Gradual Decay Research Articles

Heterogeneities in the latent functions of employment: New findings from a large-scale German survey.

Building on social psychologist Marie Jahoda’s pioneering work, the psychological literature has shown that work fulfills both manifest functions (e.g., monetary returns) and latent functions (e.g., social contact). This article uses data from the German panel study “Labor market and social security” (PASS), which contains information on latent and manifest factors (from a shortened latent and manifest benefits, or LaMB, scale), as well as a large array of other variables for over 9,000 respondents. This probability-sampled data allowed for detailed analyses that have not been previously possible. We investigate differences in these factors by labor market status, among those employed, and among those unemployed. We identify considerable variation between status groups, suggesting that employment, overall, is important and that longer periods of unemployment lead to a gradual decay of the latent and manifest factors. Furthermore, regression analyses show that the LaMB measures account for approximately 70% of the partial correlations between unemployment and various well-being measures.

Experimental investigation on voltage response characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells under gas starvation

Hydrogen and oxygen starvation during operation have an irreversible impact on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which seriously restricts its working life. In this study, the voltage response characteristics of hydrogen–oxygen PEMFC under different degrees of hydrogen and oxygen starvation were experimentally studied, and the gas starvation tolerance was further analyzed through polynomial fitting. The results show that the response of voltage changes from stable to gradual decay with time under a certain degree of gas starvation. In the case of hydrogen starvation, the response voltage decreases in a parabolic trend, which indicates that PEMFC have poor tolerance to hydrogen starvation. While the response voltage basically shows a linear downward trend in oxygen starvation condition, and it lags behind the change of oxygen concentration. In addition, compared with oxygen starvation, hydrogen starvation causes more serious damage. It was found that after hydrogen starvation experiment, the performance was deceased by 39.36%, the electrochemical active surface area decreased by 18.37%, and the charge transduction resistance increased by 47.24%. It is also found that increasing the working temperature effectively alleviate this degradation phenomenon, which is expected to be an effective mitigation strategy for the damage by gas starvation.

Effect of Fluoroquinolone Use in Primary Care on the Development and Gradual Decay of Escherichia coli Resistance to Fluoroquinolones: A Matched Case-Control Study.

The reversibility of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine, over a period of five years, the effect of fluoroquinolone (FQ) use in primary care on the development and gradual decay of Escherichia coli resistance to FQ. In this matched case–control study, we linked three sources of secondary data of the Health Service of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Italy. Cases were all those with an FQ-resistant E. coli (QREC)-positive culture from any site during a 2016 hospital stay. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. A total of 409 cases were matched to 993 controls (FQ-sensitive E. coli) by the date of the first isolate. Patients taking one or more courses of FQ were at higher risk of QREC colonization/infection. The risk was highest during the first year after FQ was taken (OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.92–3.70, p < 0.0001), decreased during the second year (OR 1.54, 95%CI 1.09–2.17, p = 0.015) and became undetectable afterwards (OR 1.09, 95%CI 0.80–1.48, p = 0.997). In the first year, the risk of resistance was highest after greater cumulative exposure to FQs. Moreover, older age, male sex, longer hospital stays, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for QREC colonization/infection. A single FQ course significantly increases the risk of QREC colonization/infection for no less than two years. This risk is higher in cases of multiple courses, longer hospital stays, COPD and diabetes; in males; and in older patients. These findings may inform public campaigns and courses directed to prescribers to promote rational antibiotic use.

More than Tea - Environmental Decay, Administrative Isolation and the Struggle for Identity in Darjeeling

The victim of both geographical, historical and administrative isolation, Darjeeling owed its growth to tea cultivation in the hills by migrants from neighbouring Nepal collectively called Gorkhas. Their contributions notwithstanding, they felt discriminated by West Bengal’s residents to whose state they were administratively attached. Poverty and poor working conditions, with no voice in the tea estates, and poorly maintained infrastructure that brought frequent landslides have fuelled demands for “Gorkhaland”, a homeland separate from West Bengal, where the distinctiveness of their identity and their role as Indian citizens would be fully recognised. It did not help that the Darjeeling district had been administratively detached from the political mainstream. Periodic agitations against the state government have weakened local institutions, disrupted the local economy impacting adversely tea production and tourism on which the local economy and the Gorkhas depend. The West Bengal government had partly recognised Gorkha demands by establishing the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council and the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) each vested with limited autonomy. But disagreements on autonomy have left the Gorkhaland issue unresolved. In the meantime, Darjeeling continues to experience gradual decay, absent adequate support from the West Bengal government and from Darjeeling’s local government, including the GTA itself.

