Grammatical Expression Research Articles

Http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/231

It is obvious that there is no book in history that has received the attention of researchers as well as the Quran, which was written about thousands of books, and was taken care of by Muslims in different ways: some of them studied in terms of rulings and devise doctrinal issues, and some of them in terms of extracting evidence of the assets of the faith, Some of them studied it in order to learn about the ways of various readings, and the sect took care beside the language to explain the strange and a statement to its grammatical expression and understand its methods or highlight its eloquence and reveal the secrets of its miracle. This has guided to emerge several new sciences, including grammar, the Quran played an important role in the development of the rules of the Arabic grammar and the enactment of its laws, and Arabic grammar played a useful role in the interpretation of the Quran and reveals its secrets. The objectives of the research may be summarized in the answer to clarify the beginnings of poetic citations in the books of Tafsir, and to explain the most important books concerned with poetic evidence in the development of grammatical rules, and to clarify the role of Arabic grammar in the interpretation and clarification of the Quranic verses, and to explain the role of the interpretation of the role of the preservation of Sameen Halabi in the production of poetic evidence, The position of the Sameen Halabi of Sim’a like the Quran, Hadith and Arabic poetry in the light of his interpretation of Al-Durr –Al-Masoon.

Examining the Effect of Adverbs and Onomatopoeia on Physical Movement.

Introduction: The effect of promoting a physical reaction by the described action is called the action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE). It has been verified that physical motion changes depending on the time phase and grammatical expression. However, it is unclear how adverbs and onomatopoeia change motion simulations and subsequent movements.Methods: The subjects were 35 healthy adults (11 females; mean age 21.3). We prepared 20 sentences each, expressing actions related to hands and feet. These were converted into 80 sentences (stimulus set A), with the words “Slow” or “Quick” added to the words related to the speed of movement, and 80 sentences (stimulus set B) with the words “Fast” and onomatopoeia “Satto” added. Additionally, 20 unnatural sentences were prepared for each stimulus set as pseudo sentences. Choice reaction time was adopted; subjects pressed the button with their right hand only when the presented text was correctly understood (Go no-go task). The reaction time (RTs) and the number of errors (NoE) were recorded and compared.Results: As a result of a two-way repeated ANOVA, an interaction effect (body parts × words) was observed in RTs and NoE in set A. “Hand and Fast” had significantly faster RTs than “Hand and Slow” and “Foot and Fast.” Furthermore, “Hand and Fast” had a significantly higher NoE than others. In set B, the main effects were observed in both RTs and NoE. “Hand” and “Satto” had significantly faster RTs than “Foot” and “Quick,” respectively. Additionally, an interaction effect was observed in NoE, wherein “Foot and Satto” was significantly higher than “Hand and Satto” and “Foot and Quick.”Conclusion: In this study, the word “Fast” promoted hand response, reaffirming ACE. The onomatopoeia “Satto” was a word that conveys the speed of movement, but it was suggested that the degree of understanding may be influenced by the body part and the attributes of the subject.

Analysis of Facial Expressions in Brazilian Sign Language (Libras)

Brazilian Sign Language (in Portuguese, Libras) is a visuospatial linguistic system adopted by the Brazilian deaf communities as the primary form of communication. Libras are a language of minority groups, thus their research and production of teaching materials do not receive the same incentive to progress or improve as oral languages. This complex language employs signs composed of forms and hands movements combined with facial expressions and postures of the body. Facial expressions rarely appear in sign language literature, despite their being essential to this form of communication. Thereby, this research objectives are to present and discuss sub-categories of the grammatical facial expressions of Libras, with two specific objectives: (1) the building of an annotated video corpus comprehending all the categories identified in the literature of facial expressions in Brazilian sign language; (2) the application of Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (which has its origins as an experimental model in psychology) as a tool for annotating facial expressions in sign language. Ruled by a qualitative approach, the video corpus was carried out with nineteen Libras users (sixteen deaf and three hearing participants) who translated forty- three phrases from Portuguese to Libras. The records were later transcribed with the Eudico Linguistic Annotator software tool. From the analysis of the literature review, it was observed the need to classify facial expression as subcategories of lexical, as intensity, homonyms, and norm. It is believed that it is necessary to expand the studies on facial expressions, favoring their documentation and the description of their linguistic functions. Advances in this sense can contribute to the learning of Libras by deaf students and also by listeners who propose to act as teachers or as translators and interpreters of this language system.

