Greater Length Research Articles

Arsenic Ingested Early in Life Is More Readily Absorbed: Mechanistic Insights from Gut Microbiota, Gut Metabolites, and Intestinal Morphology and Functions.

Early-life arsenic (As) exposure is a particular health concern. However, it is unknown if As ingested early in life is more readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, i.e., higher in oral bioavailability. Here, weanling (3-week) and adult (6-week-old) female mice were exposed to arsenate in the diet (10 μg g-1) over a 3-week period with As oral bioavailability estimated using As urinary excretion as the bioavailability endpoint. The As urinary excretion factor was 1.54-fold higher in weanling mice compared to adult mice (82.2 ± 7.29 versus 53.1 ± 3.73%), while weanling mice also showed 2.28-, 1.50-, 1.48-, and 1.89-fold higher As concentration in small intestine tissue, blood, liver, and kidneys, demonstrating significantly higher As oral bioavailability of early-life exposure. Compared to adult mice, weanling mice significantly differed in gut microbiota, but the difference did not lead to remarkable differences in As biotransformation in the GI tract or tissue and in overall gut metabolite composition. Although the expression of several metabolites (e.g., atrolactic acid, hydroxyphenyllactic acid, and xanthine) was up-regulated in weanling mice, they had limited ability to elevate As solubility in the intestinal tract. Compared to adult mice, the intestinal barrier function and intestinal expression of phosphate transporters responsible for arsenate absorption were similar in weanling mice. However, the small intestine of weanling mice was characterized by more defined intestinal villi with greater length and smaller width, providing a greater surface area for As to be absorbed across the GI barrier. The results highlight that early-life As exposure can be more readily absorbed, advancing the understanding of its health risk.

NMR instrumentation- a primer

This primer covers de-bugging NMR hardware, at the level of major components (not the circuit board level). It is intended for users of NMR who are unlikely to build their own spectrometer, but will need to localize the malfunction to individual small sub-systems. Brand names and some part numbers of appropriate test equipment and lab-gadgets are given. But many users will find themselves in need of special purpose NMR probes, so construction of a dedicated probe is not beyond consideration. Thus, simple single-resonance probe circuits are discussed at greater length. The need for tuning and coupling of the probe tuned circuit is treated as an exercise in impedance matching.

Research Note: Comparison of two methods to measure broiler tibia morphology

The skeletal integrity of chickens is an important area of research and detailed measures are needed to better understand the influence of experimental manipulation on bone health. The objective of this experiment was to compare 2 methods to measure the superficial tibiotarsus (tibia) morphology of broiler chickens collected in the wet laboratory (WL) or from digital images (DIG). The length, width at 90%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 10% of the length, proximal and distal head width, medial, lateral, and distal intercondylar groove depth (ID), and proximal head angle were measured on the right and left tibias collected from broilers in 2 experiments (E1, E2). In both experiments, tibias had a greater width at 90% of the length when measured with the WL method compared with the DIG method (P ≤ 0.04), while tibias measured with the DIG method had a greater length, distal ID, and widths at 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, of the length compared with the WL method (P < 0.0001). In E1, tibias measured with the DIG method had a greater medial, lateral, and distal ID compared with the WL method (P ≤ 0.04). In E2, compared with the DIG method, tibias measured with the WL method had a greater distal head width and lateral ID, yet a shallower distal ID (P ≤ 0.03). The use of the DIG method provided more precise measures but, due to the limitations of measures from digital images and the opportunity for more accurate measures to be collected with the WL method, the WL method is recommended to measure the superficial morphology of broiler chickens because it was more accessible and practical.

Counting: How We Use Numbers to Decide What Matters

Counting: How We Use Numbers to Decide What Matters

Anti-imperialism, ambiguity and the emergence of the sherwani-topi style in Hyderabad state, 1860–1900

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Indian ‘princely state’ of Hyderabad became strongly associated with a particular form of male dress based around the long sherwani coat and fez or rumi topi. Although often dismissed as a mere Indian frock coat by colonial commentators and historians, by 1890 the sherwani was widely recognized within India as a distinctively Hyderabadi garment, symbolizing the state’s continued autonomy and claims to civilized, modernizing legitimacy. Yet the sherwani encompassed many influences, from colonial European to Ottoman Turkish and regional Deccani, and was a product not of deliberate design, but gradual and often haphazard evolution within the specific social context of 1860–90s Hyderabad. Popular resentment of the soberly clad colonial and western-educated North Indian outsiders who predominantly staffed the newly reformed state administration, for example, drove a return to bright patterning, greater length and use of local fabrics like himroo. Using archives of photography, memoir and costume to trace the sherwani’s development, this article shows this era as one defined by a creative multiplicity of visions for identity and self-fashioning, engaging not only hegemonic-colonial constructs of civilized masculinity but also emergent North Indian reform movements and localized changes of sociopolitical structure, urban space and consumer opportunity.

