Grafting Degree Of Maleic Anhydride Research Articles

Peroxide free radical grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene under high melt temperature: A comprehensive approach

“Flash Reactive Extrusion” under very high temperatures (T=200–420°C) allowed to graft maleic anhydride onto polyethylene (PE) without the use of conventional free radical initiators such as peroxides. Herein, the use of unusual temperatures induced the formation of radicals through degradation/chain scission of the PE backbone and the latter radicals were able to react with maleic anhydride (MA) and yielding a MA grafting degree close to 1.4 wt% at 390°C. Moreover, the MA grafting mechanistic scheme was deeply discussed with the help of 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis and it was pointed out that β-scissions reactions are favoured in comparison with the cross-linking ones at very high temperatures for the thermal initiation step with a MA grafting mainly onto the PE side chain.

Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) matrix and reinforced with natural fiber fabrics: The effect of fiber type and compatibilizer content

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) was reinforced with either bamboo or jute fabric to produce 30 wt% composites. However, hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic natural fiber are incompatible. Hence, maleic anhydride grafted PLA (PLA‐g‐MA) used as compatibilizer. In this study, effect of grafting reactants content, maleic anhydride (MA) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) on MA grafting degree of PLA‐g‐MA were optimized using Taguchi experimental design. Synthesized PLA‐g‐MA exhibiting highest MA grafting degree used as compatibilizer at 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% for 30 wt% composites. These compatibilized 30 wt% composites were investigated for their water absorption, thermal stability, thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties. PLA‐g‐MA addition at 3 wt% onto 30 wt% bamboo/PLA or at 5 wt% onto 30 wt% jute/PLA enhanced their interfacial adhesion, increasing theirTg,Tm,Xc, tensile, flexural, impact and storage modulus but reduced their water absorption,Tccand damping factor. Further PLA‐g‐MA addition above 3 wt% onto 30 wt% bamboo/PLA or above 5 wt% onto 30 wt% jute/PLA adversely affected their water absorption, thermal, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. This was attributed to excess uncoupled PLA‐g‐MA acting as plasticizer. Adverse effects also observed for their thermal stability when PLA‐g‐MA was added onto 30 wt% bamboo/PLA or 30 wt% jute/PLA. This was attributed to higher grafting reactant content, MA and less thermally stable PLA‐g‐MA.

Triallyl isocyanurate‐assisted grafting of maleic anhydride to poly(lactic acid): Efficient compatibilizers for poly(lactic acid)/talc composites with enhanced mechanical properties

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA)/talc composites are of considerable interest because they can address the drawbacks associated with PLA, such as poor thermal/mechanical properties and high cost. Nevertheless, due to low compatibility between PLA and talc, coupling agents, or compatibilizers capable of increasing the adhesion between the two materials are required. Herein, triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC)‐assisted maleic anhydride (MAH)‐grafted PLA (i.e., PLA‐g‐[MAH/TAIC]) copolymers are developed as compatibilizers for achieving PLA/talc composites with significantly enhanced mechanical properties. The TAIC increases the MAH activity and inhibits the degradation of the PLA, thus effectively increasing the MAH grafting degree. Importantly, the PLA‐g‐(MAH/TAIC) copolymers improve the mechanical properties (30% and 17% increases in the elongation at break and Izod impact strength, respectively) compared to those of the PLA/talc composite with PLA‐g‐MAH.

Maleic anhydride grafted onto high density polyethylene with an enhanced grafting degree via monomer microencapsulation

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is among the flexible polymers on account of its appropriate processability and adequate mechanical properties. Grafting reactive monomers such as glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and maleic anhydride (MAH) onto polyethylene was one of the ultimate choices to improve the physicochemical properties of HDPE. MAH is an appropriate option for grafting onto HDPE owing to its low reactivity and it relatively undergoes a direct grafting onto the polymer. The grafting of MAH on HDPE copolymerization has been conducted using monomer microencapsulation method in this study. The monomer microencapsulation samples were extracted stratified using acetone and xylen. Samples were then analyzed using titration, melt flow rate, FTIR, DSC, TGA and C-NMR. The results showed the degree of paste monomer on HDPE with a microencapsulation method was greater when compared to the usual method. We were successfully improving the grafting degree of MAH onto HDPE by using a simple blending method. The pre-microencapsulated HDPE provided an increasing in grafting degree of 1.88% (HDPE-g-MAH) over the conventional one which shows the value of 1.39% (HDPE-g-MAH).

