Granules Of Different Sizes Research Articles

Carbohydrates in the epithelium lining the seminal vesicle of the rat as studied by histochemical methods of light and electron microscopy

In the epithelium lining the seminal vesicle of the rat, carbohydrates have been studied by means of histochemical methods of light and electron microscopy. In light microscopy, the free surface and granules of different sizes in the distal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells and lumenal masses of secretions were shown to exhibit positive reactions for carbohydrates with 1,2-glycol and acidic groups and sialic acid residues. In electron microscopy, the surface coat of the plasma membrane, certain elements of the Golgi complexes, dense cores of secretory granules and glycogen particles in the epithelial cells were found to exhibit positive reactions for carbohydrates with 1,2-glycol groupings. The correlated structures and functions of the carbohydrate-containing components have been discussed in the light of the known physiology of the seminal vesicle in the rat.

The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the epithelium lining the ventral prostate of the rat.

In the epithelium lining the ventral prostate of the rat, complex carbohydrate-containing structures have been studied by means of both light and electron microscopic histochemical methods. According to light microscopy, the free surface and granules of different sizes in the distal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells were found to exhibit positive reactions for complex carbohydrates with 1,2-glycol and acidic groups and sialic acid residues. In addition, secretory substances within the glandular lumen were shown to exhibit positive reactions for similar groups and saccharide residues of complex carbohydrates. In electron microscopy, the surface coat of the plasma membrane, certain elements of the Golgi apparatus and lysosomal dense bodies were found to exhibit positive reactions for glycoproteins with 1,2-glycol groupings. The histophysiological significances of the carbohydrate-containing structures have been discussed with special reference to the known physiological functions of the prostate in the rat.

Maturation of secretory granules in the endosalpinx one to four days post coitum in sheep.

The ultrastructure of granules in the secretory cells of the endosalpinx of 20 Merino ewes was examined on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 post coitum. Based on the different frequency of granules of different size and structure on days one to four post coitum, one can assume that the ovoid, membrane-bounded secretory granules mature in five successive stages. In stage I small, electron-lucent vesicles with a finely granulated and filamentous content become apparent, initially in the neighbourhood of the Golgi complex. In stage II the granules become larger and progressively more electron-dense by an increase of the granulated material. In stage III, the primarily granulated content forms membranes, that lie in characteristic stacks at different angles to one another, separated by electron-dense areas. This structure fragments when the granule comes to lie beneath the surface of the cell (stage IV) and opens into the lumen of the oviduct, where its content is discharged in membrane fragments or vesicles (stage V). This discharge is mainly observed shortly before the egg is transported into the uterus.

Light and electron microscopic radioautography of rat stomach g-cells labeled with3H-amino acids

This paper reports light and electron microscope radioautographic studies of the sites of gastrin synthesis and the paths of intracellular migration of secretory granules in G-cells of rat glandular stomach incubated in vitro with 3H-glutamic acid and/or 3H-glycine at pH 8.2 or 2.5. Although the ultrastructural preservation of tissues maintained in pH 2.5 medium deteriorated within 30 minutes after beginning incubation, morphological observation was possible at least 60 minutes in the pH 8.2 medium. At 5 minutes, silver grains were few, and located chiefly over granular endoplasmic reticulum. After 30 minutes of labeling, silver grains were more numerous and found over the cytoplasm rich in secretory granules and over the nucleus. After incubation for 60 minutes, the distribution of silver grains was the same as at 30 minutes incubation but the labeling was heavier. Secretory granules of different sizes and electron densities were not differentially labeled. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) glutamic acid and/or glycine are incorporated in G-cells, synthesized into proteins and/or polypeptides in the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and formed into secretory granules probably in the Golgi area: (2) the secretory granules thus formed migrate from the Golgi zone to the peripheral cytoplasm and are stored there; and (3) the kinetics of secretion in G-cells are fairly speedy under certain conditions.

