Grammatical System Research Articles

The theory of the aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school

The subject of the research is the theory of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages: this theory defines the main ways to prevent linguistic interference (the consequences of the influence of one language on another) among students. The object of the study is the theoretical study of the verb of the Russian and Chinese languages. The author examines in detail the functional characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. In addition, he explores the meaning of aspectual forms in the system of Russian and Chinese languages, etc. Particular attention is paid to identifying patterns in the Russian and Chinese grammar, defining verbal grammatical semantics, comparing the languages with further description and systematization of aspectual meanings and means of their transmission. The main conclusions of the study are related to the specificity of the theory of aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school. The Russian verb is the central section of the grammatical system, acting as the core of the sentence and denoting the variability of reality. In Chinese language, the verb serves as an important component of the part-speech system, correlates with the subject, expressed pronoun or noun. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the functional and semantic characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, within the framework of the typological approach, a comparative analysis of the problems is made: the problems are connected with the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages, with the category of the aspect of the verb, with its internal form as a specific way of displaying and presenting knowledge about the world, a special «linguistic worldview».

Reflexives in the lexical and grammatical system of language and artistic discourse: linguocultural contrastive aspect

The article is devoted to reflexives in the lexico-grammatical system of the language and artistic discourse in the linguocultural contrastive aspect. The problem of establishing the lexico-grammatical nature of reflexives remains relevant in modern linguistics, since the language system in different linguistic cultures lives according to its linguistic laws. The novelty of the study lies in determining the fact that the level status of reflexives is various in different languages. It has been established that the lexical and grammatical categories of reflexive pronouns are contradictory and unstable, presented not only in different languages, but also in grammatical studies of different authors within the same language. In some studies, the reflexive forms a category consisting of one unit, in others – several units and in some studies, they are considered as personal pronouns. In some languages, the reflexive of verbs is described along with active and passive forms as a grammeme of the grammatical category of voice, in others they have a double-level status. As a result of structural, lexico-grammatical analysis, comparative analysis, interpretative analysis of the actual material (artistic discourse), subject-predicate-object relations in verbs defined as reflexive were revealed. The perspective is the consideration of the discursive nature of reflexives in various types of discourse in different linguistic cultures.

피셔 영문법서(A. Fisher, 1750) 읽기

The present study elucidates the grammatical systems and descriptions of Ann Fisher’s A New Grammar (1750) in the context of the contemporary awareness of an emerging need for grammar to standardize spoken English usage. Based on these considerations, this study shows that for the first time in the history of English grammar writing, her grammar treats only spoken English as the subject of study, offers a significant insight into Augustan English, and includes syntax and syntactic punctuation within the scope of grammar apart from morphology. And also, since Ann, as a school teacher, was highly innovative, she rejected an excessive reliance on memory and introduced some novelties that were ahead of her time, which justly came along with the rigor of didactic-oriented pedagogical science, for instance, the use of various teaching aids and the exercises of bad English. Thus, her grammar should be regarded as the most successful pedagogical grammar in the early eighteenth century. (Chungnam National University)

ЯВИЩЕ ПЕРЕХІДНОСТІ ЧАСТИН МОВИ У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ГРАМАТИЦІ

All parts of speech belong to a single lexical and grammatical system, but are not closed categories of words – there are certain relationships and close connections between them. These natural relationships are manifested primarily in the transitions and transformations of one part of speech into another. Transients characterize the transformation in the system, the development of language, its life. Without them, the system would freeze, become immobile. In the modern Ukrainian language, as well as in other modern Slavic languages, there are many transitional phenomena. They cover the scope of almost all parts of speech. The problem of transition in the field of parts of speech is one of the most actual in modern linguistics. It originated in the XIX century, but linguists increased attention to it only in the twentieth century. Investigating the process of transition, scientists use different terms to denote it: transition (V. Vinogradov, A. Vostokov, N. Grech, G. Pavsky), transitionity (A. Bednyakov, N. Kalamova, M. Lukin), diachronic transformation (B Migirin, E. Sidorenko), transposition (O. Kim, V. Nikitevych), conversion (O. Smyrnytsky, V. Sobolev). Our research is based on the updated semantic-morphological-syntactic classification of parts of speech of functional-categorical grammar of I. R. Vykhovanets, as well as on productive theoretical ideas, which is the result of generalization of national and world linguistic achievements. Ivan Vykhovanets distinguishes three components of the process of transposition: transposed – the initial source form of the word, transpositor – a means of transition, transposite – a newly formed derivative form of the word, the result of the transition. Depending on the nature of changes in the word, and which transposer participated in the formation of a new word, researchers who support the studies of functional-category grammar, distinguish three main degrees of transposition (syntactic, morphological and semantic). The phenomenon of morphological transposition can be achieved by adding a morpheme or affix (affixation) or changing only the paradigm of the word without formal changes (conversion).

