Greater Force Research Articles

Evaluation of an Integrated Amphiphilic Surfactant as an Alternative to Traditional Polyvinylpyrrolidone Coatings for Hydrophilic Intermittent Urinary Catheters

IntroductionPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is commonly used to provide catheters with a lubricious coating when hydrated, however, it becomes adhesive as it dries which may cause catheters to adhere to the urethral mucosa and potentially leave a sticky residue. The aim of this study was to compare catheters coated with PVP with an integrated amphiphilic surfactant (IAS) using an in vitro agar model to assess potential sticking and shedding of the catheter surface on removal. MethodsHydrated catheter samples were attached to the upper grips of a texture analyser, lowered vertically into agar, and withdrawn after two minutes. Resultant force-distance plots were used to determine maximum forces for withdrawal. Catheter surfaces were stained with red dye and the agar was visually inspected for dye residues after withdrawal. ResultsA sharp peak in force on initial withdrawal was observed for six of the eight PVP-containing catheters indicating that a greater force was required to initiate withdrawal from the agar suggesting sticking of the catheter. This peak was absent for catheters with the IAS which also displayed lower mean maximum withdrawal forces compared with many of the PVP-based catheters (p < 0.05). Red dye was observed to remain in the agar after withdrawal of all PVP-coated catheters indicating that there had been shedding of the hydrophilic coating. In contrast, there was no evidence of dye residues in the agar from IAS-based catheters suggesting that no shedding occurred. ConclusionIAS catheters show absence of adhesive properties and delamination observed for many PVP catheters when tested in vitro.

Long term follow-up after balloon expandable covered stents implantation for management of transcatheter aortic valve replacement related vascular access complications.

To report the experience of a high-volume center with balloon-expandable (BE) stents implantation to manage vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Despite increased operator experience and better devices, vascular complications after TAVR are still a major issue and covered stent implantation is often required. We retrospectively collected baseline and procedural data about 78 consecutive patients who underwent BE stent implantation to manage a vascular complication after transfemoral TAVR. Primary endpoints were technical success, incidence of new-onset claudication and need for vascular interventions during long-term follow-up. Secondary endpoints included length of hospitalization, in-hospital and 30-day mortality, and major postoperative complications. BE stents implantation to manage vascular complications after TAVR was successfully performed in 96.2% of the cases, with bailout surgery required in two cases. One patient suffered in-hospital death. Predischarge Doppler Ultrasound revealed no cases of in-stent occlusion or fracture. At a median follow-up of 429 days (interquartile range, 89-994 days), no cases of symptomatic leg ischemia were reported and only one patient experienced new-onset claudication. Our experience showed good periprocedural and long-term results of BE covered stent implantation to manage vascular complication after TAVR. Their great radial outward force may guarantee effective hemostasis without necessarily being associated with stent deformation/fracture resulting in restenosis or further interventions. More research is needed to define the role of BE covered stents in this setting.

Assessment of forces exerted by Haas and Hyrax palatal expanders using fiber optic sensors

Objective: To evaluate the initial forces generated by two types of palatal expansion appliances, through fiber optic sensors, in elastomeric models. Materials and Methods: An elastomeric model simulating the upper dental arch was fabricated. The sensors were placed adjacent to the first premolars and the first molars roots (apical, cervical, vestibular, palatal). Hyrax and Haas palatal expanders were fitted onto the dental arch. Activation of the screw was performed 4 times. The variations in wavelengths of each sensor during the activations were recorded. ANOVA and Games-Howell were used (P &lt;.05). Results: In the first premolars, the force generated by Hyrax was higher than that generated by Haas in the cervical and apical regions of the palatal and vestibular surfaces, respectively; in the first molars, the force was higher in the cervical vestibular region than that in the cervical palatal region for both the appliances; in Hyrax, the force was higher in the apical vestibular than in the apical palatine in tooth 14 (P &lt;.05). There was no difference between the devices for each activation; the total force generated by Hyrax was equal to that of Haas (P &lt;.05). Conclusions: The fiber optic sensors were effective in measuring the initial forces generated by the studied palatal expanders. Hyrax and Haas palatal expanders produced similar forces. Greater force was recorded on the vestibular surfaces.

