The Barker hypothesis links intrauterine conditions, mainly low birth weight, subject to poor nutrition with paradoxically improved standards of living and nutrition after World War II in Western countries, to adult disease, mainly coronary heart disease. The limitations of his hypothesis include the fact that it is based only on human epidemiological data and animal studies, and also that it is difficult to isolate the effect of the intrauterine environment from postnatal conditions, familial and genetic background. In the last 20 years, the introduction of ultrasound and Doppler techniques in the assessment of fetal and maternal vascularity added a major contribution to the evaluation of the intrauterine environment. Studies based on ultrasound and Doppler assist in differentiating between prematurity and fetal growth restriction (FGR), mainly in those with placental insufficiency, and postnatal morbidity and even mortality. In addition, the Pedersen hypothesis regarding fetuses with overgrowth, mainly with diabetic mothers, states that they are also prone to postnatal morbidity. However, most of the studies on the issue do not emphasize the effects of the intrauterine environment on fetal organs, such as the brain, heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas in FGR and fetal overgrowth, that may impose a different prognosis in later life. This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence from animal and human studies regarding the impact of intrauterine undernutrition and overnutrition on fetal organ development, and to evaluate how ultrasound and Doppler findings may contribute to understanding the link between the intrauterine environment and postnatal morbidity.

ABSTRACT From the mid-1700 s, care for the Jewish elderly poor and the disabled was important to the Amsterdam Jewish community. Prior to World War II, the Sephardi Portuguese community had established five small residential Old Age Homes, the Ashkenazi community had founded one large institution, and private Jewish charities supported six more Homes. The Nazis murdered all residents of these Homes. After the war, two Homes, the Joodse Invalide (Beth Shalom) and Beth Menoecha, housed elderly Jews. They merged to form the Beth Shalom Senior Home, which today provides care for the city’s Jewish elderly in a traditional Jewish environment.

This article focuses on the commemoration and care of war dead buried in the United Kingdom by the Imperial (later known as Commonwealth) War Graves Commission (CWGC). Whilst the CWGC cemeteries on the Western Front have become emblematic of Britain’s war dead, there is less public awareness of the Commission’s work on UK soil. The case study will be the creation of the six RAF regional cemeteries during the Second World War. In the years following World War II, some of these British war dead were exhumed and reburied in local cemeteries at the request of their families. These exceptions challenge the idea that there were no exhumations and reburials of British service personnel. The creation of the RAF regional cemeteries enables an analysis of the CWGC’s changing approach to burial and commemoration between the two World Wars. The RAF cemeteries both conform to, and contrast with, the legacy of the British military cemeteries globally. An evaluation of these commemorative spaces demonstrates how these sites are shaped by the differing experiences of the two World Wars.

The Second World War was an important, but under-researched, transitional period for naval nursing. This article describes one sister's experience and sets it against the narrative in official histories and wartime memoirs and art. Margaret Wallace, a Scot from the skilled working class, was within the demographic that the service's Victorian founders hoped would be attracted. She worked in representative wartime facilities: the largest British auxiliary naval hospital, a secret multi-national naval base, the Headquarters of South East Asia Command in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Haslar, the iconic Royal Naval hospital. She experienced many of the defining characteristics of military nursing during the war: revolutions in medical practice including near-magical cures by the new antibiotics, an urgent need for tri-service and cross-national working which upset centuries of tradition, the censorious attitude of some regulars to civilians drafted in as temporary officers and social mixing in the twilight of Empire.

Review: <i>The Age of Youth: American Society and the Two World Wars</i> , by Masako Hattori

Abstract: During the First World War, Greek society became sharply polarized around the figures of Liberal Party leader Eleftherios Venizelos, who supported intervention on the Allied side, and King Constantine, who favored neutrality. This rift, known as the National Schism, eventually resulted in the country's split in 1916–1917 with the formation of the pro-Allied "National Defense" regime in Thessaloniki while the official government in Athens remained neutral. The limited historiography on the National Defense putsch has generally prioritized high politics and diplomacy, disregarding the political dynamics on the ground in Thessaloniki and Greek Macedonia. A perspective "from below" shows that the coup enjoyed only modest popular support. The National Defense regime's unpopularity helps illuminate the later evolution of the National Schism.