Descriptive Review of the Registers of Similar Grammatical Expressions “ege,” “hante,” “egeseo,” and “hanteseo”

Descriptive Review of the Registers of Similar Grammatical Expressions “ege,” “hante,” “egeseo,” and “hanteseo”

Do Creoles conform to typological patterns? Habitual marking in Palenquero

AbstractIt is widely debated whether creole languages form a typological class; however, crosslinguistic generalizations from functional typology are seldom tested in creoles. Typological studies report a strong crosslinguistic tendency for asymmetries in habitual grammatical expressions across the present and past temporal reference domains (Bybee, 1994:245–8; Bybee, Perkins, & Pagliuca, 1994:151–60). This study analyzes two linguistic variants, preverbal asé and zero, which compete for habitual marking in Palenquero Creole (Colombia). I ask here: To what degree does the linguistic patterning of these forms conform to the crosslinguistic tendency? Results show that, despite Palenquero having widely cited creole features (e.g., preverbal markers and bare verb stems), the asymmetrical expression, distribution, and relative ordering of forms in the variable contexts closely align with crosslinguistic predictions for habituals, thus giving convincing evidence of typological markedness and not a Creole Prototype.

Research on Discourse Functions and Related Grammatical Expressions: A Historical Review

Research on Discourse Functions and Related Grammatical Expressions: A Historical Review

История изучения грамматической категории залога в удмуртской лингвистике

Introduction: the article is devoted to the study of the concepts of voice’s issues in Udmurt linguistics. The author traces the history and development of the voice forms of verbal units. Objective: to systematize and summarize the historical process of formation and universalization of scientific research in the field of study of the category of the voice of the Udmurt language. Research materials: the empirical basis of the study was the variety of approaches to the study of the voice category in the scientific research of linguists of different eras. Results and novelty of the research: based on the peculiarities of the development of methodological principles and attitudes in the study of the voice forms of the Udmurt verb, it is proposed to distinguish three stages of the study: a) the first stage (from the second half of the XVIII century to 1851) is characterized by the definition of terminology for the voice forms and their grammatical expression. The second stage (from 1851 to 1957) is characterized by a closer attention to the semantic aspect of language phenomena and to the development of terminology in the Udmurt language. A deep scientific understanding of the voice forms of the Udmurt verb began at the third stage (from 1957 to the present). During this period the structural-semantic principle dominates in the study of the considered grammatical category, providing for equal attention to the structure and semantics of a verbal unit. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the first experience of description of history and current state of the study of the question of voice in Udmurt linguistics, which opens up new prospects for the study of subject-object relations in the speech activity of a native speaker

Modality in Pakistani and British Media Discourse: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Editorials in Dawn and the Guardian

Modal verbs are used to construe an important grammatical expression called modality, which has its various shades in almost every newspaper. Modality is considered of extreme importance in media discourse. This paper presents the comparative study of modal verbs in Dawn, an English Pakistani newspaper, and Guardian, a British English newspaper. For this investigation, a corpus was designed using an equal number of editorials from both the newspapers and the analysis was carried out using Antconc, a corpus tool. The analysis revealed that Guardian editorial writers use a greater number of predictive modal verbs like will and would. On the other hand, Dawn editorial writers use a greater number of obligatory modal verbs like must and should. Also, the editorial writers of Dawn use a higher number of modal verbs like may and might to express possibility and ability.