Culture dependent and independent characterization of endophytic bacteria in the seeds of highland barley.

Endophytes in the seeds of plants have shown plant growth promoting (PGP) properties. Highland barley is an economically important crop and a major part of the local diet in the Tibetan Plateau, China, with potential health benefits. We applied culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to study endophytic bacteria in the seeds of eight Highland barley varieties. Based on the seed properties, the variety Ali was clearly separated from the other varieties except the variety CM. Most of the 86 isolates were assigned into genus Bacillus. Approximately half of the isolates showed PGP properties in vitro. Compared to the not-inoculated plants, inoculation with the isolate Bacillus tequilensis LZ-9 resulted in greater length and number of roots, and in bigger aboveground and root weights. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the seed microbiome was majorly affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, the bacterial community compositions in the different varieties were different from each other, yet the between variety differences in community composition seemed relatively small. The differences in community compositions were associated with differences in the total and reducing sugar contents and viscosity of the seeds, thus possibly connected to differences in the osmotic pressure tolerance of the endophytes. The results suggested that the seed endophytes are likely to promote the growth of Highland barley since germination.

Seed vigor in reserve mobilization and wheat seedling formation

The interactions between the mobilization of seed reserves and vigor are fundamental to research the mechanisms that contribute to the formation and growth of vigorous seedlings and their establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of reserves during the process of seedling formation in wheat seeds with different vigor levels. Eleven wheat cultivars were used and germination, seedling emergence in the field, speed index and average time of emergence, shoot and root length, seedling and endosperm dry mass, reduction of seed reserves, reserve reduction rate, reserve mobilization rate and reserve use efficiency were evaluated. Wheat seed lots with greater vigor demonstrate higher seed reserve reduction rate, higher rate of mobilization of reserves and greater efficiency of use of seed reserves, producing seedlings with greater length and greater dry mass. It was possible to conclude that the seed lots with greater vigor have greater capacity of reserve depletion and mobilization, and the parameter determined as reserve mobilization rate can be used to evaluate the physiological quality of seed lots.

Bernard Bailyn's Eulogy for Pauline Maier (1938–2013) October 29, 2013

Bernard Bailyn's Eulogy for Pauline Maier (1938–2013) October 29, 2013

An algorithmic approach to legislative apportionment bases and redistricting

The apportionment process that precedes redistricting is generally a staid American political ritual. Recent debates about who should be included in the apportionment basis, however, have raised new questions about representation in the apportionment process. To estimate the effects of excluding non-citizens and children from apportionment, we describe an algorithm to simulate drawing of state legislative districts, based on a previously published algorithm, Seed-Fill-Shift-Repair (SFSR), designed to draw congressional districts. To account for the larger number of districts to draw we implement an adapted search heuristic that is able to efficiently create contiguous and population-balanced maps for state legislative districts, which we call SFSR-G. We use SFSR-G to simulate 1000 maps of upper and lower legislative chambers in 12 states to demonstrate that a shift from total population to citizen voting age population as the apportionment basis will reduce minority–majority and minority-opportunity districts. The paper presents findings for all 12 states investigated, and discusses the important case of Texas at greater length.

A flax mutant with impaired intrusive growth of phloem and xylem fibres demonstrates constitutive gravitropic response

Intrusive growth is a type of growth in which a cell exceeds the growth rate of its neighbours and intrudes between them, reaching a much greater length. This process provides plant fibres with their exceptional length. Fibres are the most abundant cell type in the mechanical tissues of plants. At the same time, the plant fibres are of fundamental importance for the production of textiles, paper, biocomposites, etc. Here we describe a mutant of flax (reduced fibre 1, rdf) in which intrusive growth of fibres is impaired in both phloem and xylem. In addition to the intrinsic differences in fibre length, the mutant is characterized by a constitutive gravitropic response, mechanical aberrations at the macro- and nanolevels, disruption of the cambium and uneven transition of xylem cells to secondary cell wall formation. Gelatinous cell walls in both phloem and xylem of mutant plants have disturbed structure and reduced elasticity. The existence of this mutant-control pair offers both prospects for finding the molecular players involved in triggering intrusive growth, cell wall thickening and for understanding the principles of plant mechanical tissue functioning.