Unsteady dynamics in a subsonic duct flow with a bluff body

A series of reduced-order numerical simulations on a specific bluff body type (v-gutters) in a subsonic duct flow is performed to assess the unsteady wake dynamics. Two of the v-gutter's geometrical parameters are varied: the v-gutter's base angle (θ) and the size of a slit (ξ) at the leading-edge of the v-gutter. Turbulent flow kinematics and pressure field are analyzed to evaluate the unsteadiness at a freestream Mach number of M∞=0.25 and a freestream Reynolds number based on bluff body's transverse length (L = 17.8 mm) of ReL=0.1×106. Five v-gutter angles are considered (θ, rad=π/6,π/4,π/3,5π/12,π/2) and three slit sizes (ξ, mm =0,0.25,0.5) are considered only for a particular θ=[π/6]. In general, high fluctuations in velocity and pressure are seen for the bluffest body in consideration (θ=π/2) with higher drag (cd) and total pressure loss (Δp0). However, bluffer bodies produce periodic shedding structures that promote flow mixing. On the other hand, the presence of a slit on a streamlined body (θ=π/6) tends to efficiently stabilize the wake and thus producing almost a periodic shedding structure with lower cd and Δp0. For θ=[π/6], broadened spectra in vortex shedding are seen with a peak at [fL/u∞]∼0.08. For θ≥[π/4], a dominant discrete shedding frequency is seen with a gradual spectral decay. Similarly, the effects of ξ on the θ=[π/6] case produce a discrete shedding frequency instead of a broadened one, as seen in the cases of θ≥[π/4]. The shedding frequency increases to a maximum of [fL/u∞]∼0.26 for the maximum slit size of ξ=0.5 mm. From the analysis of the x–t diagram and the modal analysis of vorticity and velocity magnitude in the wake, the peaks are indeed found to agree with the spectral analysis. More insights on the shedding vortices, momentum deficit in the wake, varying energy contents in the flow field, and the dominant spatiotemporal structures are also provided.

Working From Home and Covid-19: Where Could Residents Move to?

As a protective measure during the Covid-19 pandemic, in Spring 2020, a high number of employees began relocating their workplace to their homes, many for the first time. Recent surveys suggest that the share of those working from home (WFH) will remain higher than before the pandemic in the long term too—with correspondingly fewer commuting journeys. Workplaces are still often concentrated in inner cities, into which workers commute from more outlying areas. However, classical geographical economic theory suggests that a reduced need for commuting might lead to a reorientation of residential preferences amongst employees towards even fewer urban areas, as households trade off the disamenity of commuting against lower housing costs and more living space. This article investigates how such consequences could unfold in space. The Munich Metropolitan Region is characterised by a high share of knowledge-based jobs suitable for WFH and thus serves as our case study. We collect data at the municipality level for relevant aspects of residential location choices and develop an index for the potential of additional residential demand through increased WFH for each municipality in the Munich Metropolitan Region. Crucially, a municipality’s potential depends on the number of commuting days per week. Keeping the weekly commuting time budget constant, an increase in WFH, or a reduction in commuting days allows a longer commuting time per trip. We visualise our results and sensitivities with maps. We observe a gradual yet discontinuous decay of potentials from the region’s core to the fringes with an increase in WFH days.

Epistatic drift causes gradual decay of predictability in protein evolution.

Epistatic interactions can make the outcomes of evolution unpredictable, but no comprehensive data are available on the extent and temporal dynamics of changes in the effects of mutations as protein sequences evolve. Here, we use phylogenetic deep mutational scanning to measure the functional effect of every possible amino acid mutation in a series of ancestral and extant steroid receptor DNA binding domains. Across 700 million years of evolution, epistatic interactions caused the effects of most mutations to become decorrelated from their initial effects and their windows of evolutionary accessibility to open and close transiently. Most effects changed gradually and without bias at rates that were largely constant across time, indicating a neutral process caused by many weak epistatic interactions. Our findings show that protein sequences drift inexorably into contingency and unpredictability, but that the process is statistically predictable, given sufficient phylogenetic and experimental data.

