Graph Comparison Research Articles

Die Placement Performance Evaluation on Different Machine Platforms

The paper focuses on the die placement tolerance capability with critical design for land grid array (LGA) device evaluated on two different die attach machine platforms. The evaluation was narrowed down into two main die attach machines with the objective of attaining the best performance in terms of die placement tolerance capability. Die placement tolerance were quantified and only die attach Machine B was able to satisfy the specification of less than 30 microns. The study used a bar graph comparison in terms of die placement tolerance on the two machines and presented the effect of machine selection on die placement tolerance capability. For future works, the selected die attach machine could be used for devices with critical requirement.

New method for summative evaluation of UML class diagrams based on graph similarities

This paper deals with the problem of the evaluation of the student's productions during the construction of a UML class diagram from textual speciations, which can be a tedious task for teachers. The main objective is to propose a method of summative and semi-automatic evaluation of the class diagrams produced by the students, in order to provide an educational reaction on the learning process, and to reduce the evaluation work for the teachers. To achieve this objective, we must analyze these productions and study the transformation, matching, similarity measurement and comparison of several UML graphs. From this study, we adopted a method based on the comparison and matching of the components of several UML diagrams. This proposal is applied to evaluate UML class diagrams and focuses on the structural and semantic aspects of the UML graph produced by students compared to several solutions proposed by the teacher.

TrammelGraph: visual graph abstraction for comparison

Network data, represented by graph-based structures, are used in a variety of applications such as social networks and disease complication networks. A crucial task in many applications is graph comparison, with the goal of understanding the structural differences between pairs of graphs. However, traditional graph visualization techniques, node-link diagrams, and adjacency matrices are not intrinsically designed for comparison tasks. In this paper, we present TrammelGraph, a novel visual graph abstraction technique for graph comparison. TrammelGraph uses graph embedding and node alignment methods to create a map-based representation that eliminates visual clutter and thus facilities graph comparison. The design results in a planar graph with a regularly-spaced, crossing-free layout that helps users identify high-level topological information for graph comparison tasks. To evaluate the effectiveness of TrammelGraph, we conducted a controlled user study with 20 participants that compares TrammelGraph with node-link diagrams and adjacency matrices on a variety of common graph comparison tasks. We also conducted an expert interview with a physician using the MIMIC dataset. Both the quantitative and qualitative results from the study and interview highlighted the key strengths of TrammelGraph as a tool for visual graph comparison.

VulDetector: Detecting Vulnerabilities Using Weighted Feature Graph Comparison

Code similarity is one promising approach to detect vulnerabilities hidden in software programs. However, due to the complexity and diversity of source code, current methods suffer low accuracy, high false negative and poor performance, especially in analyzing a large program. In this paper, we propose to tackle these problems by presenting VulDetector, a static-analysis tool to detect C/C++ vulnerabilities based on graph comparison at the granularity of function. At the key of VulDetector is a weighted feature graph (WFG) model which characterizes function with a small yet semantically rich graph. It first pinpoints vulnerability-sensitive keywords to slice the control flow graph of a function, thereby reducing the graph size without compromising security-related semantics. Then, each sliced subgraph is characterized using WFG, which provides both syntactic and semantic features in varying degrees of security. As for graph comparison, we take full usage of vulnerability graph and patch graph to improve accuracy. In addition, we propose two optimization methods based on analysis of vulnerabilities. We have implemented VulDetector to automatically detect vulnerabilities in software programs with known vulnerabilities. The experimental results prove the effectiveness and efficiency of VulDetector.

Graph-analytical method for determining thermal loads of combined heat and power plant

The prospects of using excess steam from production bleeds-off of turbines for providing peak heating load of combined heat and power plant from peak network heaters instead of inefficient peak water-heating boilers are considered. For efficiency assessment of excess steam application the graph-analytical method is developed, the essence of which consists in construction, comparison and analysis of graphs of process heat and heating loads of combined heat and power plant dependent on the duration of heating period, determination of excess steam amount and possibility of its supply to peak network heaters, thereby reducing fuel consumption at the combined heat and power plant.