Organically Modified Montmorillonite as Nanoreactor to Improve the Grafting Degree of Maleic Anhydride onto Polypropylene

The application of an organically modified montmorillonite nanoreactor in the reactive extrusion process of the free radical grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene (PP) can increase the MAH grafting degree on the PP. The mechanism of grafting was studied by using transmission electron microscopy and high temperature gel permeation chromatography. It was found that both the strong interactions between MAH and MMT surface and the encapsulation effect of active species confined in o-MMT improved the grafting degree.

Crystallization, Structures, and Properties of Different Polyolefins with Similar Grafting Degree of Maleic Anhydride.

Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafting to different polyolefins with similar grafting degree can have different effects on crystallization, crystal structure, and mechanical and thermal properties. The grafting leads to a smaller crystal size, less ordered lamellar structure, and a shorter long period for HDPE, LLDPE, and PP. The grafting makes PP lamellar packing less ordered the most and almost no effect to LLDPE. The grafting does not have that much impact on the crystallization ability of the HDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE/PP blend, but appreciably reduces the crystalline ability of PP-g-MAH, due to a dramatical drop in its molecular weight during the grafting process. As a result, the grafting makes PP a very brittle material with a lowered average melting point than the corresponding neat PP, but the grafting has almost no effect on elongation at break for LLDPE and some effect on HDPE (decreased by one-third). However, the PP degradation due to MAH grafting can be avoided in the presence of PE component, i.e., making the grafting of PP and PE at the same time with HDPE/PP blend. The grafted HDPE/PP blend shows a significantly improved compatibility, which leads to overall appreciably better mechanical properties than the neat HDPE/PP blend.

Effect of co-monomer on the adhesive performance of PP-g-MAH between cast polypropylene film and aluminum foil

Three functionalized polypropylenes (PPs) were successfully prepared for use as the inner adhesive layer of aluminum/polymer laminated film by melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) on PP with styrene (St), diallyl phthalate (DAP) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) as co-monomers, respectively. The effects of these co-monomers (St, DAP and TAIC) on the grafting degree of MAH, gel content, thermal property and adhesive performance of MAH grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) were investigated. The results show that the T-peeling and heat-sealing strengths of TAIC-assisted PP-g-MAH (PP-g-MAH/TAIC) are 28.6 and 70.4 N /15 mm, which are increased by 33.6% and 20.8% compared to DAP-assisted PP-g-MAH (PP-g-MAH/DAP), and by 142.4% and 81.0% compared to St-assisted PP-g-MAH (PP-g-MAH/St), respectively. The grafting degree of MAH reaches a maximum of 2.3 wt% in PP-g-MAH/TAIC, which leads to a higher crystallization temperature than PP-g-MAH/DAP and PP-g-MAH/St. PP-g-MAH/TAIC also has better thermal stability than the other two functionalized PPs, as TAIC can effectively reduce PP chain scission and promote the formation of a cross-linked structure during the melt grafting.

Functionalization of cyclic natural rubber grafted maleic anhydride (cnr-g-ma) with variation of ma concentration, inisiator and reaction time

Cyclic natural rubber have low compatibilities when mixed with other polymer. The compatibility of a cyclic natural rubber (CNR) could be increased through grafted functional monomer to the polymer backbone. This research aims to know about influence of maleic anhydrate concentration (3-15 phr) as monomer, concentration of benzoyl peroxide (0.05-0.2 molar ratio) as initiator and times (15-90 minute) towards grafting degree of maleic anhydride. The research conducted with reflux in oil bath, at constant temperature 110ºC. The grafting degree determined with titration method and FTIR analysis used to show the existence of grafted maleic anhydrate onto cyclic natural rubber. Result of FTIR analysis showed that grafted anhydrate to cyclic natural rubber assigned with the presence of carbonyl absorptions (C=O stretching). Result titration showed that concentration of maleic anhydrate and benzoyl peroxide enhanced as well as grafting degree. While for variation of time, optimum grafting degree achieved at 60 minute. Keywords: Grafting; inisiator; natural rubber; polymer

Characterization of maleic anhydride/styrene melt-grafted random copolypropylene and its impact on crystallization and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene

Maleic anhydride/styrene-grafted random copolypropylene (MPP) was prepared by multi-monomer melt grafting. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified that maleic anhydride and styrene were successfully grafted onto the polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) backbones. Dynamic rheological tests indicated the existence of long branched chains on MPP. The influence of grafting degree of maleic anhydride on the crystallization behavior of MPP was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy. The results showed that the crystallization rate of MPP was higher than that of PPR, and it increased with the increase in grafting degree. The long-chain branched structure could promote heterogeneous nucleation formation of MPP, resulting in the increase in crystallization rate and the decrease in spherulite size. Moreover, the effect of MPP content on crystallization and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (PP)/MPP blends was further investigated. It was found that the interfacial interaction in the blends with 1–10 wt% of MPP was higher than PP/MPP-15% blend. Introducing MPP into PP could induce the formation of β-crystal. Consequently, the incorporation of MPP into PP increased the tensile strength and impact strength and maximum values were obtained for PP/MPP-10% blend.

