Graphemic Features Research Articles

한국어 문자 교육을 위한 한글의 자소와 자절 체계 연구

The purpose of this study was to explore the Korean alphasyllabary writing system for foreigners. To do this, first of all, this study investigates into the Korean writing system based on graphemics. A grapheme is the smallest unit of writing system, and a graphic syllable could be defined as a graphemic unit which corresponds to the speech syllable. And then, this study suggested the systems of both graphemes and graphic syllables in Korean writing system. First, this study illustrates the system of Korean graphemes according to simple and compound graphemes. Second, this study suggests the system of graphic syllable. The graphic syllable in Korean has the same spatial shape, ‘square’. Internally, the graphic syllable is divided into four things: a bilateral symmetry, a top-and-bottom symmetry, a combination of the two, and a form of ‘ᅴ (uy)’. That is to say, the pedagogical suggestions were proposed based on the graphemic features of Korean writing system. In the coming days, as graphemics develops, it is very helpful in teaching Korean writing system for foreigners.

Gra z przekładem – o japońskich tłumaczeniach Wiedźmina

Cel badań. W 2017 roku na japoński rynek wydawniczy trafiła wznowiona i zmieniona wersja przekładu Wiedźmina z 2010 roku. Celem badania była ocena zasadności zmian sposobu tłumaczenia tytułu sagi autorstwa Andrzeja Sapkowskiego na język japoński oraz osadzenie nowych wersji, w kontekście rynkowych zmian spowodowanych pojawieniem się gry bazującej na polskiej powieści.
 Metody badań. Analizę przeprowadzono na zestawie tytułów pierwszego tłumaczenia Wiedźmina, wersji wznowionej oraz jej kontynuacji. Badane ekwiwalenty zostały opisane na podstawie oceny ich charakterystyki grafemicznej (katakanizmy oraz odwzorowania ideograficzne), a następnie scharakteryzowane i skategoryzowane na podstawie definicji „neologizmu” oraz wybranego zestawu technik tłumaczeniowych (Hejwowski 2004, Newmark 1988, Salich 2015).
 Wyniki badań. Obserwacja dowiodła, że zmiany w sposobie odwzorowania neologizmu stworzonego przez A. Sapkowskiego, opierały się na nawiązaniu do zyskującej popularność gry komputerowej. Ostateczny sposób realizacji tytułu stanowi jednak rozwiązanie wymykające się jasno ustalonym, przez wspomnianych teoretyków przekładu, ramom definicyjnym strategii tłumaczeniowych i wymaga opisu na gruncie japonistycznym, z uwzględnieniem specyfiki sposobu kreacji świata w literaturze osadzonej w kręgu kulturowym pisma ideograficznego.
 Wnioski. Badanie zostało oparte na bardzo wąskim wycinku tekstu, jednak jednocześnie stanowiącym wizytówkę całej serii – na tytule. Dało ono pozytywną odpowiedź na pytanie badawcze dotyczące zasadności zmiany wybranego ekwiwalentu, jednak przede wszystkim, stanowi punkt wyjścia do analizy rozwiązań tłumaczeniowych zastosowanych w przypadku innych elementów świata przedstawionego w cyklu książek o wiedźminie.

Ancient Tax Tokens, Trade Licenses and Metrological Records?: Making Sense of Indus Inscribed Objects Through Script-Internal, Contextual, Linguistic, and Ethnohistorical Lenses.