The difference intersubjective grammar makes in protactile DeafBlind communities

Over the past several decades, linguists have accumulated evidence for “engagement systems”—a type of grammatical system that has the special role of facilitating intersubjective engagement. Meanwhile, anthropologists and sociologists have shown the many ways that intersubjective engagement is accomplished without special linguistic resources, depending instead on interactional and social structures and capacities. This has raised a question about whether or not intersubjective grammar, as such, really matters. This article addresses that question by examining interactions between DeafBlind people at a time when new engagement systems were emerging alongside new ways of being DeafBlind. Building on more than a decade of research tracking the emergence of those systems, I show how they are deployed strategically for broader socio-political purposes. I conclude by proposing that for a typology of engagement systems, deep ethnographic inquiry conducted alongside linguistic description and interactional analysis will allow us to understand not only how those systems are structured, but why they matter for the people who use them.

The English lexicogrammar of violence: lexical resources

This paper is an exploratory description of the lexicogrammar of violence — of the resources provided by the lexicogrammar of English for construing our experience of violence as wordings alongside other domains of experience that are difficult to come to terms with such as pain and emotion. We give particular attention to the lexical resources within the continuum of lexicogrammar, but locate them within the grammatical “schemata” they operate in. Our exploratory account is informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). It draws centrally on certain aspects of SFL, including the primary given to paradigmatic organization, the stratification of the content plane of language into semantics (meaning) and lexicogrammar (wording), the organization of the content plane into simultaneous metafunctions, the cline or continuum between the system of language, the overall meaning potential of language, and instances in the form of texts (operating in context), and the diversification of language into different registers (functional varieties) adapted to different types of context. We present an overview of the lexical resources of verbs and nouns, and show how verbs can be classified in their different senses by reference to the grammatical system of transitivity (in particular, process type).

The Acquisition of the NP in a German-Polish Bilingual Child. Evidence for Cross-Linguistic Influence

This article contributes to a debate in the linguistic and psychological literature that centers around the question if grammatical systems which are acquired simultaneously are separate right from the beginning or if they overlap. We will have a close look on developmental patterns involved in the construction of reference systems in German and Polish by a bilingual child between age 1;5 to 4;0. The German and Polish reference system is of particular interest here because the languages are very different from each other in the relevant domain. We will show that there is cross-linguistic influence in bilingual acquisition and that the grammars are not strictly separated. Overgeneralization moves from German to Polish and not vice versa. We assume that the child prefers transparent form-function patterns and therefore temporarily favors the German system over the Polish one in the course of acquisition. In particular, the concept of definiteness turns out to be a driving force for the expansion of the noun phrase in both languages. Once acquired on the basis of the demonstrative pronoun das ‘this’ in German, demonstrative markers in definite contexts are then also attested in Polish. Thus, the demonstrative pronoun das can be considered as being the key to the system.

Individual Theory of Tholkappiyam

There are many ancient language families in the world. Among them, the Dravidian language family is considered essential. The grammatical system and its trends have changed at various stages in the grammar composed in Tamil among the other languages. Grammar is about explaining those rules. The concept of individual theory develops by interpreting the structure of a language with structural order, using a specific grammatical theoretical concept for a given language over a period of time. Individualism does not operate in the context of any language, but it can construct the grammar of a language written over a period of time. The concepts of grammar are written under the categories such as, summation, type, extension, genealogy, etc., by using social, political, and academic problems to present individual theory. The interpretation of the structural order of language as a separate text without a linguistic background is consistent with the concept of individualism.