Fine structure of the spermatozoon of Proteocephalus longicollis (Cestoda proteocephalidea)

The spermatozoon of the proteocephalid cestode Proteocephalus longicollis (Zeder, 1800) is a very elongate, thread-shaped cell, about 300 μ m long and 0, 1 - 0, 9 pm in diameter, with no differentiation into head, midpiece and tail.The spermatozoon body (Figs. A-K) consists of: (a) two axonemes of the unique “9+1“ pattern, (b) an elongate nucleus, (c) numerous electron-dense, glycogen-like granules of different sizes and shapes and (d) cortical, cytoplasmic microtubules associated with the limiting plasma membrane. The total lack of acrosome and mitochondria is a remarkable and unusual finding which seems to be characteristic for all cestode spermatozoa examined so far.The nucleus of the spermatozoon, narrow and rod-shaped in its anterior part, becomes progressively enlarged and flattened toward the posterior end. The nuclear envelope is relatively thick and composed of two wavy membranes (Figs. G and H). The nucleoplasm is very loose and consists of fine filaments and granules of chromatin.

The frontal ganglion of Periplaneta americana L. (Insecta): an electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study.

The frontal ganglion, part of the stomatogastric nervous system, contains about 60 to 80 neurons, 25 to 30 micron in diameter. A well developed Golgi system, producing dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and dense bodies are abundant. Glia elements are sparsely distributed. Many nerve fibres contain granules of different size and electron density. Five groups of fibres can be distinguished: Fibres with granules of about 200 nm (type A), fibres with granules of about 160 to 170 nm (type B), fibres with granules of about 80 to 100 nm (type C) and those with synaptic vesicles of 50 nm (type D) respectively. A fifth very small type contains neither vesicles nor granules. Special attention was paid to synaptic contacts. The divergent dyad seems to be the main type in the frontal ganglion. Frequently, neurosecretory endings are observed in presynaptic position. Immunocytochemical "staining" of neurosecretory material closely corresponds to the distribution of type A fibres, as observed electron microscopically. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts from frontal ganglia with polyspecific anti-neurosecretion-serum reveals a single precipitation line, indicating that the immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory material is due to reaction with a specific as well as a cross-reagent anitbody.

Studies on the salivary glands of Argas persicus (Oken, 1818).

The paired elongate salivary glands of male and female Argas persicus comprise 2 types of alveoli, I and II′. Type I alveoli, confined to the anterior 1/3 of the gland, have a fibrillar and finely granular peripheral cytoplasm and a central cavity. Type II′ alveoli contain 2 types of cells, (a) and (i), packed with secretory granules of different sizes. The secretory granules in some of the (i) cells of type II′ alveoli in A. persicus are believed to be the precursor of an anticoagulant which has been demonstrated in the salivary secretion. Accumulation of coarser granules towards the center of type I alveoli during feeding suggests that there is an increase in secretory activity at this time. The peripheral cytoplasm and coarser granules in type I alveoli contain glycogen and protein. In type II′ alveoli, the secretory granules in the (a) cells contain proteins and those in the (i) cells contain both carbohydrates and proteins. In some of the (i) cells the carbohydrate is glycogen while in the rest of the (i) cells it is some other carbohydrate-protein complex which shows B metachromasia after concentrated H2SO4 treatment. The structure and functions of the salivary glands of Argas persicus , which does not produce “cement” during engorgement, are compared with those of some cement-producing ixodid ticks. A. persicus , with alveoli of only 2 types, produces an anticoagulant (demonstrated in its salivary secretion) and probably a cytolysin.

The influence of porosity upon the distribution of reserpine in calcium sulphate granules.

Abstract Batches of calcium sulphate granules, all of the same size fraction but of widely differing porosities, were prepared from primary granules of different sizes. Each batch was coated with reserpine by spraying a solution of the drug in methylene chloride onto the granules whilst they were tumbled in a coating pan. The relation between the macroporous nature of the granules and their reserpine content was investigated. Low-pressure mercury porosimetry was used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the porosity and macropore size distribution of the granules, and their surface areas were determined by an air permeability method. Linear relations were obtained when the reserpine content was plotted against either the volume of mercury penetrating per gram of granules at 106·5 kN m−2 or their surface area.

