Gradient Technique Research Articles

Gradient-based Volumetric PET Parameters on Immediate Pre-ablation FDG-PETPredict Local Tumor Progression in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastasis Treated by Microwave Ablation.

This study aimed to evaluate the optimal method of segmentation of colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) on immediate pre-ablation PET scans and assess the prognostic value of quantitative pre-ablation PET parameters with regards to local tumor control. A secondary objective was to correlate the target tumor size estimation by PET methods with the tumor measurements on anatomical imaging. A prospectively accrued cohort of 55 CLMs (46 patients) treated withreal-time 18F-FDG-PET/CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation was followed-up for a median of 10.8months (interquartile: 5.5-20.2). Total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) values of each CLM were derived from pre-ablation 18F-FDG-PET with gradient and threshold PET segmentation methodologies. The event was defined as local tumor progression (LTP). Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to assess area under the curves (AUCs). Intraclass correlation (ICC) and 95.0% confidence interval (CI) were performed to measure the linear relationships between the continuous variables. AUCs for prediction of LTP obtained from time-dependent ROC analysis for the gradient technique were higher in comparison to the threshold methodologies (AUCs for TLG and volume were: 0.790 and 0.807, respectively). ICC between PET gradient-based and anatomical measurements were higher in comparison to threshold methodologies (ICC for the longest diameter: 733 (95.0% CI 0.538-0.846), ICC for the shortest diameter: .747 (95.0% CI 0.546-0.859), p-values < 0.001). The gradient-based technique had a higher AUC for prediction of LTP after microwave ablation of CLM and showed the highest correlation with anatomical imaging tumor measurements.

Radiopharmaceutical Encapsulated Liposomes as a Novel Radiotracer Im - aging and Drug Delivery Protocol.

Data are presented for 5 male New Zealand white rabbits. They were injected intravenously with the 99mTc-liposomes encapsulated MIBI through a marginal ear vein, and whole-body images were acquired using a dual-head gamma camera. Cationic PEGylated liposomes were prepared using the conventional thin-film-hydration method. The liposomes were tested for particle size, zeta potential, high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC), and toxicity. The liver activity was slightly greater than or equivalent to heart uptake, using 99mTcsestamibi, MIBI, without liposome as a reference. The absorbed doses in myocardium cells after injecting rabbits with 99mTc-MIBI labeled with free positive lower pH liposomes was greater than in the liver, whereas 99mTc labeled with encapsulated MIBI within positive liposomes showed a significantly higher heart-to-liver ratio. The heart-to-spleen activity uptake ratio in 99mTc-MIBI was higher than or equal to one but increased in 99mTc labeled with MIBI and free positive liposomes. Injecting rabbits with 99mTc labeled with encapsulated MIBI raised myocardium uptake to 2-4 times more than the spleen. Heart-to-bowel activity began to rise with 99m Tc-labeld-MIBI and liposomes. This study provides findings in radiopharmaceutical biodistribution using liposomal agents. Adding free liposomes using a pH gradient technique enhanced the uptake and localization of the radiotracer. However, tracer encapsulation during the formation of the liposomes showed even better specificity.

Parallel and perpendicular alignments of velocity gradient and magnetic field observed in the molecular clouds L1478 and L1482

ABSTRACT Star formation is a complex process that typically occurs in dense regions of molecular clouds mainly regulated by magnetic fields, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, and self-gravity. However, it remains a challenging endeavour to trace the magnetic field and determine regions of gravitational collapse, where the star is forming. Based on the anisotropic properties of MHD turbulence, a new technique termed velocity gradient technique (VGT) has been proposed to address these challenges. In this study, we apply the VGT to two regions of the giant California Molecular Cloud (CMC), namely, L1478 and L1482, and analyse the difference in their physical properties. We use the 12CO (J = 2–1), 13CO (J = 2–1), and C18O (J = 2–1) emission lines observed with the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope. We compare VGT results calculated in the resolutions of 3.3 and 10 arcmin to Planck polarization at 353 GHz and 10 arcmin to determine areas of MHD turbulence dominance and self-gravity dominance. We show that the resolution difference can introduce misalignment between the two measurements. We find the VGT-measured magnetic fields globally agree with those from Planck in L1478, suggesting self-gravity’s effect is insignificant. The best agreement appears in VGT-12CO. As for L1482, the VGT measurements are statistically perpendicular to the Planck polarization indicating the dominance of self-gravity. This perpendicular alignment is more significant in VGT-13CO and VGT-C18O.