Metamorphic densification can account for the missing felsic crust of the Greater Indian continent

The long-duration, fast convergence, and imbalance of crustal mass in the India-Asia collisional system challenge the classical rules of continental dynamics. Here, we calculate the mass deficit of felsic crust in Greater India indicating ~20–47% of the felsic crust is missing during collision. Phase equilibria modeling and density calculations demonstrate the pressure-temperature-dependent density of felsic crust is denser than the surrounding mantle at P > 7–8 GPa. Integrated petrological-thermo-mechanical models and analytical studies of the slab-pull forces confirm the Greater Indian continent with its felsic crust can subduct spontaneously under its own negative buoyancy when it is dragged to >170 km by the preceding oceanic slab. The great slab-pull force, induced by the negative buoyancy of subducted crust below 170 km, not only contributes to the long-lasting fast convergence between India and Asia but also explains the crustal mass imbalance during the Himalayan orogeny.

Research on the erosion-corrosion mechanism of 304 stainless steel pipeline of mine water in falling film flow

Performance of the passive film on the surface of 304 SS at different vertical scouring heights were studied by electrochemical methods, Mott-Schottky and XPS analysis, and analysis of pit growth combined with 3-dimensional. During erosion-corrosion, the thickness of the passive film decreases, Fe3+ transforms to Fe2+, and the donor density and point diffusivity of the passive film increase. Meanwhile, it is also found that the depth of pits is increasing, and the rate of increase is higher than that of width. This is because the fluid has a greater force on the bottom of the pit than on the side.

Maintaining Confidence in Police Use of Force in Western Liberal Democracies

In a liberal democracy, the police cannot have the power to use force without accountability and transparency. Operational independence to make hard policing decisions should be matched by operational responsibility and willingness to account for that decision. Political and societal pressure can result in over- or under-reaction in the use of hard police tactics. We are not making decisions based on rigorous evidence and research, so we cannot explain why we use certain tactics and whether they are disproportionate. The evidence concerning our need for more self-protection and greater force is poor and may affect our judgement. Public confidence requires both better evidence and better communication of that evidence to communities in which police use force with greatest consequence.

Beyond inspiration: Translating zoo and aquarium experiences into conservation behavior.

Conservation first appeared as a role for zoos and aquariums in the late 20th century, and over the past few decades has evolved to be central to the mission of modern, accredited zoos and aquariums (henceforth zoos). More recently, promoting proenvironmental behavior is increasingly recognized as an essential means for zoos to achieve their shared conservation mission. To support continued progress throughout the field, there is a need for greater clarity and confidence regarding successful approaches for promoting proenvironmental behavior. A growing body of research into the conservation-related outcomes of zoo experiences, along with findings from behavioral and social sciences, provides a basis for understanding how the relationship zoos have with their audiences can translate into measurable conservation results. By shifting the balance between motivation to act and barriers to actions so that motivation is the greater force, zoos can tip the behavior balance to successfully promote action on behalf of nature and wildlife. Zoo audiences are, on average, more intrinsically motivated to take action on behalf of wildlife than the public at large. By introducing extrinsic motivators and reducing barriers, zoos can set up the circumstances that move motivated individuals to take conservation action. Even individuals who lack intrinsic motivation can be moved to action through sufficiently attractive extrinsic benefits and low barriers. In this paper we present a framework that synthesizes this study and theory on environmental behavior change and offers actionable approaches for zoo and aquarium practitioners.

Sound variation by hypertrophy and atrophy sonic muscle in the male southern black drum (Pogonias courbina).

The male and female southern black drum possess highly specialized, bilateral, striated sonic muscles used in sound production during courtship by males and in the production of disturbance calls by both males and females. Androgen-driven hypertrophy of the sonic muscles in males during the late spring spawning period results in increased growth of sonic muscle mass followed by post-spawning atrophy of sonic muscles. We examined changes in sonic muscle morphology and in the sound characteristics of males and females underlying seasonal changes in sonic muscle mass and muscle contraction as measured by sound production. In males, the sound pressure level increased while sound pulse duration decreased with increasing sonic muscle mass, indicating that sonic muscle fibers contract with greater force and shorter duration during the spawning season. Interpulse interval and the total number of pulses varied seasonally with muscle mass, which suggests that the effects of steroids on male southern black drum sound characteristics are more pronounced peripherally than in the central nervous system. In females, no increase in sonic muscle mass was found, and therefore, a change was not observed in the acoustic variables analyzed. Seasonal sonic muscle hypertrophy in males likely functions as a secondary sexual characteristic that maximizes vocalization amplitude or loudness during the spawning period.