Histologische und elektronenmikroskopische Befunde bei Histiocytosis gigantocellularis (multizentrischer Retikulohistiozytose)

Histological and electron microscopic examination has been carried out on the biopsies from a patient with histiocytosis gigantocellularis. The following findings have been observed. (1) The cells of histiocytosis gigantocellularis have characteristic granules of different size, form, and electron density, mostly showing a lamellar structure, as well as a membranous limit. These granules are probably synthetized within the cells. Their chemical composition and function are unknown. (2) Similarity between the electron-dense granules and those of Merkel’ cells, as well as the richness of unmyelinic nerve fibers in the immediate environment of the granuloma cells are discussed. Desmosomal structures have not been observed, but there are many cytoplasmic processes which are cogged in labyrinth-like fashion, partly forming a membranous complex. (3) The fine structure of the nucleolus, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, as well as a large amount of microfibrils and intracellularly localized collagen fibrils are features of fibroblasts, and may possibly be a transition stage of the granuloma cells. It is supposed that granuloma cells represents a degree of differentiation between reticulum cells and fibroblasts on the one hand and histiocytes (macrophages) on the other. Enlarged hollows are interpreted as a phagocytotic phenomenon of storing of lipids. (4) The nature of the stimulus leading to the formation of systematized giant cell granuloma is thus far unknown.

A juxtaglomerular cell tumour: light and electron microscopic studies of a renin-secreting kidney tumour containing both juxtaglomerular cells and mast cells

The fine structure of a renal tumour which was associated with hypersecretion of renin with resulting hypertension has been studied. There were two main cell types in the tumour. One contained cytoplasmic granules similar to those seen in juxtaglomerular cells. Some of these granules were rhomboidal or polygonal and some were round and many were shown to have a crystalline substructure. These granules are similar to specific juxtaglomerular cell granules believed to be renin-containing. The other type contained numerous cytoplasmic granules of different size, shape and electron density, characteristic of those seen in the human mast cell. The tumour is best regarded as a growth of juxtaglomerular cells with secondary mast cell infiltration. The term juxtaglomerular cell tumour' is recommended for renin secreting tumours in which specific juxtaglomerular cell granules are identified. The fine structure of a renal tumour which was associated with hypersecretion of renin with resulting hypertension has been studied. There were two main cell types in the tumour. One contained cytoplasmic granules similar to those seen in juxtaglomerular cells. Some of these granules were rhomboidal or polygonal and some were round and many were shown to have a crystalline substructure. These granules are similar to specific juxtaglomerular cell granules believed to be renin-containing. The other type contained numerous cytoplasmic granules of different size, shape and electron density, characteristic of those seen in the human mast cell. The tumour is best regarded as a growth of juxtaglomerular cells with secondary mast cell infiltration. The term juxtaglomerular cell tumour' is recommended for renin secreting tumours in which specific juxtaglomerular cell granules are identified.

Studies on the Starches of Dioscorea. D.alata, eatable and D.cinnamomifolia, non eatable

AbstractThe starches of the species of Dioscorea that have been studied are composed of granules of different sizes and shapes. The average iodine affinity is 4.6% so, the amylose content is not very high. The values of the free‐swelling power and solubility and the quick and progressive solubilization in DMSO suggest a heterogeneous structure, with weak linking forces and a low degree of association inside the granules. The Brabender viscosity curves are very similar to the ones of the bread‐fruit starch, exception made to the cold paste viscosity. The properties of the starches of those species of Dioscorea suggest useful applications.

Argentaffin and other “endocrine” cells of the small intestine in the adult mouse. I. Ultrastructure and classification