The mechanism of grafting of maleic anhydride onto isotactic polybutene-1 assisted by comonomers

Radical melt grafting reactions between isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) and maleic anhydride (MAH) were performed with different comonomers including styrene (St), alpha methyl styrene (AMS), and 1-decene in a Torque Rheometer. The reaction mechanism of comonomer/MAH melt grafting on iPB-1 was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC), melt flow rate (MFR), and gel content test. The results showed that MAH grafted onto iPB-1 after degradation of macromolecular chains without comonomers. In contrast, in the presence of comonomers, intermediates that could graft on iPB-1 main chains before its degradation were obtained, so the three comonomers were able to suppress the degradation thus increasing the grafting degree of MAH. The intermediates could be 1-decene-co-MAH or electron transfer complex (CTC) while St or AMS was added. Moreover, AMS and 1-decene increased the molecular weight and polydispersity of iPB-1 because macroradicals tended to have coupling termination.

The effect of epoxy and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide on melt‐grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene by reactive extrusion

ABSTRACTIn this report, melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) and epoxy resin onto polypropylene (PP) by peroxide‐initiated reactive extrusion has been investigated. As evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, both MAH and epoxy resin were successfully grafted onto PP through the reactions of MAH with PP and epoxy resin with MAH. It was found that tetramethyl thiuram disulfide could promote the grafting of MAH and inhibit the degradation of PP, as revealed by chemical titration and melt flow experiments, through prolonging the lifetime of the macroradical; meanwhile, epoxy resin could reduce the sublimation of MAH and the maximum grafting degree of MAH. Furthermore, the introduction of grafted products was found to enhance the mechanical properties of PP/glass fiber composites, and this influence was very significant at high grafting degrees with a high content of epoxy resin, which could be interpreted in terms of improved compatibility and adhesion at the interface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43422.

Synergistic compatibilization and reinforcement of HDPE/wood flour composites

ABSTRACTMulti‐monomer grafted copolymers, high‐density polyethylene‐grafted‐maleic anhydride‐styrene (HDPE‐g‐(MAH‐St)) and polyethylene wax‐grafted‐ maleic anhydride ((PE wax)‐g‐MAH), were synthesized and applied to prepare high‐performance high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/wood flour (WF) composites. Interfacial synergistic compatibilization was studied via the coordinated blending of high‐density polyethylene‐grafted‐maleic anhydride (MPE‐St) and polyethylene wax‐grafted‐ maleic anhydride (MPW) in the high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/wood flour (WF) composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology and three‐dimensional WF sketch presented that strong interactive interface between HDPE and WF, formed by MPE‐St with high graft degree of maleic anhydride (MAH) together with the permeating effect of MPW with a low molecular weight. Experimental results demonstrated that HDPE/WF composites compatibilized by MPE‐St/MPW compounds showed significant improvement in mechanical properties, rheological properties, and water resistance than those compatibilized by MPE, MPE‐St or MPW separately and the uncompatibilized composites. The mass ratio of MPE‐St/MPW for optimizing the HDPE/WF composites was 5:1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42958.

Compatibilization of polypropylene/recycled polyethylene terephthalate blends with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene in the presence of diallyl phthalate

Bi-functional co-agent, diallyl phthalate (DAP), −assisted melting free-radical grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) on polypropylene (PP) is carried out by reactive extrusion. The PP/recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) blends with and without PP-g-MAH/DAP (PP grafted with both MAH and DAP) are conducted on a twin-screw extruder. It reveals that the introduction of DAP can significantly enhance the grafting degree of MAH and decrease the chain scission of PP. The maximum extent of MAH grafting (1.5 wt.%) is obtained when DCP and MAH contents are 0.5 and 6.0 wt.%, respectively, and the DAP/MAH molar ratio is 0.3. Besides, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that the crystallization temperature of grafted PP is higher than that of pure PP due to the nucleation of grafted groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis proves that chemical reactions take place between PP-g-MAH/DAP and rPET. In particular, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations demonstrate that, the PP/rPET blends compatibilized with PP-g-MAH/DAP show enhanced adhesion at the interface comparing with the binary PP/rPET blend, which is also proved by DSC measurements, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and mechanical properties.