This article argues that most of the inscribed objects of ancient Indus valley (seals, tablets, etc.) were administrative tools (tax-tokens, trade-licenses, metrological records, etc.) used for controlling the complex trading economy widespread across the Indus settlements. It is also argued that the inscriptions logographically encoded a commercial sublanguage to convey information about what kind of taxes/tithes were paid to which entities, using which rates and modes, and which activities (e.g. cultivating, manufacturing and trading specific commodities) were licensed through such tax payments. These conclusions are drawn based on an extensive contextualization of the inscriptions, considering various archaeological evidence (the types, provenances, spatial distributions, and structures of inscribed artifacts), historical evidence, linguistic evidence, and script-internal evidence (combinatorial and graphemic features of the sign-classes identified in the author's previous structural study). For example, the combinatorial and graphemic features of the stroked-jar signs ( ), and their occurrences as pottery tally marks, strongly suggest that they had some metrological functionality. This leads to investigating why the tax-related Indus inscriptions used the rimmed-jar-like sign, as the most frequent sign, occurring mostly in their terminal positions. The answer is obtained from various ancient Indian texts (early Vedic texts, Jātaka scriptures, Arthaśāstra, etc.), which reveal that certain ancient words meaning jar/pitcher (kalaśa, droṇa, etc.) were used as metrological nouns, and metrological nouns (droṇa, rajju, ṣadbhāga, etc.) were often used as revenue-based metonyms (droṇa-māpaka, rajjugāhaka, ṣadbhāgin etc.) due to the close relationship between standardized metrological equipment and revenue collection in ancient barter-based economies. Analysing the related lexical roots used for the traded commodities of Indus valley (e.g. ivory (piru), lapis lazuli stone whose colour gets compared to the blue iridescent pigeon necks (kāsaka hya kapautaka) and apotropaic eye-beads (maṇi)) in Mesopotamian lexicons, Amarna letters, ancient texts written in Old-Persian, Sanskrit, Pali and BMAC languages, this study claims that many of such words that had originated in Indus valley, got spread in the languages of other civilizations through the thriving ancient trade networks. It is also suggested that the fish-like and bird-like Indus logograms possibly signified such traded commodities, such as fish-eye-beads, lapis lazuli and other precious stones.

Recognition during recall failure: Semantic feature matching as a mechanism for recognition of semantic cues when recall fails.

Research suggests that a feature-matching process underlies cue familiarity-detection when cued recall with graphemic cues fails. When a test cue (e.g., potchbork) overlaps in graphemic features with multiple unrecalled studied items (e.g., patchwork, pitchfork, pocketbook, pullcork), higher cue familiarity ratings are given during recall failure of all of the targets than when the cue overlaps in graphemic features with only one studied target and that target fails to be recalled (e.g., patchwork). The present study used semantic feature production norms (McRae et al., Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 37, 547-559, 2005) to examine whether the same holds true when the cues are semantic in nature (e.g., jaguar is used to cue cheetah). Indeed, test cues (e.g., cedar) that overlapped in semantic features (e.g., a_tree, has_bark, etc.) with four unretrieved studied items (e.g., birch, oak, pine, willow) received higher cue familiarity ratings during recall failure than test cues that overlapped in semantic features with only two (also unretrieved) studied items (e.g., birch, oak), which in turn received higher familiarity ratings during recall failure than cues that did not overlap in semantic features with any studied items. These findings suggest that the feature-matching theory of recognition during recall failure can accommodate recognition of semantic cues during recall failure, providing a potential mechanism for conceptually-based forms of cue recognition during target retrieval failure. They also provide converging evidence for the existence of the semantic features envisaged in feature-based models of semantic knowledge representation and for those more concretely specified by the production norms of McRae et al. (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 37, 547-559, 2005).

L1 and L2 Korean Writing Assessment by Native and Nonnative Writers-Primary and Secondary Graphemic Features-

L1 and L2 Korean Writing Assessment by Native and Nonnative Writers-Primary and Secondary Graphemic Features-

Dysgraphia in dementia: A systematic investigation of graphemic buffer features in a case series

In this paper we report findings from a systematic investigation of spelling performance in three patients – PR, RH and AC – who despite their different medical diagnoses showed a very consistent pattern of dysgraphia, more typical of graphemic buffer disorder. Systematic investigation of the features characteristic of this disorder in Study 1 confirmed the presence of length effects in spelling, classic errors (i.e., letter substitution, omission, addition, transposition), a bow-shaped curve in the serial position of errors and consistency in substitution of consonants and vowels. However, in addition to this clear pattern of graphemic buffer impairment, evidence of regularity effects and phonologically plausible errors in spelling raised questions about the integrity of the lexical spelling route in each case. A second study was conducted, using a word and non-word immediate delay copy task, in an attempt to minimise the influence of orthographic representations on written output. Persistence of graphemic buffer errors would suggest an additional, independent source of damage. Two patients, PR and AC, took part and in both cases symptoms of graphemic buffer disorder persisted. Together, these findings suggest that damage to the graphemic buffer may be more common than currently suggested in the literature.