Abstract This paper traces the evolution of Holocaust memory on Soviet territory, focusing on the historical development of commemorative frameworks from the Soviet period to contemporary Russia. It examines how state narratives have consistently marginalized specific Nazi victim groups, particularly Jews, through a model of universalized suffering centered on the figure of the “peaceful Soviet citizen.” While other post-Soviet countries, such as Ukraine and the Baltic states, have acknowledged the Holocaust as a distinct chapter of World War II history, Russia continues to maintain and adapt a commemorative tradition that largely omits explicit references to the Holocaust. At the core of this study is the question of whether this exclusion reflects a deliberate policy of erasure or a continued adherence to Soviet-era commemorative norms. Special attention is given to the post-2018 federal project “No Statute of Limitations” ( Bez sroka davnosti ), which promotes the concept of the “genocide of the Soviet people” as a unifying narrative of Nazi crimes. While this concept appears to broaden recognition of victimhood, yet it often conceals the uniquely targeted and ideological nature of the Nazi persecution of Jews. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including official documents and media reports, the article examines how the memory of the Holocaust was shaped, suppressed, and reinterpreted over time. It analyzes the shifting functions of memory politics in both Soviet and post-Soviet contexts, considering how commemorative strategies have been shaped by changing political agendas. Ultimately, the study offers a critical assessment of the continuity and transformation of Holocaust remembrance in Russia, revealing how the past is mobilized in service of the present.

Role of Unionist Party in the Second World War 1939-1945

Sports has often been a focal point for symbols and narratives, acting as a common thread among citizens that can dynamically impact the creation and content of national identity, national history and narratives. This paper discusses and compares the national identity and narrative aspects of the Olympics Games hosted by Japan in 1964, South Korea in 1988 and China in 2008. In each of these instances the host country had recently experienced significant trauma and/or transformation: Japan arising from the defeat of World War II as a new democratic peaceful state, South Korea emerging from authoritarian rule to take its place as a new industrial democratic state and China as a rejuvenated peaceful world power. It argues that in each of these Olympic Games, state policymakers used the games as an opportunity to re-articulate their national identity and history. Japanese and Korean policymakers and Olympic Committee sought to identify with development democratic nations while the Chinese government narratives and symbols suggested that China would follow its own developmental path that would not necessarily resonate with the Western expectations or lead to liberal democracy and a full market economy.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between leases and income, and the agricultural sector’s output, during the Pampas expansion in Argentina (1895–1947). The findings show the consequences of infrastructure growth and the modernization of economic relations in the Argentine countryside during the early decades of the twentieth century. These developments, in conjunction with a rapid expansion and utilization of available soil, had profound effects on land prices. It is postulated that these changes not only impacted positively on agricultural income but also led to an increase of rent seeking practices in the rural sector during the twentieth century. This is remarkable during the agrarian expansion of the first decade of the century, but also in the later periods. The data from 1937 reveals that, despite the agricultural sector's crisis during the Great Depression, the significance of land leases in relation to agricultural output remained remarkably resilient. In the critical context of the Second World War, this mounting pressure led to legislation freezing and regulating rural leases, resulting in a sharp decline in their share of the agricultural product by 1947.

Clinical developments during the nineteenth century having convinced the public of the value of medical specialisation, the concept of the specialist hospital became so popular as to unduly influence the delivery of health care. However, scientific progress after World War II led to an emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach with a major reversal in policy-formulation pertaining to capital building for medical services. Mega hospitals now encompass a comprehensive range of specialties thereby facilitating clinical referrals and research besides community care. As a result, the value of the stand-alone specialist hospital should be reviewed in the context of health service planning.

In June 1942, imperial Japan captured the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska, marking the first and only time since the War of 1812 that United States territory in North America was occupied by a foreign power. The following year saw the imprisonment of Attu’s indigenous Saskinax̂ population, the United States’ effort to expel the invading forces, and the eventual recapture of the two islands. Over eight decades later, however, the story of Attu, and by extension the entire North Pacific theatre of World War II, remains an oft-forgotten chapter of history. In an effort to rectify this situation, the first systematic survey of Attu’s underwater cultural heritage was conducted using a combination of synthetic aperture sonar and underwater video. Among the most significant findings were the discovery of two wartime shipwreck sites, the Japanese army transport Kotohira Maru and the American cable-layer SS Dellwood. The documentation of these sunken vessels not only sheds light on their final moments, but it can also be used to bring renewed awareness of Alaska’s World War II history and inform cultural resource managers on Attu’s submerged heritage.