Wilder on Teaching

Wilder on Teaching

Pengaruh jumlah sudu terhadap unjuk kerja 3D print turbin air tipe vortex

The potential of natural resources in the form of water energy is a renewable natural resource that is often used because it does not damage the environment and can be used continuously. This water flow has two types, namely laminar flow and turbulent flow, the forces generated from these two flows are also different. Turbulent flow tends to produce a greater force and can lift object masses better than laminar flow. Therefore, a vortex turbine has emerged which utilizes turbulent flow as a waterwheel drive, by directing laminar flow towards the cross section and converting it into turbulent flow by utilizing the force of gravity and The cross-sectional shape forms a whirlpool that can move a waterwheel and turn a turbine. The number of blades is very influential on the performance generated from the vortex turbine and affects the resulting output, be it voltage, current, rotational speed, torque and efficiency. In this study, the best results were shown on blades with a total of 6, at a rotational speed of 141.3 rpm; at the voltage shows the result of 0.28 volts; at current it produces 44 mA; at Torque (Nm) 0.22 Nm; and the efficiency is 76.5%.

Identifying Factors that Contribute to the Social Responsibility of Young People and Some Suggestions for Promoting Social Responsibility of Vietnamese Youth Today

Youth is a social class that contributes significantly to national strength and is one of the factors determining the country's future. Throughout Vietnamese history, youth have always served as the strike force in the cause of national construction and defense. Youth is also an important factor in developing political-military strength, socioeconomic development, and cultural creativity. In the context of globalization and a dynamic society such as Vietnam today, young people are emerging as a source of "knowledge" labor and the country's creative subject. Our Party and State have always placed a high value on youth development work, with a particular emphasis on the social responsibility of Vietnamese youth. Whether or not the Doi Moi is successful, whether or not the country enters the twenty-first century with a worthy position in the world community, and whether or not the Vietnamese revolution firmly follows the socialist path depends largely on the youth force, on fostering and training the young generation". Article 4 of the Law on Youth (2020) states unequivocally: "Youth are a great social force, who is impulsive and creative, leading the process of renewal, construction, and defense of the Vietnamese Fatherland and society" tenet; play an important role in the country's industrialization and modernization, international integration, and socialism building". Therefore, along with the rights and obligations of citizens according to the provisions of the Constitution and the law, it is also important to promote the social responsibility of the youth. A research that clarifies the concept and characteristics of social responsibility of youth in the current context is meaningful in orienting the youth social responsibility framework and is the foundation for proposing solutions to encourage young people to demonstrate their social responsibility. This article focuses on analyzing the concept of young people's social responsibility and the elements constituting social responsibility of young people.

Multi-function untethered actuator based on Ni-Ti alloy and polylactic acid

Soft actuators with the capability for stable and delicate grasping of soft objects without mechanical damage have attracted increasing attention. However, conventional soft actuators are bound by tethered power, which results in a difficulty in remote drive, and their main function is to grasp objects. Herein, a method for fabricating a soft untethered actuator with multi-function is proposed. The shape memory alloy embedded in the soft driver can change the shape of the actuator, besides, it can make the actuator produce a great force, while the polymer with specific melting point which enables the actuator has holding force. Various work stages of actuator (bending, operating, holding or releasing) can be switched by exploiting the mismatch in the bending stiffness of the shape memory alloy and polymer constituting the soft actuator, and we utilize these states to design different applications. The soft actuator will have more application prospects in soft robots, security system, health monitoring, and so on.

Turbomachine Operation with Magnetic Bearings in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Environment

In the sCO2-HeRo project, the Chair of Turbomachinery at the University of Duisburg-Essen developed, built and tested a turbomachine with an integral design in which the compressor, generator and turbine are housed in a single hermetic casing. However, ball bearings limited operation because their lubricants were incompatible with supercritical CO2 (sCO2) and they had to operate in gaseous CO2 instead. To overcome this problem, the turbomachine was redesigned built and tested in the sCO2-4-NPP project. Instead of ball bearings, magnetic bearings are now used to operate the turbomachine with the entire rotor in sCO2. This paper presents the revised design, focusing on the usage of magnetic bearings. It also investigates whether the sCO2 limits the operating range. Test runs show that increasing the density and rotational speed results in greater deflection of the rotor and greater forces on the bearings. Measurements are also analyzed with respect to influence of the density increase on the destabilizing forces in the rotor–stator cavities. The conclusion is that for the operation of the turbomachine, the control parameters of the magnetic bearings must be adjusted not only to the rotor speed, but also to the fluid density. This enabled successful operation of the turbomachine, which reached a speed of about 40,000 rpm during initial tests in CO2.