An Efficient Computational Model for Assessing the Stability Characteristics of Electro-active Natural Bio-resources

Background: The properties of the natural bio-sensors as the fuel after treatment, is beneficial and considered as the most environmental friendly alternative. The microbial fuel cell will help in the bio electricity generation. To use them first, it is important to know the stability and the characteristics of such organic compound. The research presents the computational methods of assessment of stability and characteristics analysis of organic herbs, Syzygium and Citrus. Objective: MFC has a very vast research area and many scientists are rigorously working on MFCs. Here, we have explained research work related to what we have presented in the paper. Methods: To compute the stability of these microbial fuel cells, we have used two different methods on each herb, Structural Similarity Index Method (SSIM) and Graph Comparison using their Coordinates (GCC). Results: This research work provides the results of convergence towards the stability of herbs. Further, this section also presents the performance characteristics of the software algorithms and their comparative results to verify the outcomes of the herb characteristics using both methods. Conclusion: The proposed work is efficient in finding stability of MFCs on the selected herbs. The approach should work fine on other herbs as well. Machine Learning could have been much useful for this purpose if the availability of the data would have been much high.

Indirect determination of FMDV 146S component concentration in non-inactivated suspension by comparison of graphs of the second derivative for real-time RT-PCR curves

During reproduction in biological systems, FMD virus forms four variants of components, three of which do not include RNA of the virus. In the process of industrial production of FMD vaccines, special attention is paid to the number of whole virions, which have the most important biological properties of FMD virus and are the main components that determine the immunogenicity of vaccine preparations. Raw materials for vaccines at various stages of the technological process are tested for concentration of FMDV 146S component. The traditional method of determination is quantitative complement fixation test. In recent years, real-time RT-PCR has been used for indirect determination of FMDV 146S component concentration in a virus-containing suspension. The article presents a new approach to indirect determination of FMDV 146S component concentration in a non-inactivated suspension by comparing the maximum extreme points of the graphs of the second derivative of the fluorescence signal accumulation curves and the number of amplification reaction cycles. The dependence between FMDV 146S component concentration and the maximum extreme points of the graphs of the second derivative of the fluorescence signal accumulation curve is presented in the form of a square function: C 146S FMDV = 0.0111( C p ) 2 – 1.0157 C p + 20.446 with a high accuracy of approximation (R 2 = 0.993). The proposed model allows to quantitatively estimate the content of 146S component in virus-containing vaccine raw materials. The presented method allows studying a large number of samples of non-inactivated raw materials for FMD vaccine in 4–5 hours. The main advantage of the proposed method is the capacity to determine the concentration of FMDV 146S component in a suspension with a high level of ballast proteins (more than 7.00 mg/cm 3 ) and complete viral particles (from 0.01 to 5.00 μg/cm 3 ).

Comparison of Matrix Factorization and Graph Based Models for Summay Extraction

Comparison of Matrix Factorization and Graph Based Models for Summay Extraction

Fast Free-Text Authentication via Instance-Based Keystroke Dynamics

Keystroke dynamics study the way in which users input text via their keyboards. Having the ability to differentiate users, typing behaviors can unobtrusively form a component of a behavioral biometric recognition system to improve existing account security. Keystroke dynamics systems on free-text data have previously required 500 or more characters to achieve reasonable performance. In this paper, we propose a novel instance-based graph comparison algorithm called the instance-based tail area density (ITAD) metric to reduce the number of keystrokes required to authenticate users. Additionally, commonly used features in the keystroke dynamics literature, such as monographs and digraphs, are all found to be useful in informing who is typing. The usefulness of these features for authentication is determined using a random forest classifier and validated across two publicly available datasets. Scores from the individual features are fused to form a single matching score. With the fused matching score and our ITAD metric, we achieve equal error rates (EERs) for 100 and 200 testing digraphs of 9.7% and 7.8% for the Clarkson II dataset, improving upon state-of-the-art of 35.3% and 15.3%.

Morphometric variations and growth of the profile of the face in Chinese boys aged 4-15 years.