This article examines the educational activities of the Sydney branch of the British Music Society in the context of interwar Australian musical nation building. Despite its name, the British Music Society was international in its outlook, established to aid in cultural regeneration following World War I. Through its Australian branches, it aimed both to develop an Empire-wide appreciation for British music and to support the development of musical culture in Australia more broadly. Alongside concerts, radio programmes, and public lectures on music, from the mid-1920s, the Sydney British Music Society became particularly interested in music education, hoping to develop a musically literate Australian ‘audience of the future,’ while reinvigorating what was seen as a failing music education system. After summarizing the position of the Sydney British Music Society on British, ‘international,’ and distinctly Australian music, this article considers the Society’s work in the context of developments in Australian music education, before examining in detail the competitions for school students they instituted from 1926 and their role in nation building.

Thomas Keneally’s novel The Corporal Hitler’s Pistol interweaves the lives of various characters in Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia, on the eve of the Second World War through the circulation of a Luger pistol. This article seeks to move beyond the traditional lens of economic determinism by incorporating Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of the “linguistic market” and “symbolic violence,” alongside Michel Foucault’s analysis of disciplinary power and discourse over the body. It focuses on the narrative episode in which the female protagonist, Flo Honeywood, unsuccessfully attempts to obtain a divorce. Through an etymological excavation and close textual reading of the key legal term “criminal conversation,” the article reveals how the Australian legal system in 1933 deprived women of discursive agency by means of obscure terminological barriers and asymmetrical dialogic mechanisms. Furthermore, by introducing Anna Weber as a mirror figure for comparative analysis, and by incorporating an intersectional perspective on Indigenous relations, the study explores the fragmentation of female identity under the dual structures of patriarchy and colonialism. The study argues that the legal system depicted in the novel is not an embodiment of justice but rather a “complicit agent” in maintaining male honor and property order within a patriarchal society. Within this framework, women are subjected to a dual form of violence: physical violence within the domestic sphere and symbolic violence within the public legal domain. The law’s prioritization of “honor” over women’s “survival” ultimately facilitates the systematic disciplining and erasure of female subjectivity at the institutional level.

Cultural tourism is increasingly used to develop cross-border tourism products. Previous studies have highlighted de-bordering processes in the EU, but now symbolic re-bordering processes designed to turn former borders into tourism attractions are emerging. Re-bordering has also been stimulated by nationalistic discourses on deterring migration. This paper considers how changing discourses on borders affect collaborative tourism projects on the international borders of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. We contrast the bottom-up development of local authority-led projects with the top-down UNESCO Roman Limes project, recreating the second Century border of the Roman Empire. Through stakeholder interviews and policy analysis we identify symbolic re-bordering processes linked to shared cultural narratives based on smuggling and local legends. Locally led projects include cultural routes highlighting the former frontier, including the First World War ‘death wire’ barrier. In contrast the top-down governance approach of the Limes limits cross-border collaboration and highlights tensions related to migration and populist discourses at national level. We examine the implications of these emerging tensions for cross-border tourism development and compare the effects of different governance arrangements.

In its attention to urban aerial bombardment in World War II, geographer Kenneth Hewitt’s work charts the annihilation of place while carefully centering the devastation of civilian life therein. Following the entrenchment of drones as fixtures of contemporary skies, this article reflects on Hewitt’s work in the context of the contemporary drone age. It identifies resonance between Hewitt’s contributions and the concerns of feminist geopolitics, attentive as it is to the diversity of geopolitical actors, agencies, and everyday sites and spaces comprising war. In revisiting Hewitt’s work in dialogue with feminist geopolitics, it focuses on several areas. First, it turns to actors and agencies. It highlights shared interests in civilian suffering while also urging the extension of Hewitt’s discussion through attention to feminist debates around resistance. Further, while recognizing the centrality of the human in Hewitt’s work, it argues that technological developments in aerial bombardment mark and usher changing machinic agencies departing from Hewitt’s thesis and necessitating critical attention. Second, in turning to the homes and neighborhoods foregrounded by Hewitt as targets of aerial destruction, it engages feminist thinking attentive to war’s destruction of the spaces and places of everyday, domestic life. It urges that debates around the “making” and “unmaking” of home help in highlighting the diversity of civilian relations with home in wartime. At once celebrating Hewitt’s significant contributions and urging their revisiting through an explicitly feminist vocabulary, this article understands feminist geopolitics as a useful tool in the telling of further stories of urban aerial bombardment still.