Heavy metal mobility in contaminated sediments under seawater acidification

The behavior of heavy metals in contaminated sediment is of ecological significance considering the change of pH caused by ocean acidification. This study investigated the mobility of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Mn under experimental conditions for seawater acidification via enrichment of CO2 gas at different reaction set-ups. The results indicated that the concerned metals behaved differently in the water compared to the sediment. The heavy metals were considerably transferred from sediment to seawater, and the resultant intensity was controlled by the degree of acidification and the chemical state of specific metals. Moreover, labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments were more susceptible to acidification than other fractions. These findings were observed and confirmed using real-time monitoring conducted via the diffusion gradient technique (DGT). Overall, the results of this study provided new insights into exploring the coupling risk of heavy metals with ocean acidification.

Enhancing Photovoltaic Efficiency with the Optimized Steepest Gradient Method and Serial Multi-Cellular Converters

Many methods have been developed to aid in achieving the maximum power point (MPP) generated by PV fields in order to improve photovoltaic (PV) production. The optimized steepest gradient technique (OSGM), which is used to extract the maximum power produced by a PV field coupled to a multicell series converter, is one such promising methodology. The OSGM uses the power function’s first and second derivatives to find the optimal voltage (Vpv) and converge to the voltage (Vref) that secures the MPP. The mathematical model was developed in Matlab/Simulink, and the MPPT algorithm’s performance was evaluated in terms of reaction time, oscillations, overshoots, and stability. The OSGM has a faster response time, fewer oscillations around the MPP, and minimal energy loss. Furthermore, the numerical calculation of the gradient and Hessian of the power function enables accurate modeling, improving the system’s precision. These findings imply that the OSGM strategy may be a more efficient way of obtaining MPP for PV fields. Future research can look into the suitability of this method for different types of PV systems, as well as ways to improve the algorithm’s performance for specific applications.

A hybridization of the Hestenes-Stiefel and Dai-Yuan Conjugate Gradient Methods

The paper in discusses conjugate gradient methods, which are often used for unconstrained optimization and are the subject of this discussion. In the process of studying and implementing conjugate gradient algorithms, it is standard practice to assume that the descent condition is true. Despite the fact that this sort of approach very seldom results in search routes that slope in a downward direction, this assumption is made routinely. As a result of this research, we propose a revised method known as the improved hybrid conjugate gradient technique. This method is a convex combination of the Dai-Yuan and Hestenes-Stiefel methodologies. The descending property and global convergence are both exhibited by the Wolfe line search. The numerical data demonstrates that the strategy that was presented is an efficient one.

Adaptive Hybrid Mixed Two-Point Step Size Gradient Algorithm for Solving Non-Linear Systems

In this paper, a two-point step-size gradient technique is proposed by which the approximate solutions of a non-linear system are found. The two-point step-size includes two types of parameters deterministic and random. A new adaptive backtracking line search is presented and combined with the two-point step-size gradient to make it globally convergent. The idea of the suggested method depends on imitating the forward difference method by using one point to estimate the values of the gradient vector per iteration where the number of the function evaluation is at most one for each iteration. The global convergence analysis of the proposed method is established under actual and limited conditions. The performance of the proposed method is examined by solving a set of non-linear systems containing high dimensions. The results of the proposed method is compared to the results of a derivative-free three-term conjugate gradient CG method that solves the same test problems. Fair, popular, and sensible evaluation criteria are used for comparisons. The numerical results show that the proposed method has merit and is competitive in all cases and superior in terms of efficiency, reliability, and effectiveness in finding the approximate solution of the non-linear systems.

The Straw Pressure Gradient and Gravity (SPGG) Technique: A Safe and Cost-Effective Technique for Laparoscopic Suction.