Verb form error detection in written English of Chinese EFL learners

Abstract In the past few decades, researchers have paid increasing attention to automatic error detection in natural languages, but few have focused on developing an error-checking tool for EFL learners in China. Based on the theory of Pattern Grammar, this study formalizes verb patterns through Link Grammar, a formal grammatical system developed by Sleator and Temperley (1991), and reconstructs an Link Grammar verb dictionary to create an automatic checking tool for verb form errors in Chinese learners’ written English. The test results show that by importing more detailed pattern information of verbs in the Link Grammar dictionary, the Link Grammar parser can identify verb form errors more accurately and effectively than the original and the parsing capability of the Link Grammar parser is improved. The article shows that Pattern Grammar and Link Grammar can work together and be applied to the construction of error-checking tools for EFL learners with promising results.

Infinitive Forms and Conditional Mood of Verbs as a Means of Expressing a Concretizing Relation

A concretizing link is an expression of a specific relationship between concepts using a unique means of relation. Given that, affixes and forms of verbs have a particular place. This article considers the conditions of the infinitive (-ырга/-ергә/-рга) and the conditional mood of the verb (-са/-сә). These affixes in Tatar grammars as part of a subordinate predicate clause are inflectional forms, that is, linking words. The authors study these verb forms to express a concretizing relation and analyze the shades of meanings. A more profound analysis shows that these affixes express different relations between phenomena and connect the verb with other words. They are added to all the verbs and some parts of speech when in speaking. It must be said that the affixes of the conditional mood and, to some extent, the infinitive perform the same functions for the verb as the cases do for the noun. The primary research method is descriptive-analytical with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. For a detailed analysis of the linguistic features of speech, a comparative historical method is also used, which allows for the determination of some tendencies in the development of the grammatical system of the national literary language. In the studies, comparative-typological and statistical methods are also applied.

현대 스페인어 신조어 분석을 통한 혼성(cruce léxico) 방식 기제에 대한 재고

If we look at the neologisms that are created today, we know that the neologisms have been created for the purpose of conveying meaning as a means of ''expression'' within the grammatical system. Instead, the neologisms of today are not only to express but to enjoy and make jokes. Therefore, it is confirmed that it is formed as a secondary function that contains linguistic ability. As the trend of favoring inducing humor and reducing the number of syllables is spreading in youth culture, it is penetrating deeply,not only online,but also in everyday life. "Blending", a unique coined word that captures the characteristics of this social and cultural change, is also born through laughter and fun. In Spanish lexicology, hybrid(or blening) words created by lexical intersection are difficult to locate within the existing grammatical word system, as they are formed temporarily and have a very short lifespan. However, a hybrid language has its own set of rules and there is room for reconsideration, especially today, in the sense that words are not necessarily created by internal rules, but are created in a way that satisfies the expressive motive of the speaker. This article recognizes the hybrid method, which has always been considered marginal, heterogeneous and very unknown in Spanish as a newly coined word, and drives attention to the fact that it is a phenomenon that clearly reflects today''s human cognitive attributes and modern culture. I would like to introduce a new perspective on this mechanism that has not been well studied.

The Grammatical Effects of Nyanja on Pupils Learning English in Selected Junior Secondary Schools of Chongwe District, Zambia