Much research has been conducted on the morphological growth and development of Chinese children. However, very few facial measurements have been documented, especially of the sagittal plane of the face. Morphometric variations and growth of the sagittal plane of the face in children were analyzed using geometric morphometric method in this study. The studied sample consisted of 108 boys (4-15 years) from Huzhu County in Qinghai Province of China, which were divided into three groups: 4-6 years old, 7-11 years old and 12-15 years old. It was revealed that the landmark-groups of nose area were relatively long, indicating large variation in the direction of the nasal protuberance, which possibly reflected the vigorous growth of the children's nose. There were larger landmark-groups' variability ranges in children aged 7-11 years, which may be related to the rapid growth in this period. The average morphology of the sagittal plane of the face changed a lot with age, which was showed in the comparison of the averaged graph of three groups: (1) the proportion of the forehead to entire face became smaller; (2) the 7th landmark extruded more noticeably; (3) the nose became protruding; (4) the position of the mouth was relatively getting more upward, and the angle formed between the upper lip and the lower lip increased, and the lower lip moved forward; (5) the chin protuberated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences in the main distribution areas between age group 4-6 years and 12-15 years, even though there was a lot of overlap in the three age groups. Allometric analysis showed that the sagittal plane of the face aged 4-6 years and 7-11 years changed in the following way as the size increased: the forehead became vertical and the upper lip turned to be smaller. Additionally, as the size increased in age group 12-15 years, the most prominent landmark of the forehead became more conspicuous, and the bridge of the nose got more upturned. These may reflect the common morphological features and growing development of the facial sagittal plane of Chinese children.

Graph-Related Properties for Comparing Dynamic Call Graphs

Abstract Software systems produce long sequences of call graphs, in particular, if the graphs are generated during runtime and not revision by revision. Visualizing, analyzing, and interacting with such long dynamic graphs with respect to different properties is a challenging task. In this article we describe an interactive visualization technique for dynamic call graphs that supports the observation of the data in vertex, edge, and time dimensions based on properties related to the graph topology, inherent vertex hierarchy, involved links, and graph-theoretic problems. Moreover, we provide a time-aligned view on several dynamic graphs with the goal to compare them visually. We also provide standard node-link diagrams for individual graphs or aggregated dynamic graph subsequences as a details-on-demand technique and for supporting graph comparisons on different temporal granularities. We illustrate the usefulness of the dynamic graph visualization by applying it to the call relations at runtime of the open source software project JHotDraw. We evaluated the interactive visualization by reflecting on the static and dynamic patterns we could identify in the dataset by changing the graph properties under exploration. Moreover, we conducted a controlled user study with 20 participants investigating three typical tasks like finding graph sequences, identifying a complete graph, and exploring the reason for a change in a shortest path algorithm. Finally, we discuss scalabilities and limitations of our approach.

Engineering and Economic Evaluation of Production of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

This paper aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle production from a laboratory scale to an industrial scale feasibility. The evaluation was conducted using 2 models of feasibility studies, namely: technical analysis and economic evaluation. Technical analysis provides information on the potential for large-scale production and the results of this process can be applied using commercially available and inexpensive equipment. Economic evaluation is based on a comparison of the Cumulative Net Present Value graph in an ideal condition and the graph when parameters changing are made (such as changes in the dollar exchange rate, the quantity of sales products, and the value of employee salaries). From the evaluation results, all parameter changes give a positive value indicating that the project is feasible to run commercially and on a large scale. This is because the evaluation results provide a stable index of profit for some changes in parameter values. This study shows that Fe 3 O 4 fabrication can provide promising profits in developing countries and can attract foreign investors to work together on Fe 3 O 4 fabrication.

Optimizing Synchronizability of Multilayer Networks Based on the Graph Comparison Method

This paper is aimed at optimizing the synchronizability of a complex network when the total of its edge weights is given and fixed. We try to allocate edge weights on a complex network to optimize the network's synchronizability from the perspective of spectral graph theory. Most of the existing analysis on multilayer networks assumes the weights of intralayer or interlayer edges to be identical. Such a restrictive assumption is not made in this work. Using the graph comparison based method, different edge weights are allocated according to topological features of networks, which is more reasonable and consistent with most physical complex networks. Furthermore, in order to find out the best edge-weight allocation scheme, we carried out numerical simulations on typical duplex networks and real-world networks. The simulation results show that our proposed edge-weight allocation schemes outperform the average, degree-based, and edge betweenness centrality allocations.