Age and growth of monkfish (Lophius vomerinus) in Namibian waters based on illicia age estimation and length frequency analysis

A multiple approach to the growth of Lophius vomerinus is presented for the first time, based on age estimation of 2282 illicia (first dorsal fin ray) sections, length-frequency analyses (SLCA, ELEFAN, Bhattacharya) and corroborated by tracking cohorts. The growth is studied based on the widest time series (2000–2017) and the largest sample analyzed to date. Individuals ranging from 3 to 109 cm, representing the whole range commercially landed, were collected from annual research surveys in Namibian waters. Modification in the age interpretation using illicia is presented, suggesting a new more accurate criterion at early ages. Two main different growth patterns were obtained, being that of the length-frequency analyses faster than from illicia age estimation. Both growth patterns estimated here are faster than those from previous studies. Possible causes of differences among all studies are discussed. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters from illicia age estimation (L∞ = 110, k = 0.08, t0 = −1.16) are proposed to be used in age-structured models for the annual assessment of this population. Growth pattern provides tracking of cohorts in the abundance-at-age matrix, with high correlation values obtained between the age abundance indices of the same year-class for most of the age groups compared. Greater lengths and ages were found in females, showing a slightly higher growth rate than males in older specimens.

Additional saturday occupational therapy for adults receiving inpatient physiotherapy rehabilitation: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe first aim of this study was to investigate the impact of providing an additional four hours of Saturday occupational therapy to patients receiving Saturday physiotherapy in an inpatient setting on length of stay, functional independence, gait and balance. The second aim was to conduct an economic evaluation to determine if the introduction of a Saturday occupational therapy service in addition to physiotherapy resulted in a net cost savings for the rehabilitation facility.MethodsA prospective cohort study with a historical control was conducted in an Australian private mixed rehabilitation unit from 2015–2017. Clinical outcomes included the Functional Independence Measure (Motor, Cognitive, Total), gait speed (10 Meter Walk test) and five balance measures (Timed Up and Go test, Step test, Functional Reach, Feet Together Eyes Closed and the Balance Outcome Measure of Elder Rehabilitation). Economic outcomes were rehabilitation unit length of stay and additional treatment costs.ResultsA total of 366 patients were admitted to the rehabilitation unit over two 20-week periods. The prospective cohort (receiving Saturday occupational therapy and physiotherapy) had 192 participants and the historical control group (receiving Saturday physiotherapy only) had 174 participants. On admission, intervention group participants had higher cognitive (p < 0.01) and total (p < 0.01) Functional Independence Measure scores. Participation in weekend therapy by the intervention group was 11% higher, attending more sessions (p < 0.01) for a greater length of time (p < 0.01) compared to the historical control group.After controlling for differences in admission Functional Independence Measure scores, rehabilitation length of stay was estimated to be reduced by 1.39 (p = 0.08) days. The economic evaluation identified potential cost savings of AUD1,536 per patient. The largest potential savings were attributed to neurological patients AUD4,854. Traumatic and elective orthopaedic patients realised potential patient related cost savings per admission of AUD2,668 and AUD2,180, respectively.ConclusionsImplementation of four hours of Saturday occupational therapy in addition to physiotherapy results in a more efficient service, enabling a greater amount of therapy to be provided on a Saturday over a shorter length of stay. Provision of multidisciplinary Saturday rehabilitation is potentially cost reducing for the treating hospital.

