bunak (1941), correlation analysis - according to Spearman's method. It was established that in cerebral indicators of mesomorphic somatotype volleyball players hemodynamics had individual anthropo-somatotypological parameters reliable relationships, most of which were directly proportional to mean strength. Temporal correlations had the greatest strength and number of statistically significant correlations rheoencephalographic indicators, in particular the time of the ascending part rheoencephalograms. Most often with indicators of cerebral hemodynamics total body dimensions (length and surface area) were reliably correlated bodies, height of anthropometric points, anterior-posterior and transverse diameters body, girth measurements of chest and limb segments, separate craniometric dimensions). The study of correlations is the basis determining the harmony of physical development of athletes and further mathematical modeling to determine individual dues rheoencephalographic indicators.

Model Pengembangan Desa Wisata Tamansari Banyuwangi sebagai Upaya Pemulihan Ekonomi Desa Pasca Pandemi COVID-19

This study aims to analyze the strategy for developing the Tamansari tourism village in an effort to recover the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data analysis technique is in the form of SWOT analysis using a quantitative approach to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the Tamansari tourism village which is then weighted andscored to produce analysis matrices, diagrams and strategy recommendations through SWOT. The results of the study put the Tamansari tourism village development strategy in an effort to recover the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic as an aggressive strategy (SO strategy). The aggressive strategy developed is to increase the implementation of cultural events through good cooperation with universities and local governments as well as maintaining the locality and cultural treasures and customs of Tamansari Village, improving the quality of processed products and maintaining innovation, opening space for village digitization, increasing variety tourism support products, improve the quality of service to tourists. research explains that Tamansari tourism village has greater strengths and opportunities than its weaknesses and threats, this makes Tamansari tourism village a village that has the potential to be developed and able to contribute to improving the economy of local communities in efforts to recover the economy during the COVID-19

Influence of Heat Treatment and Deformation on the Structure, Phase Transformation, and Mechanical Behavior of Bulk TiNi-Based Alloys

We present a brief overview of the structural and phase transformations and mechanical properties of bulk binary TiNi shape memory alloys, which demonstrate attractive commercial potential. The main goal of this work was to create a favorable microstructure of bulk alloys using both traditional and new alternative methods of thermal and thermomechanical processing. It was found that the implementation of an ultrafine-grained structure by different methods determined an unusual combination of strength, ductility, reversible deformation, reactive resistance of these alloys to subsequent tensile or torsion tests at room temperature, and, as a consequence, the highly reversible effects of the shape memory and superelasticity. It is shown that the alloys Ti49.8Ni50.2 and Ti49.4Ni50.6 are incapable of aging, and, after being subjected to ECAP, were characterized by their high strength (σu up to 1200 MPa) and ductility (δ up to 60–70%). A combined treatment of multi-pass rolling and HT of the Ti49.5Ni50.5 and Ti49Ni51 alloys prone to aging have provided even greater strength (σu up to 1400–1500 MPa) with slightly lower ductility (25–30%). The microstructure, phase composition, and martensitic transformations in Ti-Ni alloys with varying Ni concentrations ranging from 50 to 51 wt.% were investigated by TEM, SEM, and X-ray methods. The mechanical behavior of the alloys was studied during tensile and torsion tests.

Innovative design of bone quality-targeted intervertebral spacer: accelerated functional fusion guiding oriented collagen and apatite microstructure without autologous bone graft