Overriding Lithospheric Strength Affects Continental Collisional Mode Selection and Subduction Transference: Implications for the Greater India–Asia Convergent System

The India–Asia collision, starting from 55 ± 5 Ma, leads to the formation of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau with great gravity potential energy and large forces acting on the surrounding blocks. However, the subduction transference/jump does not occur in the southern Indian continental margin or the northern Indian oceanic plate as supposed to happen repeatedly during the preceding Tethys evolution. Instead, the continental collision and orogeny continues until present day. The total amount of convergence during the India–Asia collision has been estimated to be ∼2,900–4,000 km and needs to be accommodated by shortening/extrusion of the Tibetan plate and/or subduction of the Greater Indian plate, which is a challenging issue. In order to study the collision mode selection, deformation partition, and continental mass conservation, we integrate the reconstruction-based convergence rate of the India–Asia collision into a large-scale thermomechanical numerical model and systematically investigate the effects of overriding Tibetan lithospheric strength and the amount of convergence. The model results indicate that the absence of subduction transference during the India–Asia collision may be attributed to strain localization and shortening of the rheologically weak Tibetan plate. In case of the India–Asia collision for ∼50 Myr with a total convergence of ∼2,900 km, the model with the intermediately weak Tibetan plate could reconcile the general deformation partition and continental mass balance of the Himalayan–Tibetan system. However, the longer period of India–Asia collision for ∼55 Myr leads to significant shortening of the overriding plate that is not consistent with the Tibetan observations, in which case an oceanic basin may be required for the Greater Indian continent.

Simulation of canola seedling emergence dynamics under different soil compaction levels using the discrete element method (DEM)

Understanding the dynamics during the seedling emergence process has important implications in creating favourable soil conditions for improved plant emergence. In this study, a model was developed using the discrete element method (DEM). The model simulated the emergence process of a canola seedling under six different soil compaction levels (L1 to L6). In the model, soil was represented by 2-mm spherical particles with bonds between particles. The bond parameters were calibrated using experimental data. The calibrated model was used to simulate the dynamics of the emergence process under different soil compaction levels. Depending on the soil compaction level, simulation results show that the calibrated bond normal stiffness is in the range of 3.10e+ 10–5e+ 11 N·m−3. The emerged canola seedling exerted great contact forces to the surrounding soil particles, which produced a dynamic influencing zone in the soil. The influencing zone was greater at higher soil compaction levels. The predicted canola emergence force (the total contact force between seedling and soil particles in the vertical direction) increased with the soil compaction level. The average emergence forces were 4.04, 5.81, 7.59, 8.18, 8.43, and 9.36 N for L1 to L6, respectively. The soil compaction levels (except for L1) were excessive for canola production, as they resulted in unacceptably low emergence rates. The study advances our understanding of the dynamics in the plant emergence process in a micro-scale soil environment.

Fractographic and Microhardness Evaluation of All-Ceramic Hot-Pressed and CAD/CAM Restorations after Hydrothermal Aging.

All-ceramic dental restorations have great advantages, such as highly esthetical properties, a less complex fabrication, and a similar abrasion resistance to enamel. Despite these advantages, ceramic materials are more prone to fracture due to their brittle microstructure. The main aim of this in vitro study was to determine the difference in hot-pressed and milled glass-ceramic mechanical properties such as fracture resistance and microhardness (VHN). Four types of ceramics, two hot-pressed and two milled, feldspathic glass-ceramics and zirconia-reinforced glass-ceramics were selected in this study and tested using the static loading test and Vicker’s testing. Hydrothermal aging, consisting of different baths with temperatures between 5 degrees Celsius and 55 degrees Celsius, was chosen as the in vitro aging method. Statistical analyses are performed using SPSS Statistics software at a significance level of p < 0.05. Micro-hardness values decrease after hydrothermal aging. The static loading test reveals a significant difference between the feldspathic hot-pressed glass-ceramic, which fractures at lower forces, and milled zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic, which fractures at greater forces (N). Fractographic analysis of the fractured fragments resulted in the static loading test revealing different surface features about the crack origins and propagations under a stereomicroscope.