Анатомія великого чепця у людей похилого віку

The purpose of the study was to investigate the external structure, topographic and morphometric variability of the arteries of the greater omenta in elderly women and men in normal cases. Materials and methods. The greater omenta of elderly women and men were examined using anatomical preparation, somatoscopic and morphometric methods. Greater omenta were examined on 20 corpses of elderly people. The deceased had no pathology in the abdominal cavity. Based on the value of the body mass index, the body type of people was determined. Results and discussion. The greater omentum is supplied by the right and left gastroepiploic arteries. These arteries form the superior arterial arch in 15 of 18 cases, and in 3 cases the arch was absent. The inferior arterial arch was evident in 1 of 20 cases. The left gastroepiploic artery in 2 of 20 cases was absent on the anterior plate of the greater omentum and was detected in the thickness of the posterior plate of the greater omentum. From the right gastroepiploic artery central, right medial, right intermediate and right lateral arteries depart. In two out of 20 cases, the left accessory artery departed from the right gastroepiploic artery, which was located in the left half of the greater omentum. The central artery of the greater omentum has a greater length and outer diameter in men. The branches of the right gastroepiploic artery supply the right half of the greater omentum and reach the lower edge of its free part. The left gastroepiploic artery branches into the left medial, left intermediate and left lateral arteries, which branch in the thickness of the left half of the omentum, supplying it without reaching the lower edge of its free part. In 45% quadrangular, 15% – triangular and 40% – irregular shape of the greater omentum with two or more lobes were revealed. The zone of the central, and in its absence, the right medial and left medial arteries of the greater omentum is most convenient for excision of the flap for transplantation with quadrangular and triangular forms of the greater omentum in the elderly. Conclusion. In elderly people, the shape of the greater omentum does not depend on their body type. The quadrangular omenta have the largest area, the smaller triangular and irregular ones. The presence of adipose tissue in the greater omentum depends on body weight. It is advisable to perform laparoscopy before omentoplasty in a patient with excessive body weight. With age, the appearance of the greater omentum changes due to the presence of adipose tissue. We have identified the following forms of the greater omentum, depending on the presence of the severity of adipose tissue: it was transparent, like fine lace; large omentum with excessively developed adipose tissue covering the omentum with a continuous layer

Density and Size Distribution of the Commercial Beche-de-mer, Actinopyga echinites (Jaeger, 1833) in Cabgan, Barobo, Surigao del Sur, Philippines

Actinopyga echinites are among the commercially exploited sea cucumbers; however, limited studies hinder the management interventions for the sustainability of the resource. This study investigates the density and size distribution of A. echinites populations in Cabgan Island, Barobo, Surigao del Sur from March–August 2021 with two stations (shallow seagrass beds as Station 1 and algal flats as Station 2) having three plots (100 m2) laid as monitoring stations. The results revealed the population density of A. echinites ranged from 567–2,567 ind/ha with a mean of 1,572 ± 225 ind/ha in Station 1 and 733–2,400 ind/ha and a mean of 1,389 ± 178 ind/ha in Station 2. Significant differences were only observed across months in each station (P = 0.00) and their interaction between months and stations (P = 0.01). A. echinites had a mean length of 7.58 ± 0.26 cm and weight of 31.39 ± 1.62 g for Station 1 and 7.84 ± 0.47 cm and 39.01 ± 3.91 g for Station 2. Specimens in Station 2 had a greater length and significantly heavier weight than in Station 1 (P = 0.00). Across months, significant differences were recorded for the specimen’s length in Station 1 and weight for both stations. The length of A. echinites ranged from 4–12 cm and 4–13.5 cm in Stations 1 and 2, respectively, and weight of 5–129 g in both stations. The highest frequencies were recorded at 7 cm in both stations and shifted to 9 cm. Weight distributions showed the highest frequencies in 35 g in the two stations. The present study shows that the population is still abundant and is more influenced by the sampling months than the stations. The species are smaller compared to other studies and might exhibit habitat preferences. Weight size distribution varied across months and could be related to their reproduction. The study provides significant insights needed for this species’ conservation and fishery management.

Bede, Plummer, and the Letter to Nechtan: a reassessment

In his Historia ecclesiastica, Bede includes a letter on the dating of Easter and the tonsure, addressed to Nechtan, king of the Picts, written in the name of Ceolfrith (died 716), abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow. A reassessment of Charles Plummer's assertion of Bede's authorship, expounding Plummer's case at greater length and in more detail, shows that his arguments continue to convince. Bede's authorship provides the best key to the text; and, given the scale of the evidence in its favour, this conclusion should become the default scholarly view, statable without qualification. Accepting the arguments for Bede's authorship of the Letter also casts light on his role in the Wearmouth-Jarrow community early in his career and is evidence for his involvement in high-level diplomacy. Bede's role in the paschal negotiations can also potentially help to contextualise some of his other contemporary literary products, or work towards them – including the Historia ecclesiastica itself.