The purpose of the study was to investigate grammatical effects of Nyanja as first language (L1) on pupils learning English as a second language in Chongwe district. Chongwe district is home for people of different tribes (Soli, Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Lozi, Lenje, Shona and Ndebele). As a result, the community is multilingual. This multilingual environment has sometimes negatively impacted on some children in the learning of English in areas such as syntax, semantics, grammar and vocabulary in English. The consequence of these negative effects has led to lack of full communication and understanding of topics taught in class and in school. The study is important in informing policy makers of the challenges that the first language (L1) creates in the learning of English. It may also act as a bridging document for existing gaps in line with the effects of Nyanja on pupils learning English language. The researcher interviewed 79 respondents that were systematically selected from each of the six different sites of Chongwe district namely kampekete, Mwalumina, Chilyabale, Lwimba, Lukoshi and Nchute primary schools. The current study employed triangulated method based on the grounded theory. It used the qualitative method for both collecting and analyzing data. The data was collected from teachers of English, other subject teachers and from basic school pupils of the six selected schools. The instruments used were questionnaires. The methods used to collect data were face to face interviews, group discussion and recordings. Thereafter data was analysed manually using descriptive explanation and narration. Among many things, the study found that learners with Nyanja background had problems in areas of spelling, pronunciation, translation, grammar, choice of register to use in correct contexts because English was introduced late to learners finding their brain optimal time to acquire language in good accent, pronunciation, fluency in English grammatical system already passed and learners brain were already anchored in Nyanja, a language with totally different stress, intonation and grammar. This assertion matches with Lundeberg (1967) when he established that brain lateralization finishes at puberty and that it leads to the end of brain’s ability to acquire language with fluency and accuracy. Therefore, the study recommended i) the alignment of English language from pupil’s first contact with the teacher in school and ii) English should be embraced as language of medium instruction in all the grades in schools.

Term-Forming Capabilities of the Ukrainian Equivalents of Original Computer Verb Terms

The article outlines the term-forming potential of the Ukrainian (translated) equivalents of computer verb terms. It is noted that taking into account verb-centricity as a defining feature of the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language, verb terms are essential elements of terminology in a particular field, including computer language. They play a significant role in shaping the thought, in achieving the accuracy and univocality of the information it carries. The proposed study aims to determine the potential of translated original computer verb terms of the equivalent type in terms of their terminological capabilities in the Ukrainian language. It was ascertained that the creation of the Ukrainian verb term begins with translating the original English verb term. The type of translation (equivalent / non-equivalent), in its turn, determines the way of creation (for the equivalent type) and the way of translation (for the non-equivalent type) of a Ukrainian verb term. Translated verbs (or verbs of the equivalent type) serve as a source for forming terms via semantic derivation with its main mechanisms – terminologization and trans-terminologization. This is conditioned by the part of speech category of the studied terms, the particular importance of verb semantics in the Ukrainian language.

The Polish Sign Language sentence reproduction test (PJM-SRT) as a linguistics challenge

The aim of this paper is to present the efforts intended to develop the Polish Sign Language sentence reproduction test (PJM-SRT). There are no standardised PJM profi ciency tests available yet, which makes it diffi cult to evaluate language skills of learners of this language. The analysis presented in this paper covers the data obtained from 5 hearing persons who learnt to sign for 2–5 years reaching at least the B2 level. 10 example sentences from PJM-SRT were discussed and a qualitative analysis of their reproduction was performed. What follows from this review is that the sentences included in the test fulfi l their role well: they show which elements of the lexical and grammatical system of the PJM are the most challenging for the tested persons

Interactions of Nasal Harmony and Word-Internal Language Mixing in Paraguayan Guaraní

Words containing morphemes from multiple languages offer a unique look into the grammatical systems that constrain word formation. In this paper, I introduce novel data from nasal harmony patterns in contexts involving word-internal language mixing between Paraguayan Guaraní and Spanish, collected with native speakers of Guaraní. I provide the first full formal constraint-based analysis of nasal harmony in Paraguayan Guaraní, then show that nasal consonants within Spanish roots trigger nasal harmony in Guaraní affixal morphology, providing evidence for an emergent case of long-distance nasal harmony in the language. I demonstrate that this data supports an analysis in which a single phonological system has access to two different strata based on language of origin, countering predictions made by some previous approaches to the phonology of language mixing. My analysis combines Cophonology Theory and Agreement by Correspondence with phase faithfulness: a root is first evaluated according to the phonological grammar associated with its lexical stratum, and is then subject to faithfulness to that output.

THE THEMATIC RELATION OF THE SUBJECTS IN THE “SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN” MOVIE SCRIPT: A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS

Every language in the world has their own characteristic of syntactical structure. The important parts in grammatical system include subject, direct object, and indirect object (Van Valin, 2004). This study aims to find out the thematic relation of the subjects in the movie script. The data source of the study was taken from “Snow White and The Huntsman” movie script. The data used the clauses available in the script that contained verb-specific semantic role to identify whether the subject was categorized as agent, experiencer, recipient, stimulus, theme, or patient. The data were analyzed by using thematic relation categorization proposed by Van Valin (2004). The result showed that there are five semantic roles of subjects found in the script such as agent, experiencer, recipient, theme, and patient. The finding seems to contribute filling the gaps of the previous studies as well as providing a gap for further inquiries to be explored more by the future researchers.