虚再認に及ぼす単語の状況頻度の効果

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of situational frequency of words on false recognitions. Two-stage recognition model (Hall & Kozloff, 1970) assumes that subjects discriminate the critical stimulus (CS) and its associate (E) in terms of their situational frequency and the failure to discriminate between the two leads to the false recognition of E. The situational frequency of E is a function of the number of implicit associative responses (IAR) elicited by CSs. In the first experiment, 60 college students studied a list of familiar words that involved CSs followed by a recognition test. False recognitions of Es elicited by two or three CSs were more frequent than those by a CS presented two or three times. In the second experiment, 50 college students were asked to write down the CS which came to mind in recognition test. The pattern of false recognition occurrence when CS came to mind was the same as the above, but the frequency of such false recognitions was low. The results support the two-stage recognition model. Individual difference in IARs and the possibility that subjects utilized graphemic features as discriminative cues were discussed.

The Use of Abstract Graphemic Information in Lexical Access

Three experiments investigated the nature of the information required for the lexical access of visual words. A four-field masking procedure was used, in which the presentation of consecutive prime and target letter strings was preceded and followed by presentations of a pattern mask. This procedure prevented subjects from identifying, and thus intentionally using, prime information. Experiment I extablished the existence of a semantic priming effect on target identification, demonstrating the lexical access of primes under these conditions. It also showed a word repetition effect independent of letter case. Experiment II tested whether this repetition effect was due to the activation of graphemic or phonemic information. The graphemic and phonemic similarity of primes and targets was varied. No evidence for phonemic priming was found, although a graphemic priming effect, independent of the physical similarity of the stimuli, was obtained. Finally Experiment III demonstrated that, irrespective of whether the prime was a word or a nonword, graphemic priming was equally effective. In both Experiments II and III, however, the word repetition effect was stronger than the graphemic priming effect. It is argued that facilitation from graphemic priming was due to the prime activating a target representation coded for abstract (non-visual) graphemic features, such as letter identities. The extra facilitation from same identity priming was attributed to semantic as well as graphemic activation. The implications of these results for models of word recognition are discussed.

Alexia and agraphia with spared spelling and letter recognition abilities

A patient with alexia and agraphia had intact spelling and comprehension of spelled words and used a letter-naming strategy to read and write. We propose that there is a graphemic area important for distinguishing graphemic features and for programming movements used in writing. In this patient this area was not functioning or did not have access to the area of visual word imagés. Therefore, he used an ideographic letter-naming strategy to verbally circumvent his disability and gain access to the area of visual word images.

Comparison of Phonemic and Graphemic Features of Eight English Consonants in Auditory and Visual Modes

Eight English consonants in CV context were presented graphemically and phonemically in visual and auditory modalities for similarity judgments using the ABX method. An interpretation of two 3-dimensional MD-SCAL configurations (Euclidean) of these iudgements revealed the graphemic feature categories of form (vertical-rounded, vertical-crossed, and angular), place (labial and alveolar), and manner (slop and continuant), and the phonemic feature categories of place (labial and alveolar), manner (stop and continuant), and voicing. The visual data had lower “stress,” hence a better fit, than the auditory data. The graphemic features were better predictors of the visual mode than the phonemic features were of the auditory mode. Visual data showed higher multiple R (0.809) than auditory data (0.677) when their MD-SCAL dimensions were correlated with the graphemic and phonemic features, respectively. The commonality of the features place and manner in cuing visual and auditory judgments indicated the coding of these features at a higher cortical level than where these modalities are distinguished.

A Comparison of Phonemic and Graphemic Features of Eight English Consonants in Auditory and Visual Modes

Eight English consonants in CV context were presented graphemically and phonemically in visual and auditory modalities for similarity judgments using the ABX method. An interpretation of two three-...