An experimental study on burning characteristics and temperature distribution of inert porous sand bed soaked by leaked combustible liquid

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the burning characteristics and temperature distribution of inert porous sand bed soaked by leaked combustible liquid. 99.9% pure ethanol was selected as fuel and sand with different mean sizes were used as porous bed. Typical burning parameter, mass loss rate, flame height, plume temperature, sand bed temperature, and fuel residual percentage, etc., were measured and identified. Results shown that the overall variation trend of mass loss rate of liquid fuel-soaked inert porous sand bed exhibits a rapid increase at first and then a gradual decay. Specifically, the burning process can be divided into four stages, among which stage II and stage III account for a large proportion of burning duration. In Stage II, mass loss rate decreases with the increase of sand size, but that of stage III is not sensitive to sand size. Within current experimental range, by correlating dimensionless flame height and heat release rate, an empirical relationship is proposed for flame height in stage II . Axial temperature distribution of flame and plume did not vary significantly with sand size. The axial temperature profile could be described by classic plume relationship, but temperature decay rate is faster. In range of 76.1–77.1 °C, an obvious retardation appears in temperature growth of sand bed. The fuel residual percentage increases with the increase of sand size, however, due to the strong thermal conductivity of sand bed, low flash point and low viscosity of ethanol liquid, the maximum fuel residual percentage in current experiment is only 5.4%. This work can provide some references for fire safety and decontamination treatment in such combustible liquid-soaked inert porous media environment (soil, sand, etc).

Production routing for perishable products

This paper introduces the production routing problem for perishable products with fixed shelf life and gradual decay, where the age of products impacts the price that can be obtained when satisfying customer demands. In this problem, a single supplier is responsible for the production and distribution of perishable products to a set of customers. Fixed setup and variable production costs occur at the supplier location when production takes place, and routing costs are charged for the distribution activities. Additionally, inventory holding costs are incurred at both the production facility and the customer locations. Transshipments between customer locations are allowed on the basis of a unit transshipment cost. The objective is to maximise the total profit given by the sales revenue minus the sum of production, routing, inventory and transshipment costs. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program and solved using a branch-and-cut and a hybrid, iterated local search-based heuristic. Based on the results of the computational experiments, we analyse the impact of perishability on the structure of the solutions. We explore perishability in the form of both product shelf life and decay, observing that larger decay rates lead to a reduction in total profit, as a result of both a decrease in revenues and an increase in the total cost. We further analyse the impact of different decay rates on the cost structure of the problem and the significance of transshipments for the management of perishability across the system. Finally, we adapt our hybrid method to solve the standard production routing problem. Comparison of our results with state-of-the-art solution methods on benchmark instances from the literature shows that our heuristic provides good quality solutions that are competitive with the scientific literature.

CO2 plume and pressure monitoring through pressure sensors above the caprock

Commercial-scale development of CO2 geological storage necessitates robust and real-time monitoring methods to track the injected CO2 plume and provide assurance of CO2 storage. Pressure monitoring above the injection zone is a method to detect potential CO2 leaks into overlying formations. We present a generic CO2 storage model with a single injector to predict pressure changes above the caprock due to both fast hydraulic communication and partially undrained loading, the latter often neglected in reservoir simulation. The simulation used a compositional simulator coupled with geomechanics to solve the poroelastic equations in the entire storage complex. The results show that changes of pore pressure above the caprock caused by partially undrained loading reach up to ∼15 kPa within ∼10 days followed by a gradual decay with time. This is about 1% of the pressure increase in the injection zone. Furthermore, the pressure changes above the caprock are closely related to the advance of the CO2 plume. The results also include forward simulations considering the presence of: a fault either with high or low permeability, a poorly isolated abandoned well, a leaky injector, and a second injector. Fluid flow through high permeability paths across the caprock favors a ∼one order of magnitude higher, yet more gradual pressure increase than the base case with a fully covering caprock. Pressure monitoring above the caprock is a feasible technology to track the CO2 plume, requires high precision pressure measurements, and must account for partially undrained poroelastic loading to interpret correctly measured pressure signals in the field.