PP/펄프 복합체의 물성에 미치는 말레인산무수물 그래프트 PP의 영향

Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted polypropylenes (PP) (MAH-g-PP) were prepared by changing MAH content and styrene monomer (SM)/MAH mole ratio with different type PP, using a twin screw extruder. The types of PP were isotatic PP (iPP), block PP (bPP), and random PP (rPP) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as an initiator. The graft degree of MAH was confirmed by the existence of carbonyl group (C=O) stretching peak at 3100 cm of FTIR spectrum. Thermal properties of MAH-g-PP and PP/MAH-g-PP/pulp composites were investigated by DSC and TGA. There was no district change in thermal properties of PP/MAH-g-PP/pulp composites. Based on tensile properties and SEM pictures for fractured surface of PP/MAH-g-PP/pulp composites, MAH-g-rPP was the best as the compatibilizer and optimum formulation was MAH content of 1.0 wt%, SM/MAH mole ratio of 1.0, and melt index (MI) of 25 g/10 min. The rheological properties of the composites were investigated by a dynamic rheometer. The complex viscosity, shear thinning effect, and water uptake incresed with pulp content.

랜덤 PP의 반응압출 및 PP/Pulp 복합체 특성에 대한 스티렌과 무수말레인산 함량의 영향

랜덤 폴리프로필렌(random polypropylene, rPP)의 무수말레인산(maleic anhydride, MAH) 반응압출에 대한 MAH 함량 및 스티렌/MAH 몰비의 영향을 고찰하기 위해 이축압출기(twin screw extruder)를 이용하여 MAH가 그라프트된 rPP(MAH-g-rPP)를 제조하였다. MAH의 함량은 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 phr이었고, 스티렌/MAH 몰비는 0, 1, 2로 하였으며, 개시제로는 dicumyl peroxide (DCP)가 사용되었다. MAH의 그라프트 정도는 FT-IR을 이용하여 <TEX>$1700cm^{-1}$</TEX> 근처에서 나타나는 카르보닐기(C = O) 신축진동 피크의 존재 여부를 통해 확인하였으며, <TEX>$3000cm^{-1}$</TEX> 근처의 C-H 신축진동을 기준으로 하여 정량한 결과 그라프트 반응이 MAH 함량이 3.0 phr까지 증가하는 경향을 보여주었고, 스티렌 몰비는 1.0일 때 최적을 나타내었다. MAH-g-rPP와 MAH-g-rPP가 5.0 phr 포함된 PP/MAH-g-rPP/pulp 복합체의 열적특성, 결정화 특성 등을 시차주사열용량분석기(DSC), 열중량분석기(TGA), X-선 회절분석(XRD), 편광현미경(POM) 등을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 비등온 결정화온도는 rPP-g-MAH가 첨가되었을 때 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, PP/MAH-g-rPP/pulp 복합체의 인장특성과 인장시험 후 파단면의 SEM을 측정한 결과, MAH 함량 1.0 wt%, 스티렌/MAH 몰비 1.0일 때 상용화제로의 역할이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 복합체의 가공성 비교를 위해 복소 점도와 전단박하(shear thinning) 정도를 동적유변측정기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 상용화제를 가지는 복합체의 경우 낮은 멱수 법칙 지수(n)를 보여주었다. In order to analyze the effect of maleic anhydride (MAH) content and styrene monomer (SM)/MAH mole ratio on reactive extrusion of maleic anhydride grafted random polypropylenes (MAH-g-rPP), MAH-g-rPPs were prepared by using a twin screw extruder. MAH contents were 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 phr and SM/initiator mole ratio was 0.0, 1.0, and 2.0. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as an initiator. The graft degree of MAH was confirmed by the existence of carbonyl group (C = O) stretching peak at <TEX>$1700cm^{-1}$</TEX> from FT-IR spectrum. The degree of graft reaction increased up to 3.0 phr MAH and showed the optimum value at 1.0 SM/MAH mole ratio from the area ratio of C = O and C-H stretching peak. Thermal and crystallization properties of MAH-g-rPP and PP/MAH-g-rPP/pulp composites were investigated by DSC, TGA, XRD, and POM. There was a decrease in non-isothermal crystallization temperature of PP/MAH-g-PP/pulp composites. Based on tensile properties and SEM pictures for the fractured surface of PP/MAH-g-PP/pulp composites, MAH content of 1.0 wt% and SM/MAH mole ratio of 1.0 were the optimum formulation as the compatibilizer. The rheological properties of the composites were measured by dynamic Rheometer to compare the processability of the composites with and without compatibilizer. The power law index showed slightly low value at the composites with compatibilizer.