ظاهِرَةُ التَّسامُحِ فی التُّراثِ النَّحْویّ: مَعالِمُها، وَمُسَوِّغاتُها

الملخص تتناول هذه الورقة ظاهرة التسامح النحوي في العربية کما تبدو من خلال الأقوال والتطبيقات المختلفة للنحاة العرب، وهي ظاهرة تشکل جانبا من جوانب الترخص في الدرس النحوي. وتعود أهمية بحث هذه الظاهرة إلى ضرورة جمع تطبيقاتها المختلفة، والحاجة إلى تأطير نظامها کما يظهر في التراث العربي. تشتمل الدراسة على مبحثين تسبقهما مقدمة، وتمهيد، وتتلوهما خاتمة؛ وذلک لتغطية أبعاد هذه الظاهرة من حيث المفهوم، والتطبيقات، والدواعي. تعالج المقدمة التعريف بالموضوع، وأهمية دراسته، وصعوباتها. ثم يقدم التمهيد لمحة موجزة عن تأصيل مصطلحات الظاهرة لغة واصطلاحا، ثم يستعرض بإيجاز نشأتها وتطورها في الدرس النحوي. وبينما يبحث المبحث الأول ملامح الظاهرة المختلفة مقدما أمثلة لکل ملمح منها، يعالج المبحث الثاني الأسباب أو المبررات المختلفة لتطبيقات هذه الظاهرة. ثم تقدم الخاتمة نتائج الدراسة وتوصيات البحث. Abstract This paper deals with the phenomenon of tolerance in Arabic as it appears through the different sayings and pracitces of Arab grammarians. This phenomenon brings together the various reasons or justifications that clarify and explin the informal grammatical expressions the Arab gramarians have used. The importance of examining this phenomenon goes back to the necessity for collecting its different applictions and the need for framing its system in Arabic language as it is shown in the Arabic heritage. The paper includes two chapters, or parts, preceded by an introduction and a preface, and followed by a conclusion in order to cover the dimensions of this phenomenon in terms of the concept and applications, and its Justifications. While he introduction deals with the notion, the importance of studying it, and its difficulties, the preface provides a brief overview of differents terms of the phenomenon and briefly reviews the beginings of the phenomenon and its development in the grammatical study. While Chapter I investigates its different features introducing various examples for each one of them, chapter II investigates the various reasons or justifications for the different applications of this phenomenon. The conclusion provides the results of the study and recommendations of the paper.

Individuation, counting, and measuring in the grammar of Kadiwéu

Abstract This work approaches some grammatical differences in the linguistic expression of counting, measuring, aggregating, and quantity comparison and partition in Kadiwéu, a classifier language spoken in Brazil. This paper brings evidence via the grammar of comparison and partition that the counting/measuring distinction is a genuine grammatical distinction. This work also shows that aggregate nouns in Kadiwéu pattern grammatically neither with substance nouns nor with naturally atomic object nouns. That is, Kadiwéu has a specific grammatical expression for groups as atoms.

Research on Semantic Analysis of Ocean Flow Field Based on Feature Similarity Collaborative Filtering

Ding, L., 2020. Research on semantic analysis of ocean flow field based on feature similarity collaborative filtering. In: Yang, D.F. and Wang, H. (eds.), Recent Advances in Marine Geology and Environmental Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 108, pp. 53–57. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In the field of ocean space-time data modeling research, fields and features are usually used to describe and organize ocean current phenomena, which is continuous and dynamic. However, during the process, the semantic analysis and expression of ocean flow field phenomena often produce heterogeneous problems. Because the feature theory can construct and define the conceptual model framework of domain knowledge system, the semantic analysis of the ocean flow field using the feature theory can be regarded as one of the ways to achieve the semantic sharing of the ocean flow field. Moreover, based on the collection and analysis of existing knowledge and concepts in the field of marine science, a quadruple-based organization in the paper is proposed for ocean flow field features, in which by expanding the concept features, attribute features, and relationship features, a basic structure-based approach is formed. The overall characteristic structure of the ocean flow field comprises concept, attribute, and relationship structure. Additionally, collaborative filtering is performed on the similarity of the structural features in the ocean flow field, and a formal grammatical expression system conforming to the characteristics of continuous flow field is also made so that a normative framework system is provided for the ocean flow field knowledge organization. The OWL language is used, which allows for the conduction of the formal expression and description of geostrophic flow, which provides semantic support for the integration and management of spatiotemporal data in the ocean flow fields.