Obstetric outcomes during delivery hospitalizations among obese pregnant women in the United States

The rates of both maternal and fetal adverse outcomes increase significantly with higher body mass index. The aim of this study was to calculate national estimates of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes and associated hospitalization cost among obese pregnant women using a national database. This study was a retrospective analysis of data retrieved from Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, collected during 2010–2014. The primary outcomes of this study were adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, hospital length of stay, and hospitalization cost. There was a total of 18,687,217 delivery-related hospitalizations, of which 1,048,323 were among obese women. Obese women were more likely to have cesarean deliveries (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.62–1.79) and labor inductions (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.42–1.60), greater length of stay after cesarean deliveries (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.36) and vaginal deliveries (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.23–1.77). They were also more likely to have pregnancy-related hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, venous thromboembolism, excessive fetal growth, and fetal distress. Obese pregnant women had significantly greater risk for adverse obstetrical outcomes, which substantially increased the hospital and economic burden. Risk stratification of pregnant patients based on obesity could also help obstetricians to make better clinical decisions and improve patient outcomes.

Privilege Awareness Raising for Couple and Family Therapists: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis Part 1

ABSTRACT In a qualitative exploration of privilege awareness for couple and family therapists (CFTs), findings provided information on two levels of processes presented in two articles as part of a series. This first article broadens the scope of privilege awareness of couple and family therapists (CFTs) to include any identity that holds power in society. CFTs were asked to complete timelines of privilege awareness experiences and participate in a semi-structured interview. In total, 12 therapists were interviewed. Thematic analysis revealed that the influence of close relationships on the process was a consistent theme that facilitated the privilege awareness process. Other common themes included exposure to diverse populations and experiences, processing emotions like guilt, shame, and anger, reconciling the privilege awareness process through evaluating the past, and seeing privilege awareness as a constantly evolving process. Findings provide groundwork for a theoretical model of privilege awareness raising in clinical training settings. Clinical and training implications are discussed in greater length in part two of this article series.

Abstract P137: Maternal Or Parental Outcomes During Delivery Related Hospitalizations Among Pregnant Individuals With Obesity In The United States

Background: The prevalence of obesity among people of reproductive age has steadily increased. The rates of both maternal/parental and fetal adverse outcomes increased significantly with higher BMI. In this study, we examined the national estimates of adverse maternal/parental and fetal outcomes among pregnant individuals with pre-pregnancy obesity using a nationally representative database. Methods: This was a retrospective observational analysis of data retrieved from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2010-2014). The primary outcomes of this study were various adverse maternal/parental and fetal outcomes. Delivery related hospitalizations and all outcomes were identified using the ICD-9 codes. Additionally, propensity-score matching analysis was conducted. Results: There were a total of 18,687,217 delivery-related hospitalizations, of which 1,048,323 were among people with obesity. The mean age of pregnant persons with obesity was 28.5 years while among those without obesity was 28.0 years. Between both groups, most pregnant persons were White, followed by Hispanic and Black. Pregnant persons with obesity were more likely to have labor inductions (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.42, 1.60), cesarean deliveries (1.70; 1.62, 1.79), and greater length of stay after both cesarean deliveries (1.14; 1.08, 1.36) and vaginal deliveries (1.48; 1.23, 1.77). They were also more likely to have risk factors for adverse obstetrical outcomes such as gestational hypertension (2.17; 2.06, 2.29), preeclampsia (2.06; 1.42, 2.99), gestational diabetes (2.75; 2.60, 2.90), premature rupture of membranes (1.17; 1.08, 1.27), chorioamnionitis (1.39; 1.25, 1.55), and venous thromboembolism (1.63; 1.34, 1.99). Additionally, pregnant persons with obesity were more likely to have adverse fetal outcomes such as excessive fetal growth (3.18; 2.96, 3.43) and fetal distress (1.28; 1.21, 1.35). Conclusion: Pregnant persons with obesity had significantly greater risk for adverse obstetrical outcomes. Risk stratification of pregnant individuals based on obesity can inform obstetrical providers’ clinical decision-making and potentially improve patient outcomes and decrease costs. There is an opportunity to address these risks with pre-conception interventions. Future studies could examine the effect of pre-conception interventions such as counseling on pre-pregnancy weight management, lifestyle modifications addressing nutrition and activity, and pre-pregnancy bariatric surgery.

Asymmetry of the C2 pars interarticularis: a clinical anatomical study with relevance to screw placement.