Suction devices are frequently used during laparoscopic surgery. However, their cost and limitations can be significant, depending on the clinical case, theatre setting and national health system. Furthermore, the continuous need to reduce the costs of the consumables in minimally invasive surgical procedures and their environmental burden creates extra pressure on the healthcare systems globally. Therefore, we present a new technique for laparoscopic suctioning, the Straw Pressure Gradient and Gravity (SPGG) technique. It is a safe, cost-effectiveand environmentally friendly technique compared to traditional suction devices. The technique involves using a sterile, single-use Suction Catheter 12-16 French after positioning the patient according to the targeted collection. The catheter is inserted via the laparoscopic port nearest the collection and directed using laparoscopic graspers. The outer end needs to be clamped to avoid fluid spillage, and the catheter tip is placed in the collection. Then after the clamp is released, the fluid will be successfully drained due to the pressure gradient into a pot placed at a lower level than the intra-abdominal collection. Minimal wash can be performed via the gas vent by using a syringe. SPGG is a safe and easy-to-learn technique that requires similar skills as placing an intra-abdominal drain during laparoscopy. It is softer than rigid, traditional suction devices and atraumatic. It can be used for suction, irrigation, collection of fluid for sampling and as a drain in case of an intraoperative indication. SPGG is a cost-effective device as it is cheaper than the average disposable suction device system and has multiple uses, which can significantly decrease the annual cost of laparoscopies. It can also reduce the number of consumables and lighten the environmental burden of laparoscopic procedures.

Insights into the uses of two azine decorated d10-MOFs for corrosion inhibition application on mild steel surface in saline medium: Experimental as well as theoretical investigation

Recently, the use of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as an efficient corrosion inhibitor has been focused on due to their unique excellent properties such as being rich in π-electron system, chemical and thermal robustness and supramolecular task-specific functionality etc. The present work demonstrates the judicious synthesis of two d10-MOFs namely CI@Cd-MOF and CI@Zn-MOF utilizing organic struts like 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid (OBA) and (1E,2E)-1,2-bis(1-(pyridine-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine (BPD) and investigated as efficient inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in an adverse corrosive medium i.e. in 3.5 wt% saline medium. The applications of MOFs as heterogenous inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in saline medium have been assessed via potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. The EIS analysis shows that the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition rises with increasing inhibitor concentrations, reaching 90.15 % with the application of 50 ppm of CI@Zn-MOF. PDP study reveals that both MOFs act as a mixed kind of inhibitor. Post-corrosion study of the mild steel surface has been characterised by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and 3D-surface profilometer study demonstrating that the application of inhibitors results in a significant reduction of the corrosion process. The water contact angles on the steel surface increased from 49° to 104.2° and 108.1° due to the adsorption of inhibitors on the steel surface following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Furthermore insightful explanations and correlations with density functional theory (DFT) have been provided for the experimentally observed corrosion inhibition performance as well as adsorption capability. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been conducted to mimic the interactions of the inhibitors with metal surface atoms and corrosive species in an actual corrosive medium. The high binding energy (1328.12 kJ/mol for CI@Zn-MOF) provides evidence that inhibitors are able to spontaneously adsorb on steel surfaces. Additionally, the pivotal role of non-covalent intermolecular interactions in a confined space has been assessed using non-covalent interaction based on the reduced density gradient (NCI-RDG) technique.

Multidimensional encoding of restricted and anisotropic diffusion by double rotation of the qvector.

Diffusion NMR and MRI methods building on the classic pulsed gradient spin-echo sequence are sensitive to many aspects of translational motion, including time and frequency dependence ("restriction"), anisotropy, and flow, leading to ambiguities when interpreting experimental data from complex heterogeneous materials such as living biological tissues. While the oscillating gradient technique specifically targets frequency dependence and permits control of the sensitivity to flow, tensor-valued encoding enables investigations of anisotropy in orientationally disordered materials. Here, we propose a simple scheme derived from the "double-rotation" technique in solid-state NMR to generate a family of modulated gradient waveforms allowing for comprehensive exploration of the 2D frequency-anisotropy space and convenient investigation of both restricted and anisotropic diffusion with a single multidimensional acquisition protocol, thereby combining the desirable characteristics of the oscillating gradient and tensor-valued encoding techniques. The method is demonstrated by measuring multicomponent isotropic Gaussian diffusion in simple liquids, anisotropic Gaussian diffusion in a polydomain lyotropic liquid crystal, and restricted diffusion in a yeast cell sediment.