Linguistic problems of translating Indonesian popular lyrics of cover songs into English

Translation results can be influenced by linguistic aspects. The objective of this study is to investigate several kinds of linguistic problems in the translation of Indonesian popular lyrics’ cover-songs from Indonesian into English. This study applies descriptive qualitative research. This research uses the document to collect data. The document used is cover songs from several popular singers and bands such as Andmesh Kamaleng, Anneth, Budi Doremi, Nineball, and Christian Bautista. There are seven popular lyrics’ cover songs that have been analyzed. The result analysis shows that translation songs activities cannot be separated from linguistic problems as in morphological, syntactical, phonological, and semantic. Morphologically, the problem is in the difference of the grammatical system related to singular and plural nouns. In phonological, the problem is in the differences between Indonesian and English syllables. As a result, the differences cause a different pronunciation and produce a different number of syllables. Syntactically, the problem is in constructing sentence elements. In a sentence, both in Indonesian and English at least will need a subject and a predicate orderly. Semantically, the problem is related to the meaning contained in a word or sentence, but equivalence may occur in translating to achieve an adequate degree of equivalence. When translating a song, a translator must pay close attention to the many components that contribute to the creation of a full product song. These components include song lyrics or text, as well as musical elements like melody and rhythm. In its formulation, the song lyric is a language that is not isolated from the musical principles such as the song's rhythm, melody, and harmony. In song translation, the sense and facts of the source texts are often changed. Therefore, the translator is faced with a choice of whether or not to translate such a lyric.

Language gender-marking and borrower discouragement

Research suggests that sex-based grammatical systems in languages are associated with gender differences in economic behavior. Using cross-country data on firms, we find that gendered languages lead women entrepreneurs to be more discouraged from applying for credit than male entrepreneurs.

Toward a functional typology of adpositions: theoretical implications

Abstract It is widely accepted that adpositions are used to code the relationship between noun phrases and the relationship between noun phrases and predicates. The present study demonstrates that adpositions are also a coding means for several functions unrelated to the role of noun phrases in the clause and unrelated to the relationship between noun phrases. The following distinct functions of adpositions are added to the existing typologies: 1. Coding the complement as locative (distinct from spatial relations); 2. Coding the directionality of movement (distinct from spatial relations); 3. Coding spatial relationship with respect to the point of reference (distinct from locative function or directionality); 4. Coding the change of the inherent semantic properties of nouns (distinct from spatial relations, directionality, or the locative function); 5. Coding locative predication as distinct from other predications (distinct from locative complement). The study also addresses a fundamental question, viz. why adpositions are sometimes used and sometimes not used within the same language even if the same functions are encoded in the clause. The study also addresses why adpositions are used or not used across languages when the same functions are involved. The general implication of this study is that it provides the evidence that languages encode different semantic structures in their grammatical system. Consequently, the formation of utterances is driven by the speaker’s choice from semantic functions encoded in the grammatical system of the given language and from the available formal means of coding.

Пассивизация непереходных глаголов в русском языке: существует ли системный запрет?

ABSTRACT The article challenges the traditional theory according to which only transitive verbs can have passive voice forms in Russian. Based on the Russian National Corpus and texts found on the Internet, the paper shows that the grammatical system of Russian permits the passivization of oblique-complement verbs and verbs that govern prepositional phrases. The analysis shows that whether or not a verb permits the formation of passive voice forms depends on the communicative status of the complement rather than its grammatical form, while the semantic and morphonological restrictions on passivization equally apply to verbs regardless of the form of their complements. The paper gives evidence confirming that some passive voice forms are loan translations from other languages, but argues that the use of the loan translation mechanism does not bring about anything that contradicts the rules of Russian grammar, but rather leads to a more comprehensive implementation of previously unused capabilities of the grammatical system.