Potential asymmetries of the C2 posterior elements pose a problem for the spine surgeon seeking to make the best choice for spinal stabilization while reducing morbidity. A digital caliper was used to measure the pars interarticularis height and length on left and right sides of 25 adult C2 vertebrae. The pars interarticularis was defined as the bone between the posterior most aspect of the superior articular process and the anterior most aspect of the inferior articular process of C2. Also, the C2 vertebrae from 49 patients were scanned by CT. Parasagittal images were reviewed and using the same definitions as were used for the skeletal specimens, the length and the height of the C2 pars interarticularis from both the left and right sides were measured using CT. The image slices were acquired at 3mm intervals. The pars interarticularis height was determined on sagittal CT reconstruction, while the pars interarticularis length was calculated on the basis of the axial images. The lengths and the heights of the left and right pars interarticularis were compared using CTs of patients and skeletal specimens. No significant differences were found in the length and height measurements of the CT images on both sides. However, in the skeletal specimens, the left and right pars interarticularis did not differ significantly in length but differed significantly in height (p = 0.003). The mean height of the left pars interarticularis was approximately two times larger than the right in the skeletal specimens. Absolute differences were calculated between the side with the greater length and height and the side with the lesser length and height irrespective of their left-right orientations. For CT measurements, most differences in length and height between the greater pars interarticularis and lesser pars interarticularis occurred between 0 and 1mm with each successive disparity interval yielding lower numbers. Skeletal measurements revealed a similar length disparity distribution to the CT measurements. However, height measurements in the skeletal specimens varied widely. Eight pars interarticularis specimens demonstrated a height difference between 0 and 1mm. No dry bone pars interarticularis specimens demonstrated a height difference between 1 and 2mm. The pars interarticularis of nine specimens demonstrated a height difference between 2 and 3mm. Two demonstrated a height difference between 3 and 4mm. Four demonstrated a height difference between 4 and 5mm and two demonstrated a height difference greater than 5mm. The greater pars interarticularis lengths and heights were combined and compared to their lesser counterparts on CT and skeletal measurements. In all measurements of this type, significant differences were found in the pars interarticularis length and height, whether measured through CT or via digital calipers. Asymmetry between the left and right C2 pars interarticularis as shown in the present study can alter surgical planning. Therefore, knowledge of this anatomical finding might be useful to spine surgeons.

A151 RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM AFTER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

BackgroundInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition which is independently associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Although the absolute risk of VTE is greatest during hospitalization, the risk remains elevated in the early post-discharge period. The risk factors for VTE during this vulnerable period remain unknown.AimsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine risk factors for VTE in the post discharge period among adult patients with IBD.MethodsWe performed a systematic search of Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception through April 29, 2021 for publications that reported risk factors for VTE during the post-discharge period among patients with IBD. Study eligibility was assessed independently in duplicate without age or language restriction. We defined the post-discharge period as within 6 months of discharge. Pooled summary estimates of adjusted hazard/odds ratios, when available, were calculated for individual risk factors using random effects model with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis was performed when a minimum of three studies were available for a given risk factor. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistic. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the National Institute of Health criteria.ResultsWe identified 10 studies from a total of 4339 abstracts that met our inclusion criteria: 8 population-based studies, 1 multicenter observational study and 1 single center observational study. Risk factors for post-discharge VTE were assessed at 6 weeks in 1 study, 1 month in 5 studies, 3 months in 2 studies, and 6 months in 2 studies. The variables assessed in our meta-analysis are reported in Table 1. Exposure to corticosteroid (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% CI, 1.53–2.06) but not biologics (OR, 1.21; 95% CI 0.80–1.82) was associated with an increased risk of VTE. Furthermore, greater length of stay (OR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.01–2.20), ulcerative colitis (OR 1.41; 95% CI, 1.19–1.66), history of malignancy (OR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.12–1.62), and surgery during admission (OR 1.26; 95% CI, 1.12–1.42) but not female sex (OR 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88–1.10) or surgery type (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 0.75–1.57) were associated with increased risk of VTE after discharge. Overall, the study quality was rated as fair.ConclusionsIn our meta-analysis, which consisted of moderate quality of evidence, we identified multiple risk factors associated with VTE in the post-discharge period. This work will help inform which factors should be considered for developing point of care clinical predictive models to help guide when extended VTE prophylaxis is required. Funding AgenciesNone