Modelling and Analysis of Urban Growth of Idah Metropolis Using GIS Integrated Gradient Technique

This thesis aims to better understand changes in the spatial pattern of urban growth and its impact on landscape configuration by conducting a case study in Idah metropolis. The objectives are as follows: &#x0D; &#x0D; To model and analyze multi-temporal images (2001, 2010, and 2021) for determining the urban growth in Idah,&#x0D; To determine urban development trends using post-classification comparisons,&#x0D; Evaluating the degree of urban growth according to urban land cover change over that period &#x0D; &#x0D; Satellite imagery was employed to distinguish and identify different land surface categories. Integrated remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information System) technique was used to analyse both qualitative and quantitative perspectives regarding the objectives. The results indicate that the urban area of Idah experienced changes in the various classes. The vegetated area experienced a great change of 49.98%. That is a decrease from the previous year of 2001 to 2010. Also, another 48.67% decrease from 2010 to 2021 is due to the developments in the study area. The built-up area equally decreased by 1.33 % between 2010 and 2021. There was an increase of 12.04% from the year 2001 to 2010.Beach has a drastic increase from 28.10% observed between 2001 and 2010 to 44.50% between 2010. The geographic footprint demonstrates that the distribution of the built-up area was dispersed and continues to grow more dispersed. The significant contribution of this study could benefit many aspects, such as comparative studies between cities or continuous studies relevant to urban growth.

Comparison of Reproductive Outcomes in ICSI Cycles Using Sperm Chip Technique and Density Gradient Technique in Men with Normal Semen Analysis

Background: Microfluidic sperm sorting procedure or sperm chip technique is a chemical-free method of selecting sperm using a disposable chip. It is a new gentle alternative for sperm processing which has been produced to obtain sperm with higher rates of motility and better morphology, as well as to reduce DNA fragmentation in sperm with high DNA fragmentation to nearly undetectable levels. We aimed to evaluate sperm chip techniques on clinical pregnancy rates in patients who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods: The patients in whom fresh embryo transfer (ET) on Day-3 or 5 after ICSI had been performed were analyzed in this prospective randomized cohort study. Results: Of those, 102 patients underwent ICSI with sperm isolated using sperm chip technique (study group) while 111 patients underwent ICSI with sperm isolated using swim-up technique (control group). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of fertilization rate in patients who underwent ET on the 3rd or 5th day. In the patients having ET on Day-3, Grade 1 embryos were obtained similarly between the sperm chip group and the control group. Grade 1 embryos transferred on Day-5 were observed significantly more frequently in the study group (p = 0.050). However, clinical pregnancy rates did not show significant differences between the groups in patients who were transferred on both the 3rd and 5th days. Conclusions: Although sperm selection using by sperm chip technique provides advantage in terms of blastocyst quality, use of this technique does not enhance success in terms of clinical pregnancy. Clinical Trial Registration: Approval was obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov with NCT03355937 approval number.

SOFIA Observations of 30 Doradus. II. Magnetic Fields and Large-scale Gas Kinematics

The heart of the Large Magellanic Cloud, 30 Doradus, is a complex region with a clear core-halo structure. Feedback from the stellar cluster R136 has been shown to be the main source of energy creating multiple parsec-scale expanding-shells in the outer region, and carving a nebula core in the proximity of the ionization source. We present the morphology and strength of the magnetic fields (B-fields) of 30 Doradus inferred from the far-infrared polarimetric observations by SOFIA/HAWC+ at 89, 154, and 214 μm. The B-field morphology is complex, showing bending structures around R136. In addition, we use high spectral and angular resolution [C ii] observations from SOFIA/GREAT and CO(2-1) from APEX. The kinematic structure of the region correlates with the B-field morphology and shows evidence of multiple expanding-shells. Our B-field strength maps, estimated using the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method and structure-function, show variations across the cloud within a maximum of 600, 450, and 350 μG at 89, 154, and 214 μm, respectively. We estimated that the majority of the 30 Doradus clouds are subcritical and sub-Alfvénic. The probability distribution function of the gas density shows that the turbulence is mainly compressively driven, while the plasma beta parameter indicates supersonic turbulence. We show that the B-field is sufficient to hold the cloud structure integrity under feedback from R136. We suggest that supersonic compressive turbulence enables the local gravitational collapse and triggers a new generation of stars to form. The velocity gradient technique using [C ii] and CO(2-1) is likely to confirm these suggestions.

Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height: Inter-Comparison of Different Estimation Approaches Using the Raman Lidar as Benchmark

This work stems from the idea of improving the capability to measure the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) in variable or unstable weather conditions or in the presence of turbulence and precipitation events. A new approach based on the use of rotational and roto-vibrational Raman lidar signals is considered and tested. The traditional gradient approach based on the elastic signals at wavelength 532 nm is also considered. Lidar data collected by the University of Basilicata Raman lidar (BASIL) within the Special Observation Period 1 (SOP 1) in Cardillargues (Ceveninnes–CV supersite) during the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) were used. Our attention was specifically focused on the data collected during the period 16–21 October 2012. ABLH estimates from the Raman lidar were compared against other innovative methods, such as the recently established Morphological Image Processing Approach (MIPA) and the temperature gradient technique applied to potential temperature obtained from radio-sounding data. For each considered methodology, a statistical analysis was carried out. In general, the results from the different methodologies are in good agreement. Some deviations have been observed in correspondence with quite unstable weather conditions.

Combining Remote Sensing Approaches for Detecting Marks of Archaeological and Demolished Constructions in Cahokia’s Grand Plaza, Southwestern Illinois

Remote sensing data are increasingly being used in digital archaeology for the potential non-invasive detection of archaeological remains. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the capability of standalone (LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry) and integration/fusion remote sensing approaches in improving the prospecting and interpretation of archaeological remains in Cahokia’s Grand Plaza. Cahokia Mounds is an ancient area; it was the largest settlement of the Mississippian culture located in southwestern Illinois, USA. There are a limited number of studies combining LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry to extract archaeological features. This article, therefore, combines LiDAR with photogrammetric data to create new datasets and investigate whether the new data can enhance the detection of archaeological/ demolished structures in comparison to the standalone approaches. The investigations are implemented based on the hillshade, gradient, and sky view factor visual analysis techniques, which have various merits in revealing topographic features. The outcomes of this research illustrate that combining data derived from different sources can not only confirm the detection of remains but can also reveal more remains than standalone approaches. This study demonstrates that the use of combination remote sensing approaches provides archaeologists with another powerful tool for site analysis.

Offline signature verification using long short-term memory and histogram orientation gradient

The signing process is a critical step that organizations take to ensure the confidentiality of their data and to safeguard it against unauthorized penetration or access. Within the last decade, offline handwritten signature research has grown in popularity as a common method for human authentication via biometric features. It is not an easy task, despite the importance of this method; the struggle in such a system stem from the inability of any individual to sign the same signature each and every time. Additionally, we are indeed interested in the dataset’s features that could affect the model's performance; thus, from extracted features from the signature images using the histogram orientation gradient (HOG) technique. In this paper, we suggested a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model for signature verification, with input data from the USTig and CEDAR datasets. Our model’s predictive ability is quite outstanding: The classification accuracy efficiency LSTM for USTig was 92.4% with a run-time of 1.67 seconds and 87.7% for CEDAR with a run-time of 2.98 seconds. Our proposed method outperforms other offline signature verification approaches such as K-nearest neighbour (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), convolution neural network (CNN), speeded-up robust features (SURF), and Harris in terms of accuracy.

A new perspective of molecular diffusion by nuclear magnetic resonance

The diffusion-weighted NMR signal acquired using Pulse Field Gradient (PFG) techniques, allows for extrapolating microstructural information from porous materials and biological tissues. In recent years there has been a multiplication of diffusion models expressed by parametric functions to fit the experimental data. However, clear-cut criteria for the model selection are lacking. In this paper, we develop a theoretical framework for the interpretation of NMR attenuation signals in the case of Gaussian systems with stationary increments. The full expression of the Stejskal–Tanner formula for normal diffusing systems is devised, together with its extension to the domain of anomalous diffusion. The range of applicability of the relevant parametric functions to fit the PFG data can be fully determined by means of appropriate checks to ascertain the correctness of the fit. Furthermore, the exact expression for diffusion weighted NMR signals pertaining to Brownian yet non-Gaussian processes is also derived, accompanied by the proper check to establish its contextual relevance. The analysis provided is particularly useful in the context of medical MRI and clinical practise where the hardware limitations do not allow the use of narrow pulse gradients.