Bayesian modelling of integer-valued transfer function models

External events are commonly known as interventions that often affect times series of counts. This research introduces a class of transfer function models that include four different types of interventions on integer-valued time series: abrupt start and abrupt decay (additive outlier), abrupt start and gradual decay (transient shift), abrupt start and permanent effect (level shift) and gradual start and permanent effect. We propose integer-valued transfer function models incorporating a generalized Poisson, log-linear generalized Poisson or negative binomial to estimate and detect these four types of interventions in a time series of counts. Utilizing Bayesian methods, which are adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to obtain the estimation, we further employ deviance information criterion (DIC), posterior odd ratios and mean squared standardized residual for model comparisons. As an illustration, this study evaluates the effectiveness of our methods through a simulation study and application to crime data in Albury City, New South Wales (NSW) Australia. Simulation results show that the MCMC procedure is reasonably effective. The empirical outcome also reveals that the proposed models are able to successfully detect the locations and type of interventions.

The stiffness variability of a silk fibroin scaffold during bone cell proliferation.

Complex assessment of gradual changes in scaffold morphology and stiffness is an essential step in bone filler development. Current approach, however, does not reflect long term cell proliferation effect as the mechanical tests are usually conducted on pristine materials without cells or cell influence on material stiffness is evaluated after one time period only. Here, biocompatible silk fibroin (SF) porous scaffolds envisioned for bone defect filling were prepared by dissolving of fibroin fibers, followed by dialysis, freeze-drying and final stabilization. Particular attention was devoted to the influence of bone cell proliferation up to 2 months on the stiffness of the material. The morphology of the material was studied in terms of its inner structure and the overall changes in the surface characteristics due to proliferation of MG 63 bone cell line. The SF scaffold stiffness significantly increased during first month followed by its decline during second month due to bone cell seeding. After 2 months, the SF scaffold was completely colonized, which resulted in a gradual decay of its structure. The length of degradation due to bone cell proliferation and mechanical behavior corresponded to the requirements set for reasonable filler material indicating that porous SF scaffolds comprise a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration.

Experimentation Investigation of Hard facing Layer by MMAW on Alloy Steel

Abstract: The wearing of metal parts might be defined as a gradual decay or breakdown of the metal. When a part becomes so deformed that it cannot perform adequately, it must be replaced or rebuilt. While the end results of wear are similar, the causes of wear are different. It is essential to understand the wear factors involved before making a hard surfacing product selection. It would be easy to select a surfacing alloy if all metal components were subjected to only one type of wear. However, a metal part is usually worn by combinations of two or more types of wear. This makes an alloy selection considerably more complicated. A hard surfacing alloy should be chosen as a compromise between each wear factor. The initial focus should centre on the primary wear factor and then the secondary wear factor(s) should be examined. For example: upon examining a worn metal part, it is determined that the primary wear factor is abrasion and the secondary wear factor is light impact. The surfacing alloy chosen should have very good abrasion resistance but also have a fair amount of impact resistance. Keywords: Welding, Hard Facing Electrodes, Alloys, Afrox 300.

Symmetric aqueous redox flow battery using hydroiodic acid and anthraquinone‐2, 7‐disulfonic acid as redox couple

Iodide and triiodide ions (I− and I3− ions) are interesting active redox materials for aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) due to high solubility in various supporting electrolytes. However, under alkaline and neutral electrolytes, the redox reaction of I− and I3− ions is unstable due to undesirable potassium iodate produced during the reaction, whereas the reaction is stably operated under an acidic electrolyte state. As a redox couple, anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (AQDS) is considered due to excellent stability and high solubility, and perchloric acid is determined as an electrolyte because this suppresses another undesirable water-splitting reaction. For providing abundant I− and I3− ions, hydroiodic acid (HI) is used because hydrogen ions contained in HI can act as a proton donor, increasing the conductivity in the solution leading to better kinetics of the redox reaction of I− and I3−. When asymmetric ARFB using this redox couple is operated, gradual decay in both capacity and efficiencies is observed. This is due to the crossover of I− ions to the AQDS side. To overcome the problem, symmetric ARFB using the mixture of HI and AQDS in both electrolytes is adopted, and with that, the crossover issue is solved because the ionic balance of electrolyte is well maintained by the use of symmetric electrolyte, while its energy efficiency and discharging capacity are excellent as 67.6% and 26.6 Ah L−1, respectively, with capacity retention of 99.99% for 100 cycles.