AbstractElectron microscopic examination of the epithelium of crypts and villi in the jejunum of the adult mouse revealed the existence of three main types of cells which may be classified within the group of argentaffin and other “endocrine” cells of the gastrointestinal tract.Sixty per cent of the cells are characterized by the presence of biconcave granules. They are referred to as biconcave granule cells (Type EC). While most granules are biconcave, some of them are spherical and may show a particulate structure. Those cells with 95% or more biconcave granules predominate in the crypt, while those with 50–75% predominate in villi. The cells of this type are considered by some authors to be true argentaffin or enterochromaffin cells.Thirty‐seven per cent of the cells have spherical dense granules, a few of which look like empty vesicles. However, because of the marked differences between the sizes of the granules, these cells are classified into two categories. Those with granules averaging 360 mμ in diameter are referred to as large spherical granule cells (Type L, 13%), while those with granules averaging 250 mμ in diameter, are referred to as small spherical granule cells (Type S, 24%). Both types are found in crypts and villi.Three per cent of the cells do not fit into these categories. All these uncommon cells contain spherical granules; and, in addition, some have oval ones; others show large halos; and still others include granules of different sizes and densities.The existence of several “endocrine” cell types suggests that they play different roles in the jejunum of the mouse.

Studies on New Starches. Part 2. A Study of the Properties of Four Varieties of Mucuna Bean (Stizolobium)

AbstractThe starches of the four varieties of Mucuna that have been studied are formed by granules of different sizes and rounded shapes. The average affinity for iodine is 5.60% and the amylose content is not very high. The values of the restricted swelling power and solubility and the slow and progressive solubilization in DMSO suggest a very homogeneous structure, with strong linking forces and a high degree of association inside the granules. The Brabender viscosity curves are very similar to those of the starches with artificially crossed linkages. These properties give the Mucuna bean starches very useful technological applications.

An electron microscopical investigation of the follicle gland (cerebral gland) and of some neurosecretory cells in the lateral lobe of the cerebral ganglion of the pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis L.

The ultrastructure of the follicle gland and of some “Gomori-positive” neurosecretory cells in the lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis is described.The follicle wall consists of epithelial cells containing secretion granules, and of processes of lateral lobe nerve cells bearing cilia, including the processes of bipolar neurosecretory B-cells. The ultrastructure of the follicle of Ancylus fluviatilis and Planorbarius corneus appeared to be very similar to that of L. stagnalis. From the ultrastructure of the follicle wall and lumen, no conclusions can be drawn as to its formerly proposed possible functions (sense organ, endocrine organ, neuroendocrine organ). Of three neurosecretory cell types (B-cells, canopy cells, droplet cells), the positivity to chrome-haematoxylin and paraldehyde-fuchsin appeared to be due to elementary granules of different size and appearance. This finding supports in a particular sense the view that results obtained with the “neurosecretory” stains, should be judged carefully. Also in “ordinary” neurons elementary granules can be found, at times in great numbers. Several types of elementary granules (at least 6) could be distinguished. Their character and function (neurohormones, neurotransmitters) are not clear.

Studies on the biosynthesis of starch granules : Part III. The properties of the components of starches from the growing potato tuber

Starch granules have been isolated from potato tubers of various stages of maturity, and their properties investigated. Increase in maturity was accompanied by an increase in granule size and amylose-content, whilst the gelatinization-temperature decreased. The amylose-content and gelatinization-temperature were both directly related to granule size. The starches have been fractionated into their amylose and amylopectin components, and the fine-structure of these investigated. For both components, it was found that with increase in maturity there was ( i) an increase in molecular size, and ( ii) a decrease in the extent of conversion into maltose by β-amylase. The properties of an intermediate fraction have also been characterized. One starch sample was separated into granules of different sizes, and the properties of these and their component amylose and amylopectin were studied. The results indicated that the fundamental properties of a sample of potato starch are determined essentially by the size of the granules.

Studies on Abnormal Mitosis induced in Chick Tissue Cultures by Mustard Gas (β β’-Dichlordiethyl Sulphide)