BACKGROUND CONTEXTAlthough autologous bone grafting is widely considered as an ideal source for interbody fusion, it still carries a risk of nonunion. The influence of the intervertebral device should not be overlooked. Requirements for artificial spinal devices are to join the vertebrae together and recover the original function of the spine rapidly. Ordered mineralization of apatite crystals on collagen accelerates bone functionalization during the healing process. Particularly, the stable spinal function requires the ingrowth of an ordered collagen and apatite matrix which mimics the intact intervertebral microstructure. This collagen and apatite ordering is imperative for functional bone regeneration, which has not been achieved using classical autologous grafting. PURPOSEWe developed an intervertebral body device to achieve high stability between the host bone and synthesized bone by controlling the ordered collagen and apatite microstructure. STUDY DESIGNThis was an in vivo animal study. METHODSIntervertebral spacers with a through-pore grooved surface structure, referred to as a honeycomb tree structure, were produced using metal 3D printing. These spacers were implanted into normal sheep at the L2–L3 or L4–L5 disc levels. As a control group, grafting autologous bone was embedded. The mechanical integrity of the spacer/bone interface was evaluated through push-out tests. RESULTSThe spacer with honeycomb tree structure induced anisotropic trabecular bone growth with textured collagen and apatite orientation in the through-pore and groove directions. The push-out load of the spacer was significantly higher than that of the conventional autologous graft spacer. Moreover, the load was significantly correlated with the anisotropic texture of the newly formed bone matrix. CONCLUSIONSThe developed intervertebral spacer guided the regenerated bone matrix orientation of collagen and apatite, resulting in greater strength at the spacer/host bone interface than that obtained using a conventional gold-standard autologous bone graft. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEOur results provide a foundation for designing future spacers for interbody fusion in human.

Properties of cross-laminated oriented bamboo scrimber board (CL-OBSB)

Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated for cross-laminated oriented bamboo scrimber board (CL-OBSB). Results of non-destructive testing revealed a linear relationship of parallel grain content with ultrasonic-wave velocity, dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOEu), tap-tone velocity, and DMOEt values. In terms of the ratio of parallel grain, CL-OBSB 80%(//) possessed the highest modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture values along with the greatest strength. The high grain content compressed in a parallel direction contributed to superior strength performance. Regarding the perpendicular compressive (C┴) strength, because both the CL-OBSB 40%(//) configuration and CL-OBSB have a mid-layer consisting of 60% parallel grain, CL-OBSB 40%(//) holds the largest C┴ value. Furthermore, the shear bond strength (S) showed that the S// value was 1.03 times that of the S┴ value with a wood failure frequency of 97%. After the dimensional stability test, the water absorption and volumetric swelling of the four CL-OBSB types ranged between 15.3% and 17.7% and 9.5% to 10.6%, respectively. In conclusion, the orthogonal configuration of CL-OBSBs can improve balance expansion and contraction in different directions, thus increasing its dimensional stability.

Research on long-term strength formation and performance evolution with curing in cold recycled asphalt mixture

This paper aims to study the long-term strength and performance evolution of cold recycled mixture with emulsified asphalt (CRME). The specimens of CRME were prepared and cured in the laboratory. The indirect tensile strength (ITS) was measured over curing time (7, 14, 40 days), considering the binder (emulsified asphalt and cement), the RAP properties and the compaction work. The asymptotic regression model was introduced to describe the strength evolution of CRME with curing time. The long-term evolution of the resistance of rutting and cracking, moisture stability and fatigue resistance were also investigated. The results indicate that the Michaelis-Menten model can effectively describes the performance evolution of CRME over time. The aged asphalt in RAP still has the bonding activity and can contribute to short-term strength formation and long-term strength growth of CRME under compaction and curing. But the aging degree of aged asphalt has a negative effect on the strength formation and growth of CRME. The emulsified asphalt provides CRME with greater strength and strength growth potential than cement. The dual effect of cement and emulsified asphalt is most pronounced in the short- and long-term strength evolution of CRME. The higher compaction power, especially in secondary compaction, is beneficial to the short- and long-term strength formation of CRME. The resistance of the mixture to rutting, cracking and fatigue also improves with increasing curing time. Nevertheless, the moisture stability is basically unchanged during the laboratory curing.

Morphological and structural changes in thermally-induced soybean protein isolate xerogels modulated by soybean polysaccharide concentration

In this study, xerogels were prepared from soybean protein isolate (SPI) and soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) by thermal induction, and could be changed from two-dimensional (flat sheet) to three-dimensional (curled sheet) by hydration. The effect of SSPS concentration (0–5% w/v) on the deformation of the xerogels during hydration was investigated. The particle size distribution of SPI dispersion with 3% (w/v) SSPS was uniform and the corresponding gels had the greatest strength at 67.5 °C. FT-IR spectroscopy and low-field NMR demonstrated that the interactions between SPI and SSPS were mainly through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The presence of 3% SSPS enhances the content of bound water in xerogels and resulted in a significant improvement in their thermal stability. The denaturation temperature was up to 188.6 °C. However, excessive SSPS content (5% w/v) led to a decrease in the thermal stability of xerogels (decreased by ∼5 °C). During hydration, the xerogels spontaneously curled when exposed to water, because of the difference in wettability between the solid-liquid interface and the gas-liquid interface, and hydrogen bond formation between the xerogel polymeric components and water molecules. This novel strategy was able to create 2D xerogels capable of 3D shape changes triggered by water absorption, thereby demonstrating the potential of proteins as deformable materials in functional foods.