ABSTRACT The Second World War drew attention to diverse forms of military violence and the devastating impact of wartime, especially wartime occupation, on civilian populations. While the post-war trials that followed have often been remembered for establishing codified protections for civilians during conflict, they also offer a rare window into the mechanisms of military rule. Trials dealing with the so-called “denial of fair trial”, for example, shed light on the administration of military justice in occupied areas, a much-understudied facet of Japanese wartime conduct. This article analyses four post-war trials conducted by Australian and British military courts, each involving charges related to the nascent concept of “denial of fair trial” in 1946, whether explicitly as part of the charges or as context for the crimes of murder and killing. It situates this analysis within the context of the regulatory framework that informed the functioning of Japanese military justice in occupied territories in order to advance the historical understanding of this legal system, the challenges it encountered during the Asia-Pacific War and its contribution to Japan’s wartime misconduct. The article demonstrates that certain issues of fairness raised by Allied judge advocates were embedded within the regulatory framework. It also draws attention to structural weaknesses within the system which precipitated a wider streamlining of judicial procedures in the final months of war. In so doing, the article highlights the potential systemic and structural underpinnings of wartime violence towards civilians.

Importance. Issues related to the fate of foreign citizens who were captured by the Soviet authorities during the Great Patriotic War have not been sufficiently studied to date. The need for a comprehensive problem analysis of French war prisoners staying in Soviet camps, which has been poorly covered in Russian historiography, determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study is to analyze the circumstances of the stay of French war prisoners in Soviet camps during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period based on the analysis of archival documents, partially introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Materials and Methods. The source base of the research consists of archival documents, published official materials, and memoir literature. The research is based on historicism and objectivity principles. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special historical methods are used: historical-genetic and historical-typological. Results and Discussion. The study identified the categories of French military personnel held in Soviet camps as war prisoners. The circumstances of the stay and movement of the French contingent of war prisoners in the USSR from the beginning of concentration in NKVD camp No. 188 to repatriation in 1945–1946 are revealed. Conclusion. During the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period, more than 20,000 French war prisoners were held in Soviet camps, including both mobilized residents of Alsace-Moselle and French citizens who had volunteered to join the Wehrmacht and the the Waffen-SS. The main concentration point for French war prisoners was Camp 188 of the NKVD (Tambov Region). The vast majority of French war prisoners were repatriated by mid-1946.

Whereas New Zealand men who served in the armed forces during the Second World War have been written about at length, their counterparts who remained in civilian occupations are largely absent from the historiography. This article begins the recovery of the wartime experiences of civilian men by analysing why several thousand of them appealed against being directed into new employment. It finds that some approached their appeal hearings in a defiant manner: raising conscientious objections, alleging victimisation, or refusing to perform the mandated work. Yet a much greater number accepted it was an essential masculine imperative to serve the state in wartime. Their claims were instead motivated by a concern that direction should not imperil their ability to meet competing masculine imperatives – as fathers, husbands, and breadwinners. As a result, most appeals were an attempt to negotiate a compromise that would enable men to sustain all facets of their masculine identity by bringing them into balance.

Importance. An analysis of Canadian foreign policy formation in the first third of the 20th century in the context of the impact of the First World War on the further evolution of the status of dominions. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study the historical experience of the foreign policy traditions’ formation of individual countries in the context of the constant transformation of the world order. Materials and Methods. The research is based on official published documents on Canadian foreign policy, memoirs, and archival materials from the personal collections of Canadian political figures. The methodological framework of the study is grounded in the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. Comparative, historical and genetic methods, system analysis, problemchronological and personological approaches are also used. Results and Discussion. This study traces the evolution of Canada’s foreign policy independence from its status as a British dominion in the early 20th century to its acquisition of international sovereignty. It analyzes the key role of Canadian-American relations as a catalyst for independent foreign policy and examines the key stages in the institutionalization of autonomy. Particular attention is paid to demonstrating the evolutionary, progressive nature of this process, which precluded a revolutionary break with the mother country. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, itias concluded that the formation of Canada’s foreign policy independence is evolutionary, not revolutionary. This process was not a break with the metropolis, but a gradual transformation of imperial relations, during which the dominion expanded its autonomy step by step. The actions of Canadian leaders, often in defiance of outside pressure and established traditions, have played an important role in the country’s foreign policy independence. The key catalyst for the changes was the factor of Canadian-American relations. Having gone from participating in the Imperial War Cabinet to signing the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League of Nations, Canada came to sovereignty by adopting the Statute of Westminster in 1931 as a natural result of many years of progressive development.