Electronic Transport in Molecular Wires of Precisely Controlled Length Built from Modular Proteins.

DNA molecular wires have been studied extensively because of the ease with which molecules of controlled length and composition can be synthesized. The same has not been true for proteins. Here, we have synthesized and studied a series of consensus tetratricopeptide repeat (CTPR) proteins, spanning 4 to 20 nm in length, in increments of 4 nm. For lengths in excess of 6 nm, their conductance exceeds that of the canonical molecular wire, oligo(phenylene-ethylenene), because of the more gradual decay of conductance with length in the protein. We show that, while the conductance decay fits an exponential (characteristic of quantum tunneling) and not a linear increase of resistance with length (characteristic of hopping transport), it is also accounted for by a square-law dependence on length (characteristic of weakly driven hopping). Measurements of the energy dependence of the decay length rule out the quantum tunneling case. A resonance in the carrier injection energy shows that allowed states in the protein align with the Fermi energy of the electrodes. Both the energy of these states and the long-range of hopping suggest that the reorganization induced by hole formation is greatly reduced inside the protein. We outline a model for calculating the molecular-electronic properties of proteins.

Nonmonotonic Pair Potentials in the Interaction of Like-Charged Objects in Solution.

We consider the long-standing like-charge attraction problem, wherein under certain conditions, similarly charged spheres suspended in aqueous electrolyte have been observed to display a minimum in their interaction potential, contrary to the intuitively expected monotonically varying repulsion. Recently, we described an interfacial mechanism invoking the molecular nature of the solvent that explains this anomalous experimental observation. In our model for the interaction of negatively charged particles in water, the minimum in the pair potential results from the superposition of competing contributions to the total free energy. One of these contributions is the canonical repulsive electrostatic term, whereas the other is a solvation-induced attractive contribution. We find that whereas both contributions grow approximately exponentially with decreasing interparticle separation, the occurrence of a stable, long-ranged minimum in the pair potential arises from differences in the precise interparticle separation dependence of the two terms. Specifically, the interfacial solvation term exhibits a more gradual decay with distance than the electrostatic repulsion, permitting the attractive contribution to dominate the interaction at large distances. Importantly, these disparities become evident in quantities calculated from exact numerical solutions to the governing nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation for the spatial electrical potential distribution in the system. In marked contrast, we find that the linearized PB equation, applicable in the regime of low surface electrical potentials, does not support nonmonotonic trends in the total interaction free energy within the present model. Our results point to the importance of exact descriptions of electrostatic interactions in real systems that most often do not subscribe to particular mathematical limits where analytical approximations may provide a sufficiently accurate description of the problem.

Experimental analysis of radially resolved dynamic inflow effects due to pitch steps

Abstract. The dynamic inflow effect denotes the unsteady aerodynamic response to fast changes in rotor loading due to a gradual adaption of the wake. This does lead to load overshoots. The objective of the paper was to increase the understanding of that effect based on pitch step experiments on a 1.8 m diameter model wind turbine, which are performed in the large open jet wind tunnel of ForWind – University of Oldenburg. The flow in the rotor plane is measured with a 2D laser Doppler anemometer, and the dynamic wake induction factor transients in axial and tangential direction are extracted. Further, integral load measurements with strain gauges and hot-wire measurements in the near and close far wake are performed. The results show a clear gradual decay of the axial induction factors after a pitch step, giving the first direct experimental evidence of dynamic inflow due to pitch steps. Two engineering models are fitted to the induction factor transients to further investigate the relevant time constants of the dynamic inflow process. The radial dependency of the axial induction time constants as well as the dependency on the pitch direction is discussed. It is confirmed that the nature of the dynamic inflow decay is better described by two rather than only one time constant. The dynamic changes in wake radius are connected to the radial dependency of the axial induction transients. In conclusion, the comparative discussion of inductions, wake deployment and loads facilitate an improved physical understanding of the dynamic inflow process for wind turbines. Furthermore, these measurements provide a new detailed validation case for dynamic inflow models and other types of simulations.