Comparison of selected aspects of strength conditioning among junior boulderers and speed and lead climbers

Background: Comprehensive preparation of climbers for participation in multi-event competitions requires knowledge of the motor characteristics and fitness profiles of successful athletes competing in their individual events. Such knowledge can be used to prepare training programs to prepare for multi-event climbing competitions. The study aimed to compare the fitness profiles of young athletes specializing in different climbing disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing, and bouldering. Methods: The study included 13 climbers participating in national and international speed climbing, bouldering, and lead climbing competitions. All athletes were members of the junior national team, aged 17.21.9 years. The measurements included: rope climbing power test of the upper limbs, upper limb power test on a campus board, the agonist-to-antagonist ratio of upper body strength, bent arm hang test, core strength test, simple and complex reaction time measurements, Margaria-Kalamen stair climb power test, vertical jump, pull-up shoulder endurance test. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups. However, for effect sizes, large values of Cohen’s d were reported in the campus board power in which speed climbers reached the highest results and in the pull-up test with stops in which boulderers scored highest. Small-to-medium effect sizes were observed also in the rope climb test and simple reaction time measurements in which speed climbers scored higher than lead climbers and boulderers, and in prone plank in which speed climbers scored lowest. Conclusions. Speed climbers generated higher power of the lower limbs and had shorter simple reaction times, while boulderers had greater strength in mixed dynamic-static conditions. However, in most strength and conditioning parameters, juniors specializing in different climbing disciplines did not differ significantly.

Down with This Sort of Thing: Seth Heringer and the End of the Historical-Critical Method

Down with This Sort of Thing: Seth Heringer and the End of the Historical-Critical Method

Everything you Touch, You Change Including God: Experiences of Bulter

This study aims to highlight how Octavia Butler's life influenced her writing "Parable of the Sower." Characterization, storyline, and other aspects of the novel are all very intimately tied to Butler's life. Butler and Lauren were both raised in traditional Baptist homes, and they have both always been captivated by the psychological effects of religion. Butler had the opportunity to explore cultural and racial variety while growing up in the ethnically mixed Pasadena neighbourhood. Butler drew on her historical reading and background to create the fictitious worlds. What Butler predicted for the future is more important than ever today. She saw a world that was poised to come to an end. She encountered a Black woman prophet who understood that absolutely nothing is predetermined and that we have the power to shape events and change their trajectory. It encourages us to let go of the conventions that can push us towards a disastrous future and to embrace our greatest strength—the capacity for change. She offers a vision of a humanist future where metaphysical spirituality is possible without the need for a conventional, all-powerful Supreme deity. She created imaginary worlds like the one we live in, but she also gave each of us the inspiration to follow our own goals and face our apprehension about the unknown while being brave and creative. The Earth seed aphorism serves as a constant reminder that "Everything you touch, You Change..."

Physical activity, sedentary time, and fitness in relation to brain shapes in children with overweight/obesity: Links to intelligence.

To examine the association between physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness with the shapes of subcortical brain structures in children with overweight/obesity. Further, we analyzed whether differences in the shapes of subcortical brain structures were related to intelligence. We hypothesized that those children with higher physical activity levels, lower sedentary time, and better fitness, would show greater expansion of the brain regions analyzed, and these expansions would be associated with higher intelligence. 100 children (10.0 ± 1.1 years, 40 girls) were included in the analyses. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry, and physical fitness was evaluated by a fitness battery. Shapes of subcortical brain structures were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Intelligence was measured by the Kaufmann Brief Intelligence test. Physical activity was related to expansion of the right/left pallidum, right/left putamen, and right thalamus (p < 0.05). Higher sedentary time was related to contraction of the left thalamus and right nucleus accumbens (p < 0.05). Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with expansion of the right amygdala (p=0.022). Greater strength in the upper-limb was related to expansion of the right/left pallidum and the left nucleus accumbens (p < 0.038), and contraction of the left amygdala (p=0.030). Better speed-agility was associated with expansion of the left nucleus accumbens (p=0.036). Physical activity- and fitness-related expansion of the right pallidum was associated with higher intelligence (all p < 0.05). Physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness were significantly related to the shapes of subcortical brain structures, which in turn were related to intelligence in children with overweight/obesity.