VOICE PROBLEMS: VOICE AS A GRAMMATICAL ABSTRACTION (A RUSSIANBULGARIAN JUXTAPOSITION)

It is well-known that voice as a grammatical abstraction is one of the oldest verb categories that can be found in languages around the globe. Even in Egyptian (from 3200 BC) and Akkadian (from 3000 BC) one can find grammatical expressions of this abstract notion which signifies its coming before the separation of tense from aspect. One could also observe a reflection of classical models over time on Russian and Bulgarian grammatical systems in the 19th century. Closely related to the category of voice in Russian and Bulgarian is the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive. The presented opposition is inherent to many language families but it can function and be expressed differently in various languages. In this study the opposition is not understood as a phenomenon of categorical nature – they are not categories but oppositions based on different signs or properties. Additionally, a mention is made of the opinion held by some linguists that the opposition transitivity ~ intransitivity is justified by certain lexico-semantic word-forming and grammatical peculiarities of verbs. Voice as a grammatical category in Russian, just like case, occupies an intermediate position between morphology and syntax which makes it necessary for a wider investigation.

The Expression of Speaker and Nonspeaker Surprise in South Conchucos Quechua

Mirativity is generally portrayed as a report of information that is surprising to the speaker. In this study I argue for a broader characterization of mirativity which accounts for the grammatical expression of surprise on the part of discourse participants, whether speaker, addressee, or narrative participant. Surprise value is communicated in South Conchucos Quechua via three pairs of grammatical markers: two evidential enclitics, two tense markers, and two aspect suffixes. In light of data primarily from this language, I propose interactional categories involving surprise based on a set of parameters that specify its experiential center: essentially, who is surprised, when they are surprised, and how the surprise is realized. This interactional approach to the study of surprise expressions may be applied to other languages, contributing to a framework for cross-linguistic comparison and hopefully refining the analysis presented here.

THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF ADMIRATIVENESS IN RUSSIAN, FRENCH AND ENGLISH

The comprehension of admirativeness as an independent category took place relatively recently – at the end of the 20th century. Until now, some scholars have not recognized an independent character of admirative. However, in recent years there has been an increasingly noticeable tendency to recognize the separate role of admirativeness and to indicate that the expression of surprise evoked by unexpected information cannot be combined with similar meanings. At the same time, the ways and degree of expression of admirativeness in different language systems vary significantly. The introduction of such grammatical category as admirativeness and the term “admirative” refers to the second half of the 19th century. In 1879, O. Dozon coined the term in his works on the Albanian language. The choice of this name (Fr. admiratif comes from the verb “to admire”) is determined by the fact that the linguist interpreted the concept as a certain sense of admiration or surprise, often having an ironic character. Further the development of this direction showed that admirative had the meaning of surprise rather than admiration. In this connection, in 1997, S. de Lancey first singled out this concept into a separate grammatical category. The scholar substantiates it by the fact that in a number of languages, such as Korean, Turkish, Tibetan, Dardic, Sanvar, etc., admirative has a separate grammatical expression. The identification of admirativeness as a separate linguistic phenomenon with a number of specific features has been still the subject of controversy among the researchers. Characteristics and distinctive features of admirativeness, allowing for the separation it from other similar categories will be considered later in the paper (Davletbaeva et al., 2013). In his writings, S. de Lancey uses the term “mirative”, thereby excluding its correlation with admiration introduced by O. Dozon from the meaning of the concept, and indicating that its primary function is to convey the subject’s astonishment. To date, the term “mirative” is widely used in English-language grammar. V.A. Plugnyan notes that the use of this term is more grounded from a typological point of view, however, the use of the concept “admirative” is often retained in domestic works (Smagina, 1996).

Changing Event Categorization in Second Language Users Through Perceptual Learning

This study examined the impact of a second language (L2) on how event phases are categorized. The aim was to test how strong a boost the L2 system provides when learners are trained to classify events in a new way. The targeted linguistic contrast was the grammatical expression of change‐of‐state events in progress, available in English but far less so in Chinese. Advanced Chinese learners of English received categorization training in four conditions: action‐biased, completion‐biased, verbally‐distracted, and with overt L2 encoding. Experiment 1 tested the extent to which learners’ first language facilitates event categorization. Experiment 2 compared learning success in L2‐based categorization with and without verbal interference. Experiment 3 measured the benefits of explicit L2 verbalization for L2‐based category learning. The results showed that L2 grammar has a graded impact on learning, categorization with overt verbalization having the highest, followed by categorization in silence, and categorization with verbal interference the lowest, although not significantly reduced.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded Open Data, Open Materials, and Preregistered Research Design badges. All data and materials, along with preregistration for research design and analyses, are publicly accessible through the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/rxe6u/. The study materials are also publicly available via the IRIS database at https://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.