Nonlinear, neuronal adaptation in insect vision models improves target discrimination within repetitively moving backgrounds

Neurons which respond selectively to small moving targets, even against a cluttered background, have been identified in several insect species. To investigate what underlies these robust and highly selective responses, researchers have probed the neuronal circuitry in target-detecting, visual pathways. Observations in flies reveal nonlinear adaptation over time, composed of a fast onset and gradual decay. This adaptive processing is seen in both of the independent, parallel pathways encoding either luminance increments (ON channel) or decrements (OFF channel). The functional significance of this adaptive phenomenon has not been determined from physiological studies, though the asymmetrical time course suggests a role in suppressing responses to repetitive stimuli. We tested this possibility by comparing an implementation of fast adaptation against alternatives, using a model of insect ‘elementary small target motion detectors’. We conducted target-detecting simulations on various natural backgrounds, that were shifted via several movement profiles (and target velocities). Using performance metrics, we confirmed that the fast adaptation observed in neuronal systems enhances target detection against a repetitively moving background. Such background movement would be encountered via natural ego-motion as the insect travels through the world. These findings show that this form of nonlinear, fast-adaptation (suitably implementable via cellular biophysics) plays a role analogous to background subtraction techniques in conventional computer vision.

Profiles of Naturalistic Attentional Trajectories Associated with Internalizing Behaviors in School-Age Children: A Mobile Eye Tracking Study.

The temperament profile Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a strong predictor of internalizing behaviors in childhood. Patterns of attention towards or away from threat are a commonality of both BI and internalizing behaviors. Attention biases are traditionally measured with computer tasks presenting affective stimuli, which can lack ecological validity. Recent studies suggest that naturalistic visual attention need not mirror findings from computer tasks, and, more specifically, children high in BI may attend less to threats in naturalistic tasks. Here, we characterized latent trajectories of naturalistic visual attention over time to a female stranger, measured with mobile eye tracking, among kindergarteners oversampled for BI. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) revealed two latent trajectories: 1) high initial orienting to the stranger, gradual decay, and recovery, and 2) low initial orienting and continued avoidance. Higher probability of membership to the "avoidant" group was linked to greater report of internalizing behaviors. We demonstrate the efficacy of mobile eye tracking in quantifying naturalistic patterns of visual attention to social novelty, as well as the importance of naturalistic measures of attention in characterizing socioemotional risk factors.

Ontogeny in the steinmanellines (Bivalvia: Trigoniida): an intra- and interspecific appraisal using the Early Cretaceous faunas from the Neuquén Basin as a case study

AbstractDespite the paleontological relevance and paleobiological interest of trigoniid bivalves, our knowledge of their ontogeny—an aspect of crucial evolutionary importance—remains limited. Here, we assess the intra- and interspecific ontogenetic variations exhibited by the genus Steinmanella Crickmay (Myophorellidae: Steinmanellinae) during the early Valanginian–late Hauterivian of Argentina and explore some of their implications. The (ontogenetic) allometric trajectories of seven species recognized for this interval were estimated from longitudinal data using 3D geometric morphometrics, segmented regressions, and model selection tools, and then compared using trajectory analysis and allometric spaces. Our results show that within-species shell shape variation describes biphasic ontogenetic trajectories, decoupled from ontogenetic changes shown by sculpture, with a gradual decay in magnitude as ontogeny progresses. The modes of change characterizing each phase (crescentic growth and anteroposterior elongation, respectively) are conserved across species, thus representing a feature of Steinmanella ontogeny; its evolutionary origin is inferred to be a consequence of the rate modification and allometric repatterning of the ancestral ontogeny. Among species, trajectories are more variable during early ontogenetic stages, becoming increasingly conservative at later stages. Trajectories’ general orientation allows recognition of two stratigraphically consecutive groups of species, hinting at a potentially higher genus-level diversity in the studied interval. In terms of functional morphology, juveniles had a morphology more suited for active burrowing than adults, whose features are associated with a sedentary lifestyle. The characteristic disparity of trigoniids could be related to the existence of an ontogenetic period of greater shell malleability betrayed by the presence of crescentic shape change.