Indirect determination of FMDV 146S component concentration in non-inactivated suspension by comparison of graphs of the second derivative for real-time RT-PCR curves

Indirect determination of FMDV 146S component concentration in non-inactivated suspension by comparison of graphs of the second derivative for real-time RT-PCR curves

System Identification of a Solar Maximum Power Point Tracking System for Dual Axis

The project is on Maximum efficiency of a solar panel. As the sun is not constant at one place and by fixing the solar array at one place, maximum power generation is not possible. This project develops a solar power generation system using maximum power point tracking system. More direct sun light on Photovoltaic (PV) modules leads to enhanced energy yield. Therefore, tracking systems are implemented to improve the performance of PV system by tracking sun trajectory. The current design of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) trackers are more efficient than conventional single state solar power generation. Then by comparing two designs initially produced, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) tracking devices are found to be at better efficiency than static models. The system locates maximum- power generating point using an MPPT controller. The base line results of this study were obtained via physical implementation of simulated system to analyze the various parameters. The system then uses a quadratic-equation based algorithm that calculates the quadratic function corresponding to the maximum power generation point. With the advent of different applications of PV solar power, system planners have been implementing different strategies and techniques to maximize the output of solar system with commonly available technology in market. Additionally, various mathematical techniques were utilized to analyze the results gathered from the physical implementation. The simulation results also implemented to compare between the hardware and software of the project. The comparison of static Photovoltaic output graphs with real time measured values for the systems and a Dynamic Photovoltaic Maximum power point Solar Tracker (MPPT) system was observed. Both PV systems were implemented practically to get appropriate results and mainly all the equipment and services utilized in installation are widely available in local market.

Unsupervised network embeddings with node identity awareness

A main challenge in mining network-based data is finding effective ways to represent or encode graph structures so that it can be efficiently exploited by machine learning algorithms. Several methods have focused in network representation at node/edge or substructure level. However, many real life challenges related with time-varying, multilayer, chemical compounds and brain networks involve analysis of a family of graphs instead of single one opening additional challenges in graph comparison and representation. Traditional approaches for learning representations relies on hand-crafted specialized features to extract meaningful information about the graphs, e.g. statistical properties, structural motifs, etc. as well as popular graph distances to quantify dissimilarity between networks. In this work we provide an unsupervised approach to learn graph embeddings for a collection of graphs defined on the same set of nodes so that it can be used in numerous graph mining tasks. By using an unsupervised neural network approach on input graphs, we aim to capture the underlying distribution of the data in order to discriminate between different class of networks. Our method is assessed empirically on synthetic and real life datasets and evaluated in three different tasks: graph clustering, visualization and classification. Results reveal that our method outperforms well known graph distances and graph-kernels in clustering and classification tasks, being highly efficient in runtime.

Comparison of Moseley and Rotterdam straight-line graphs in predicting leg lengths and leg-length discrepancy at maturity.

PurposeOne method of predicting leg-length discrepancy at maturity is the Moseley straight-line graph. Beumer et al developed an alternative graph, using a more modern Dutch population. The purpose of this study was to compare the prediction accuracy of these two graphs in a cohort of patients treated at our institution using epiphysiodesis.MethodsWe identified 76 patients treated using epiphysiodesis for leg-length discrepancy who were followed to maturity and had adequate preoperative radiographic assessment for straight-line graph construction. We compared predicted long leg length (after epiphysiodesis), short leg length, and residual leg-length discrepancy to actual outcome for both methods, using both chronological and skeletal ages.ResultsBoth methods were more accurate using skeletal age rather than chronological age. The Rotterdam graph showed modest improved accuracy compared to the Moseley graph in developmental aetiologies and in Hispanic patients. Using a difference of one centimetre in prediction error as clinically relevant (long leg [after epiphysiodesis], short leg, and leg-length discrepancy in each of the 76 patients, 228 predictions), we found comparable predictions in 171, more accurate prediction using the Rotterdam in 32, and using the Moseley in 25 predictions.ConclusionsStraight-line graphs provide a generally more accurate prediction of leg lengths at maturity by virtue of multiple preoperative evaluations. The Rotterdam straight-line graph was equal to or superior to the Moseley graph in most patients in this cohort. Use of skeletal age resulted in more accurate predictions than chronological age. Clinicians should remain familiar with the concept and use of the straight-line graph.Level of evidenceIII, case-control study.

Fingerprint Pore Comparison Using Local Features and Spatial Relations

High-resolution fingerprint recognition has been a hot topic for many years. Compared with a traditional fingerprint image, a high-resolution fingerprint image can provide more features, such as pores and ridge contours. Introducing these features into fingerprint comparison and recognition can improve the recognition accuracy and reduce the risk of identification errors. This paper proposes a novel method for comparing pores on high-resolution fingerprint images. The method can be divided into two steps. In the first step, fingerprints are aligned using the pixel-category-distance-based data-driven descending algorithm. Traditionally, fingerprints are aligned based on feature points, such as minutiae and singular points. Such alignment methods are not suitable when dealing with partial fingerprints because small overlapping areas often do not contain enough features to guarantee a correct alignment. In this research, the ridges and valleys on fingerprints are used in combination with the orientation field for alignment. The proposed algorithm performs well when aligning both partial and full fingerprints. The common areas between the two images can be estimated based on the alignment result. In the second step, pores lying in the common areas are selected for comparison. To improve the comparison accuracy, pores are compared using local features and spatial relations. A graph comparison algorithm is designed in this step. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more accurate than other state-of-the-art pore comparison algorithms.

Biochemistry and computer generated graph comparison of the structural and nonstructural proteins of spanish-1918 Influenza, pandemic-2009, and bird flu viruses.

The potential emergence of deadly pandemic influenza viruses is unpredictable and most have emerged with no forewarning. The distinct epidemiological and pathological patterns of the Spanish (H1N1), pandemic-2009 (H1N1), and avian influenza (H5N1), known as bird flu, viruses may allow us to develop a 'template' for possible emergence of devastating pandemic strains. Here, we provide a detailed molecular dissection of the structural and nonstructural proteins of this triad of viruses. GenBank data for three representative strains were analyzed to determine the polymorphic amino acids, genetic distances, and isoelectric points, hydrophobicity plot, and protein modeling of various proteins. We propose that the most devastating pandemic strains may have full-length PB1-F2 protein with unique residues, highly cleavable HA, and a basic NS1. Any newly emerging strain should be compared with these three strains, so that resources can be directed appropriately.

Comparison of Anderson-Green Growth-Remaining Graphs and White-Menelaus Predictions of Growth Remaining in the Distal Femoral and Proximal Tibial Physes.

Epiphysiodesis of the distal femoral and/or proximal tibial physes is commonly performed in children and adolescents to treat lower-limb length discrepancy. It is important to determine the amount of growth remaining in the physes of these patients. Two main methods are used to make this determination: the White-Menelaus arithmetic method, which assumes a consistent amount of growth per year until skeletal maturity, and the Anderson-Green growth-remaining charts, which diagram average growth per year ± 2 standard deviations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate these apparently disparate predictions of growth remaining in a cohort of patients managed with epiphysiodesis. From a database of patients managed with epiphysiodesis for lower-limb length discrepancy, we identified all healthy, unoperated leg segments with follow-up to skeletal maturity. We compared the amount of observed growth with the growth predicted by the White-Menelaus method and the Anderson-Green growth-remaining graphs, for both skeletal and chronological ages. A total of 441 healthy segments (201 femora and 240 tibiae) in 221 patients (105 boys and 116 girls) with an age range of 9.0 to 16.5 years at the time of epiphysiodesis were analyzed. We observed no relationship between the length percentile of the leg segments at the time of epiphysiodesis and the amount of growth that actually occurred. Growth in the distal femoral and proximal tibial physes was relatively constant (9 and 6 mm per year of skeletal growth, respectively). Skeletal age was a better predictor of growth remaining than chronological age for both methods of estimation. Although the distribution of growth remaining in the present study resembled the Anderson-Green growth-remaining charts, that distribution was not associated with the initial length of leg segments. The White-Menelaus method predicted the amount of growth remaining more accurately than the Anderson-Green growth-remaining charts. The distribution of growth remaining observed in the present study resembled that of the Anderson-Green growth-remaining graphs but was not predicted by the initial bone segment length. The present study found no positive association between the length percentile of leg segments and the amount of growth that occurred in an epiphysiodesis-age group. This finding can explain the comparative accuracy of the White-Menelaus method and the possible source of prediction errors in the straight-line graph and multiplier methods.