Comprehensive review on ML-based RIS-enhanced IoT systems: basics, research progress and future challenges

Sixth generation (6G) internet of things (IoT) networks will modernize the applications and satisfy user demands through implementing smart and automated systems. Intelligence-based infrastructure, also called reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), have been introduced as a potential technology striving to improve system performance in terms of data rate, latency, reliability, availability, and connectivity. A huge amount of cost-effective passive components are included in RISs to interact with the impinging electromagnetic waves in a smart way. However, there are still some challenges in RIS system, such as finding the optimal configurations for a large number of RIS components. In this paper, we first provide a complete outline of the advancement of RISs along with machine learning (ML) algorithms and overview the working regulations as well as spectrum allocation in intelligent IoT systems. Also, we discuss the integration of different ML techniques in the context of RIS, including deep reinforcement learning (DRL), federated learning (FL), and FL-deep deterministic policy gradient (FL-DDPG) techniques which are utilized to design the radio propagation atmosphere without using pilot signals or channel state information (CSI). Additionally, in dynamic intelligent IoT networks, the application of existing integrated ML solutions to technical issues like user movement and random variations of wireless channels are surveyed. Finally, we present the main challenges and future directions in integrating RISs and other prominent methods to be applied in upcoming IoT networks.

Tracing of magnetic fields with gradients: subsonic turbulence

ABSTRACT The recent development of the velocity gradient technique shows the capability of the technique for tracing magnetic field morphology in diffuse interstellar gas and molecular clouds. In this paper, we perform a systematic numerical study of the performance of the velocity and synchrotron gradient for a wide range of magnetization in the subsonic environment. Addressing the studies of magnetic fields in atomic hydrogen, we also study the formation of velocity caustics in spectroscopic channel maps in the presence of thermal broadening. We show that the velocity caustics can be recovered when applied to the cold neutral medium and the gradient technique (GT) can reliably trace magnetic fields there. Finally, we discuss the changes in the anisotropy of observed structure functions when we apply to the analysis the procedures developed within the framework of GT studies.

Forest composition and red oak (Quercus sp.) response to elevation gradients across greentree reservoirs

Elevation gradients within forested wetlands have long been recognized for their role in defining species composition through factors such as hydrology and soil characteristics. Greentree reservoirs (GTRs) are levee-impounded tracts of bottomland hardwood forest flooded throughout the winter months to provide habitat for overwintering waterfowl. Artificial flooding of GTRs alters the forest composition due to flood frequency, depth, and duration in combination with slight changes in topography. To evaluate the effect of elevation gradients, soil properties, and management techniques in the overstory species composition and red oak (Quercus spp.) species abundance, we inventoried 662 plots across 12 independent GTRs in eastern Arkansas. In the lower elevations ranging from 50.98 to 54.99 ​m above sea level, the importance value index (IVI) was highest for nuttall oak (Quercus texana) and overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), whereas IVI shifted to cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) in the higher elevations ranging from 54.99 to 58.00 ​m. Alpha diversity did not differ by elevation gradient, soil property, or management technique within GTRs. Beta diversity, using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis, indicated site-specific variability significantly correlated with the environmental predictors, including elevation (R2 = ​0.57), easting (R2 = ​0.47), soil texture (R2 = ​0.21), and pH (R2 = ​0.12). Red oak species-specific mixed-effects modeling of abundance response using Poisson distribution suggested an inverse correlation of nuttall oak and a direct correlation of cherrybark oak abundance with elevation. However, willow oak (Quercus phellos) abundance was not significantly affected by elevation but was by silt loam soil texture and restoration management techniques. These findings will aid management efforts to reduce the dominance of less desirable species that are prominent under specific environmental conditions and promote the dominance of more desirable species. Ultimately GTR sustainability is increasingly important amid the unpredictable impacts of climate change on the preferred red oak species that are economically, ecologically, and environmentally valuable to the sustaining economy of the local community and managing habitats for wildlife.