Is native quantitative thought concretized in linguistically privileged ways? A look at the global picture

ABSTRACT This work investigates whether reference in speech to certain quantities, namely 1, 2, and 3, is privileged linguistically due to our brain’s native quantitative capacities. It is suggested that these small quantities are not privileged in specific ways suggested in the literature. The case that morphology privileges these quantities, apart from 1, is difficult to maintain in light of the cross-linguistic data surveyed. The grammatical expression of 2 is explained without appealing to innate quantitative reasoning and the grammatical expression of 3 is not truly characteristic of speech once language relatedness is considered. The case that 1, 2, and 3 are each privileged lexically is also difficult to maintain in the face of the global linguistic data. While native neurobiological architecture biases humans towards recognizing small quantities in precise ways, these biases do not yield clear patterns in numerical language worldwide.

Frozen structure and concessive relations: a complex predication

This paper aims at analyzing the concessive relation, as a complex predication, under the scope of the freezing concept. After having defined the three terms of the analysis, we proceed to the description of the concessive relation, which includes several predicates at a time. This complexity is fixed in the language through grammaticalization, as a form of freezing, by means of grammatical expressions used to structure the organization of the predicative relations in the utterance, whether sentencial or multi-sentencial. This fixation in the language declines the same concessive relation with semantic nuances that testify to the richness of this complex predication.

There is no Target Oriented Speaking Activity without Motivation: Peculiarities of Children’s Monologues Expressions

The aim of the article is in the description a) of finding out motivation peculiarities in extended monologue expressions and speech motives of the children of five and six years olds in ontogenesis; b) established connection between development state of speech motives and development state of lexical and grammatical expressions structuring that are out speaking and have great explanation strength while interpreting mastering and owing processes of the native language and oral speech. The used scientific methods are: а) theoretical (analyses of scientific resources, generalization of analyzed literature and its systematization, pointing out of some basic terms, which make the ground of the research, conclusion formulation); b) empirical (playing situations, motivating and speech screening, linguistic content-analyses of children’s judgments, stated, formatting and controlling experiments and survey of children; v) statistics methods. Study of children’s monologue expressions was done in terms of speech operations. The results of children’s speech observation uncover peculiarities and development levels of Ukrainian speaking children speech motives of five and six years, peculiarities of children’s speech motivation typical for every of pointed out levels which witnesses that every child who is developing due to the established criteria has individual and irregular development of motivating and speech operations and actions; highlight the dynamic, vectors and mechanisms of speech motivation development; demonstrate typical strategies of gaining by children meaning formulating motive concepts; gradual development of motive targets, with which appearance we see changing of motive and aim, and speech children’s activities epigenetically gain the status of self-estimated and sustainable and goal oriented speech activity; underline operation specific of grammatical structuring of the phrases and extended monologue expressions and selecting words operations according to the forms acted by children; confirm correlated analyses interconnections among motivating and lexically grammatical operations.

Linguistic Study of Stance-Taking in Online Media

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Thai University Students’ Use of Yes/No Tokens in Spoken Interaction

Adopting the interactional linguistic framework, the study aimed at exploring the range and frequency of interactional functions of yes/no tokens used by Thai university students of A2 proficiency in their English conversation, and contrasting their use with that of English native speakers (ENSs). The data was derived from 83, two-three party role-play conversations of approximately three–five minutes long obtained from conversation classes that were transcribed and analyzed. The findings revealed the students’ use of yes tokens in the following order of functional frequency: acceptance, confirmative response, positive alignment, acknowledgment, topic shift and self-confirmation. By contrast, no tokens were employed most often to disconfirm/disagree, followed by doing disappointment, restatement and negative alignment. Additionally, the students appeared to overuse yes tokens to fulfill certain functions for which ENSs usually deployed other expressions, and had difficulty giving grammatical short answers with the tokens. Furthermore, unlike ENSs, they often used these tokens alone, repeatedly or redundantly with other expressions of the same functions. It was suggested that students be made aware of grammatical expressions that can co-occur with yes/no tokens in giving short answers, and especially of a wider range of expressions commonly used in a specific context and various contexts in which an expression can be appropriately used.