1. The cytological effects produced in cultures of embryonic fowl osteoblasts by low concentrations of mustard gas in the nutritive medium have been studied both in the living cells by means of cinematography and phasecontrast microscopy, and in fixed and stained preparations. 2. Under the influence of mustard gas the movements of the cell and its contents are exaggerated and, especially at the higher concentrations, its water-content appears to be increased. 3. The treated cultures contain many abnormal mitotic figures which are more abundant and more distorted at the higher concentrations. 4. Three main types of abnormal mitosis have been observed: (i) Bipolar. Group A: these cells are characterized by failure or delay of certain chromosomes in reaching the equatorial plate, by lag at anaphase and telophase, and by the formation from the lagging chromosomes of one or more micronuclei, in addition to two nuclei of normal size. Most of the chromosomes appear normal, but in some the nucleic acid charge is localized in granules. Group B: the mitotic abnormality is an exaggeration of that seen in group A. The spindle is relatively normal; the chromosomes fail to contract properly and have a beaded structure; some chromosomes may break up into small granules while others aggregate into large, granular, skein-like masses; there is an equatorial lag, usually of several chromosomes; multinucleate daughter cells are formed. (ii) Tripolar. Two forms of tripolar mitosis have been observed: (a) a fairly regular triradiate metaphase plate was succeeded by a tripolar anaphase and the formation of three multinucleate daughter cells; (b) a recognizable metaphase was omitted, the cell passing straight from the radial stage (see p. 40) to a tri-polar anaphase and telophase. (iii) Apolar. There is no recognizable metaphase, anaphase, or telophase; the chromosomal material has a radial orientation; in some cells it is in the form of distorted filaments and rods, while in others it appears as granules of different sizes. After a period of intense cytoplasmic turmoil the cell spreads out without cleavage and many small and medium-sized nuclei have been formed from the diffuse chromosomal material. 5. In the abnormal cells the duration of mitosis is prolonged; at the higher concentrations prophase and metaphase may last for 2 hours or more; when a spindle is formed, some of the chromosomes move apart during anaphase at the normal rate; cytoplasmic cleavage may occupy 2-3 times the normal period; reconstruction of the daughter nuclei proceeds at the normal rate. 6. The cytological effects of mustard gas resemble those of irradiation. 7. The observations indicate that many phenomena of mitosis, though normally closely co-ordinated, under abnormal conditions can to some extent disengage and proceed independently of each other.

SCARLET FEVER

In 1913, Amato1described the bodies that have come to bear his name, ascribing to them a differential value in the diagnosis of scarlet fever. He found them in this disease from the first day of the invasion up to the second and third day of the desquamation, and represented them as small bodies—roundish, oval, elliptical, triangular, quadrangular or crescent shaped—in the cytoplasm of the ungranulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, one or more of which appear in the leukocyte. These structures which stain with azur-blue are found either in the periphery of the leukocyte or near the nucleus, and are easily demonstrated in artificial light. Inside these Amato bodies, one may distinguish from one to four red or red-violet stained granules of different sizes, sometimes centrally and, if the Amato body is crescent shaped, peripherally placed. These red granules are barely visible and must be distinguished from the blue granules, which

STUDIES IN ABSORPTION FROM SEROUS CAVITIES

ArticleSTUDIES IN ABSORPTION FROM SEROUS CAVITIESIV On the Passage of Blood Cells and Granules of Different Sizes through the Walls of the Lymphatics in the DiaphragmR. S. CunninghamR. S. CunninghamFrom the Department of Anatomy of The Johns Hopkins UniversityPublished Online:01 Oct 1922https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1922.62.2.248MoreSectionsPDF (613 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 62Issue 2October 1922Pages 248-252 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1922 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1922.62.2.248History Received 15 July 1922 Published online 1 October 1922 Published in print 1 October 1922 Metrics

CONCERNING THE NATURE OF "PROTOZOAN-LIKE" CELLS IN CERTAIN LESIONS OF INFANCY

The so-called protozoan-like cells with which this paper is concerned were first described in 1904 by Jesionek and Kiolemenoglou,1who found them in the kidneys, lungs and liver of an eight months fetus, in intimate association with lesions of hereditary syphilis. The authors pictured these extraordinary structures as measuring on an average from 20 to 30 microns in diameter, usually oval in outline, possessing a well defined, though not sharply stained, cuticular zone having the appearance of a capsule. The nuclei were large, eccentrically placed, each containing a very pronounced central nuclear surrounded by two well defined zones, an inner dark and an outer clear zone. The entire nucleus appeared separated from the cell body by a membrane. In the clear outer zone of the nucleus were found spherical, darkly staining granules of different sizes averaging 1 micron. The width of the nucleus, inclusive of the membrane, measured