Impact of Online Banking on Firm Perfromance; A Study on Indian Public Sector Bank

Online banking is emerging with great force. Many industries are set up to provide technical assistance to banks so that this facility can be easily accessed to urban and rural areas of the country. In today’s dynamic world, large customers prefer to transact through banks, which use money transfers, bill payments, account statements are via “Online Banking". In the current scenario, all banks globally are urging their customers to use e-banking because it saves time, transaction costs and faster returns, and they believe that automated financial transactions have greater benefits and greater benefits. It offers a number of benefits to online banking customers and various banking services. This paper focuses on the results of online banking based on the performance of the top ten public sector banks in India, as reported by RBI, Market Capitalization and Total Assets of Indian Bank Enterprises. To this end, this research paper analyzes the financial ratios of banks and is based on secondary banking data in nature. Keyword : Online banking, Return on equity, Return on assets

Relationship between gene expression networks and muscle contractile physiology differences in Anolis lizards.

Muscles facilitate most animal behavior, from eating to fleeing. However, to generate the variation in behavior necessary for survival, different muscles must perform differently; for instance, sprinting requires multiple rapid muscle contractions, whereas biting may require fewer contractions but greater force. Here, we use a transcriptomic approach to identify genes associated with variation in muscle contractile physiology among different muscles from the same individual. We measured differential gene expression between a leg and jaw muscle of Anolis lizards known to differ in muscle contractile physiology and performance. For each individual, one muscle was used to measure muscle contractile physiology, including contractile velocity (Vmax and V40), specific tension, power ratio, and twitch time, whereas the contralateral muscle was used to extract RNA for transcriptomic sequencing. Using the transcriptomic data, we found clear clustering of muscle type. Expression of genes clustered in gene ontology (GO) terms related to muscle contraction and extracellular matrix was, on average, negatively correlated with Vmax and slower twitch times but positively correlated to power ratio and V40. Conversely, genes related to the GO terms related to aerobic respiration were downregulated in muscles with higher power ratio and V40, and over-expressed as twitch time decreased. Determining the molecular mechanisms that underlie variation in muscle contractile physiology can begin to explain how organisms are able to optimize behavior under variable conditions. Future studies pursuing the effects of differential gene expression across muscle types in different environments might inform researchers about how differences develop across species, populations, and individuals varying in ecological history.

Japanese Exclusion and Environmental Conservation in the BC Salmon Fisheries, 1900-1930

Abstract: Between 1900 and 1930, fishermen, cannery workers, investors, fisheries officials, and federal commissioners in British Columbia knew that the salmon in the Fraser and Skeena Rivers were overfished. They saw the solution in hatcheries, controlling when and where people could fish, and limiting the number of fishermen engaged in the commercial fisheries. Yet while the first two solutions relied on a certain scientific logic, the last issue was highly influenced by racial ideologies. In the immediate aftermath of Canada’s 1908 Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan and with greater force after the First World War, the government and white nationalists sought to curtail the presence of Japanese immigrants and Canadians of Japanese heritage in the BC salmon fisheries. They explicitly described their goals as a strategy for fish conservation and as a way to make the fisheries more accessible to white fishermen. This article shows that local contingencies made the workforces and racial anxieties different not only in BC and California or in Alaska and Hawai‘i, but also on the southern and northern coasts of the same province. Merging the often-separate histories of environment and Asian exclusion, this article argues that between 1900 and 1930, government policies in British Columbia aimed at conservation and public concerns about resource depletion were infused with racial ideologies. It demonstrates how state efforts to regulate the fishing industry, and more specifically human responses to changing environmental conditions, became highly linked with the anti-Asian agitation that had already taken hold on the Pacific coast of North America.

Design and Fabrication of Motorized Hydraulic Jack System

Abstract: A jack is a mechanical lifting device used to apply great forces or lift heavy loads. A mechanical jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A hydraulic jack uses hydraulic power. In the case of tyre puncture or replacing wheels lift the car is more important part. This time we use traditional ways to lift the tyre. In that case a physically handicapped person, older person aged person not lifts the tyre easily. They require more time and also require more force to lift the tyre. In that way to help those who are physically challenged, aged person this project automatic hydraulic jack system is more useful. So, we tried to grab the opportunity. Here we use a wiper motor to drive the hydraulic jack loading subsequently and automatically. Keywords: Hydraulic jack, Mechanical jack, Motor, Battery, Switch