Porosity-to-Cement Index Controlling the Strength and Microstructure of Sustainable Crushed Material-Cemented Soil Blends

Recently, studies that introduce alternative binders or wastes for created geo-materials that can be mixed with soil to give it greater strength, are of paramount importance. Roof tile residue, for example, has been widely used to create geopolymers in mortar and concrete. However, its application to soil stabilization has been limited. Additionally, there are no recent studies on the design of soil-tile mixtures with criteria, based on the estimation indexes of mechanical resistance, durability, and microstructure. Thus, this paper introduces another new geo-material not studied in the current literature: crushed roof tile (RT) waste mixed with soil-cement. For this, sedimentary soil was mixed with cement (C) and RT in various quantities and cured under 28 days. The influence and impact of the porosity/cement index (η/Civ) on the split tensile (qt) and compressive (qu) strengths were studied. Concerning porosity, as well as the cement content, it had a strong influence on strength. Regardless of the cement content used, a decrease in the material’s porosity promoted considerable gains in strength due to a more significant number of contacts between particles and a more outstanding interlocking between the soil particles. In addition, the greater ability to distribute stresses within the geomaterial compacted specimen and the greater capacity to mobilize friction in lower porosity states to contribute to the strength of the RT-soil-cement mixture. The index split tensile/compression was calculated as 0.18, independent of cement and the RT content. During the chemical microanalysis, the soil particles and the RT detected the cementing material between the soil particles. Finally, the new geomaterial can be applied to several uses in geotechnical engineering. From an environmental point of view, the RT-soil blends are considered technically sustainable. Reconciling sustainability and the development of new materials is, without a doubt, essential for us to progress in society. Cemented soil with RT residues have emerged recently and are a potential replacement for traditional materials, as demonstrated in this paper.

Mechanical, Modal and Harmonic Behavior Analysis of Jute and Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite

ABSTRACT In this study, the dynamic structural and mechanical properties of the polymer composite with natural fiber reinforcement have been investigated experimentally and numerically. First of all, three different types, one-, three- and five-layered jute-epoxy and hemp-epoxy laminated composite, have been manufactured using the hand lay-up method. The tensile strength, bending strength and shear strength of the fabricated composite material have been investigated experimentally using Universal Testing Machine. The density is measured using a density measurement kit using Archimedes principle. Further, frequency and damping factors are also investigated using a vibration test setup. Later on, the numerical model is developed in finite element-based software ANSYS. Different natural frequency modes and corresponding damping factors have been investigated numerically. The mechanical and structural characteristics obtained experimentally and numerically are analyzed and discussed in detail. From the investigation, it is found that the hemp-epoxy composite has a greater strength and stiffness compared to the jute-epoxy composite, irrespective of the number of fiber layers used. Further, it is also found that with the increase in fiber layers or fiber percentage in the composite, the strength and stiffness of the fabricated composite increase significantly.

Description and rules of a new card game to learn clinical reasoning in musculoskeletal physiotherapy

ABSTRACT Teaching hypothetico-deductive clinical reasoning (CR) should be an essential part of the physiotherapy education system, but currently there are very few learning tools for teachers in the musculoskeletal discipline. The aim of this article was to describe and present the rules of a new game-based and structured didactic tool that can be used by teachers for ‘players’ (students and licensed clinicians) to learn systematic CR in musculoskeletal physiotherapy. Our tool is based on the ‘Happy Families’ card game, and we propose to use it as part of a classic musculoskeletal subjective examination-based hypothesis category framework and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model. It allows players to dynamically formulate hypotheses from clinical case studies. Each 'Family' of cards represents a hypothesis category. The game highlights the missing information and trains players to consider it in their CR. This game should efficiently structure all components of CR and is an interesting resource for all teachers. Its greatest strength is that it can be used with other category frameworks. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and efficiency of such a tool and to measure students’ actual progress in learning the CR.