Styrene-assisted melt free-radical grafting of maleic anhydride onto poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)

Maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) chains by using styrene (St) as co-monomer and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as free-radical initiator. The grafting degree of MA was increased from 0.2 wt% to 0.9 wt% with the St/MA ratio up to 2/1. The St-assisted grafting mechanisms are revealed based on titration, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared analysis, i.e. MA is grafted onto PHB chains by way of single monomers and charge-transfer-complex (CTC) at the St/MA ratios of ≤1/1, while St-co-MA oligomers are the dominating grafting pendants when the St/MA ratios ≥2/1. The decomposition temperature (Td-5%) of PHB is raised by approx. 35 °C after grafting of the MA and/or short St/MA pendants, meanwhile higher molecular weight of the PHB is obtained. In addition, the crystallization of PHB is promoted by grafting of the MA or MA-co-St oligomers. The crystallization mechanism of maleated PHB is proposed as well.

Fluorescence quenching of fluoranthene by maleic anhydride in solution and during nonreactive and reactive twin-screw extrusion

Fluorescence quenching of fluoranthene by maleic anhydride (MAH) in polypropylene (PP) during twin-screw extrusion (TSE) was investigated using an online fluorescence measurement system. The fluorescence quenching effect was clearly seen from the decrease of the peak intensity and integrated area of the residence time distribution (RTD) curves when MAH was introduced into PP. Fluorescence quenching effect in TSE was compared with that in chloroform solution and in both cases, it followed the linear Stern-Volmer equation although it showed lower quenching effect in TSE than in solution. Using this quenching phenomenon, it was possible to measure online the grafting degree of PP with MAH in the TSE. The obtained results showed that MAH grafting degree and total conversion measured by both fluorescence technique and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were in good agreement for MAH weight concentrations up to 0.8 wt%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Morphological changes and surface reactions of wood fibers in wood composites

This work addressed questions regarding the fate of wood pulp fibers in the composite manufacturing process, for instance whether the processing induced fiber damages, and the improved interfacial adhesion accelerated this function. A number of wood fibers were blended with various maleic anhydride-grafted polymers fully and partially to study their morphological changes. The fractured fibers were separated from wood composites with aromatic hydrocarbons and analyzed using Fiber quality analyses, Scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to validate the degree of fiber fractures and the esterification reaction. The fiber damages were related to the maleic anhydride grafting degree, molecular weight and molecular structures of maleated polymers.

Preparation of EPR/silica filler by a co-irradiation method forming PP/EPR/silica nanocomposites

This paper presents a novel approach to prepare ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR)/silica filler by co-irradiation method forming polypropylene (PP)/EPR/silica nanocomposites. The grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) on EPR was first studied by co-irradiation in the micro-suspension without any chemical initiator, and the effects of MAH concentration and the total co-irradiation dose on the graft degree of MAH were investigated. Then PP/EPR/silica nanocomposites were successfully prepared by blending of PP matrix and EPR/silica filler, which was obtained by co-irradiation using a mixture of EPR/MAH microsuspension in xylene and tetraethoxysilane/KH560 sol in formic acid. FTIR and SEM results showed that the reactions between MAH on EPR chains and KH560 surrounding silica particles were adopted to form the EPR/silica filler with strong bonding and well silica dispersion. Mechanical properties of PP/EPR/silica nanocomposites with different silica contents and the comparisons with PP, PP/EPR and PP/silica films were studied. The rigid silica particles were trapped in EPR shell and well dispersed in PP/EPR/silica nanocomposites with good compatibility and strong interfacial adhesion, achieving overall improvements in stiffness, strength and toughness compared with pure PP.

Melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene with assistance of α‐methylstyrene

AbstractMelt grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) and α‐methylstyrene (AMS) onto polypropylene (PP) was performed by reactive extrusion. Effects of AMS on the graft degree of MA, crystallization behavior, and thermal properties of the graft copolymer were investigated. Results show that the addition of AMS as a comonomer can efficiently improve the MA graft degree. When the molar ratio of AMS to MA is 0.9:1, the maximum MA graft degree is attained, which increases about 56% compared with that using single monomer of MA. The results of the graft degree of MA obtained by chemical titration (CT) agree well with those obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Melt flow rate (MFR) measurements indicate that the addition of AMS effectively reduces the degradation of PP molecules. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results show that in comparison with the PP‐g‐MA sample, the PP‐g‐(MA‐AMS) sample shows no new crystalline form, but has a slight decrease in the average crystalline domain size. According to the results of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the graft PP in the presence of AMS exhibits a lower melting point and a higher crystallization temperature and thermal stability in comparison with that without AMS. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers