Grade Research Articles

Comparison of the effectiveness of Fernald and Rossner's multisensory teaching method on reducing the spelling disorder of elementary students

Background: Writing disorders have an adverse effect on a student's academic achievement in school. These children need to learn new concepts or skills that they have not learned in the usual way through new methods such as multisensory teaching. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Fernald and Rossner multisensory teaching method on reducing the spelling disorder of elementary school students in Tehran. Materials and Methods: Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 120 research samples were selected from third and fourth grade elementary school students in districts 6 and 11 of Tehran in the academic year of 2018-2019 and randomly divided into two experimental groups (60 students). And witnesses (60 people) were divided. The research instruments included the Fallah Chai Spelling Test (1974), the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children, and the Fernald and Rossner Multisensory Teaching Protocol.Results: Students who were influenced by Fernald's multisensory teaching method were more effective than Rossner in reducing post-test spelling disorders. Also, students who were influenced by Rossner's multisensory teaching method were more effective than the control group in reducing spelling disorders in the post-test. Finally, the effectiveness of Fernald's sensory method was greater than that of Rossner's sensory training method.Conclusion: The results showed that Fernald and Rossner's multisensory teaching method was effective on students with spelling disorders. There is also a difference between the effectiveness of Fernald and Rossner's sensory training method in reducing spelling disorders, stating that Fernand's sensory method is more effective than Rossner's sensory method.

The Relationship Between Self Efficacy and StudentWorkReadiness in Vocational High Schools

As a first step to enter the world of work, students are required to be able to develop their abilities, knowledge, skills and personality attributes as a provision for their readiness to work in order to be able to compete in getting the desired job. However, in fact there are still students who are not ready to enter the world of work, with there are also graduates who are not absorbed by the world of work. In connection with this, there are several factors that can affect job readiness, one of which is Self Efficacy. This study aims to determine the relationship between Self Efficacy and job readiness in vocational students. The method used in this research is descriptive and correlational. The study population was 418 grade XII students who had completed an internship at SMK Negeri 9 Padang, with a sample of 222 students, who were selected by simple random sampling technique. Collecting data using Self Efficacy questionnaires and work readiness with a Likert scale model. Data processing using Microsoft Excel. To see the relationship between the two variables using the Pearson correlation product moment.The results of this study indicate: (1) Self Efficacy is in the high category with a percentage of 58.1%, (2) job readiness is in the high category with a percentage of 59.9%, (3) there is a significant positive relationship between Self Efficacy and readiness. work with rxy = 0.415 and a significant level of 0.000. Based on the research results, there is a significant positive relationship between Self Efficacy and work readiness, meaning that the higher Self Efficacy, the higher work readiness and vice versa. Work readiness and self-efficacy of SMK Negeri 9 Padang students are high, but there are still a small number of students who don't have Self Efficacy and work readiness to enter work.

Analysis of Indonesian Ideo-Cultural Representation in Elt Textbook: Gramscian Hegemony Perspective

The focus of this study is an analysis of Indonesian ideo-cultural representation, and the relation to hegemony practice, in English Language Teaching (ELT) textbook for 7 th grade of Junior High School; Bahasa Inggris, When English Rings the Bell . Ideo-cultural aspects and ELT have become an interdependency relationship that cultural awareness must include in the communicative competences. Otherwise, learners may feel vulnerable and powerless in real-life encounters with native speakers, and this feeling might decrease their investment in second language learning. The purpose of this study is to describe the cultural content represented in Bahasa Inggris, When English Rings the Bell, and to explain the discursive and hegemony practice in the Bahasa Inggris, When English Rings the Bell. This study is a descriptive qualitative study. It describes the four cultural dimensions proposed by Moran (2001) and Yuen (2011): Product, Practice, Perspective, Person, and cultural types proposed by Cortazzi and Jin (1999): S ource, Target, International found in the book. This study also analyzes the hegemony practice proposed by Gramsci (1971) utilizing the Critical Discourse Analysis framework proposed by Fairclough (1995). From the analysis conducted in this study, it finds that there is a considerable imbalance in the contents distribution for each content category. From the analysis conducted, it also finds that the discourse built in this book focused on national discourse. The discourse can be read from the references presented in the book that presents many names, places, cultural artifacts that represent Indonesian values.

Effect of Binary Basicity (CaO/SiO2) on Selective Reduction of Lateritic Nickel Ore

Selective reduction methods are being developed to process lateritic nickel ore to produce nickel with high content with low temperature or energy consumption. This research was carried out to study the effect of binary basicity (CaO/SiO 2 ) in the lateritic nickel ore's selective reduction process. The lateritic nickel ore with 1.38% Ni and 38.2% Fe content was used in this study. The reduction was conducted at 1150°C for 60 minutes in a muffle furnace with 10 wt.% additives of sodium sulfate, bituminous coal as reductant, and calcium oxide addition to modify its binary basicity. The results showed that the nickel grades generates from the 0,1 basicity due to the breakage of magnesium, iron, and nickel silicate into metallic iron and nickel. However, the next increase of basicities decreased the nickel grade due to the formation of a high melting point compound. lateritic nickel ore, selective reduction, binary basicity, reductant, additive.

The effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cognitive and Executive Function in Children with Language Impairment

Background: Existence of a language disorder can directly affect various aspects of social life of children. This study aimed to examining effectiveness of tDCS on cognitive and executive functions in children with language impairment. Materials and Methods: The present study is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. Twenty-four children with language impairment were selected from 1st to 3rd grade elementary school students in Gorgan. In pre-test, participants performed a simple selective and divided attention test and an overarm throwing test including 10 throws. After pre-test, participants were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each 12 participants). Participants in experimental group underwent transcranial direct current stimulation intervention for one-day interval of three sessions. Anodal electrode was placed on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cathodal electrode on the participant’s right shoulder. The duration of stimulation in each session was 20 minutes, and the intensity of stimulation was 1.5 mA. Control group performed no particular intervention. Following intervention, post-test was performed. Results:The mean age of participants was 7.78 years; the mean weight was 34.33 kg and the mean height was 131.29 cm. The results showed in terms of simple selective (p=0.001) and divided (p=0.011) attention and overarm throwing (p=0.001), there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups, and the function of the experimental group was better than the control group due to different averages. Conclusions:In general, it can be stated that the use of tDCS intervention in three sessions of 20 minutes with an intensity of 1.5 mA can improve cognitive and executive functions in children with language disorders.

A Study on 5th Grade Students’ Achievement Levels and Misconceptions in the Concept of Angle

This study aims to reveal fifth grade students’ achievement levels in the angles sublearning area and to examine their errors in the subject of angles. The study was designed as a survey, and the study group included a total of 254 fifth grade students attending school in central Nevsehir and in Askale, Erzurum. Data were collected via the “Angle Concept Level Identification Test”. Students’ achievement levels in the subject of angles were determined by using frequencies and percentages, and qualitative data were analyzed through descriptive and content analysis. The findings showed that the students performed best in naming angles, while merely half or approximately half of them achieved the objectives regarding angle type, measurement and drawing. Also, student errors from most to least frequent could be ordered as follows: angle measurement, angle drawing, reading the angle on the measurement tool, angle definition and angle type. Considering that the concept of angle lies at the foundation of geometry, the findings of the study suggest that building a rich concept of angle is essential to the learning of future mathematical concepts.

Investigating Secondary School Students’ Motivation for Chemistry Class in Terms of Various Variables

The aim of this study is to investigate the motivation of secondary school students for chemistry class in terms of gender, class standing, school type, grade point average, average score in chemistry class, parents’ marital status, parentals’ bereavement, mother’s educational background, and father’s educational background. The survey model of the quantitative research methods was used for the purpose of the study. The data were collected with Chemistry Lesson Motivation Scale for Secondary School Students[sic] by Eskicioglu and Alpat (2017). The sample consists of 475 female and 399 male students, adding up to 874 students. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0, a statistical software program. The study revealed no statistically significant difference between the sub-domains self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation but between anxiety and intrinsic motivation.Statistically significant differences were found between the students’ motivation for chemistry class and school type, class standing, grade point average (GPA), average score in chemistry class, and father’s graduation status.There was no statistically significant difference between parental’s bereavement and mother’s graduation status. No relationship was determined between anxiety and self-efficacy sub-domains of the chemistry motivation scale. However, the study observed a moderate relationship between self-efficacy and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, a weak negative relationship between anxiety and intrinsic motivation, and a moderate positive relationship between extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation.

Use of a Tumor Bed Boost in the Radiotherapy after Oncoplastic Breast Conserving Surgery.

Use of a radiotherapy (RT) tumor bed boost in addition to whole breast irradiation (WBI) after oncoplastic breast conserving surgery (OBCS) can be very challenging due to the massive tissue displacements. The aim of our study is to present relevant RT data regarding the use of a boost RT in patients who underwent OBCS and received adjuvant RT at Neolife Medical Center Bucharest. Materials and Methods: 12 patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), after OBCS, using conventional or hypofractionated schedules, between 10/2018 and 12/2020 were included in the study. Pre- and postoperative CT images and surgical clips when available were used for tumor bed (TB) localization and definition of the boost volume. Results: One or more risk factors associated with local recurrence (age under 51 years, high grade tumors, associated ductal carcinoma in situ) were present in 10 patients. Boost RT was delivered in 3 patients. Conclusions: TB localization for the boost RT is difficult without an appropriate marking. Surgical clips and communication between the surgeon and the radiation oncologist are essential for treatment success.

Clear vs. dark /l/ in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 5 in "Phonological variation in German Learner English"

This dataset contains tabular files with acoustic measurements for prevocalic and non-prevocalic laterals produced by n = 62 German learners of English and n = 26 native speakers of English (BrE and AmE). The German subjects are instructional-setting learners ranging from grade 5 (age: 11) to university. They are predominantly from northern Bavaria and represent a broad range of proficiency levels. Pronunciation ability was assessed with a foreign accent rating. The data were elicited with a word list and each subject produced n = 15 tokens (n = 10 in non-prevocalic position, n = 5 in prevocalic position). Measurements are reported for the first two formants (F1 and F2). See ReadMe file for more details. Related publication: Soenning, Lukas. 2020. Phonological variation in German Learner English. University of Bamberg dissertation. DOI: 10.20378/irb-49135 Open access: https://fis.uni-bamberg.de/handle/uniba/49135

Pre-Service Teachers’ Skills in Analysing Achievements in Regard to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy

This study examined the development of pre-service teachers’ skills in analysing the achievements of secondary school sixth grade Information Technologies and Software Course curriculum in regard to the revised Bloom’s taxonomy at a western Anatolian university in Turkey. A single group pre-test, post-test experimental design was used, and 99 pre-service teachers participated in the study. The sample was determined according to the purposive sampling method. The pre-test presented achievements for the pre-service teachers to analyse in regard to the revised Bloom’s taxonomy, after which the revised Bloom’s taxonomy’s analysis was taught. The achievements were given as the post-test for pre-service teachers to re-analyse. The pre-service teachers’ total scores were calculated based on their accuracy. The pre- and post-test total scores were compared, and the total scores of the post-test were higher than those of the pre-test. Suggestions were made regarding future research on the revised Bloom’s taxonomy and achievements analysis teaching.

Epidemiology and pathogen study of an outbreak in clusters caused by human adenovirus type 4 in Shenzhen

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and pathogenetic characteristics of a community outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection by Human adenovirus serotype 4 (HAdV-4) at a primary school in Baoan district, Shenzhen, Feb.22-28, 2019. Methods All epidemiological and clinical information of these cases was collected through field interviews and medical records. Throat swabs samples were collected and tested for influenza virus in quantitative fluorescence PCR. Influenza virus negative samples were then PCR tested for 6 other common respiratory virus. HAdV-4 positive samples were further tested using hexon gene sequencing of adenovirus. The sequences were aligned with the GenBank data to determine the genotypes and draw the phylogenetic tree. Results The epidemic occurred in Class 1, Grade 2, with a total of 54 students, including 29 boys and 25 girls. After investigation, there were no cases of similar symptoms in other classes of the school. Totally 13 patients were diagnosed, including 7 boys and 6 girls, the incidence rate was 24.1%(7 / 29) and 24.0% (6/25), respectively. The clinical symptoms included fever (13 cases, 100.0%), sore throat (8, 61.5%), muscular ache (8, 61.5%) and cough (5, 38.5%). All the symptoms were mild, and there were no severe cases. All 5 throat swabs samples were adenovirus positive by PCR, and these positive samples were confirmed to be HAdV-4 subgroups E by DNA sequence analysis. Conclusion The acute respiratory infection outbreak was caused by HAdV-4. The sequence of the strain is highly homologous with sequences from other districts of Shenzhen and Chinese cities. 摘要：目的 分析2019年2月22—28日深圳市宝安区某小学一起急性呼吸道病毒感染聚集性疫情的流行病学及 病原学特点。 方法 采用流行病学个案调査表对疫情进行现场调査, 使用荧光定量 PCR 方法对采集的咽拭子标本进 行流感样病例病原学筛査, 筛査阴性标本进行6种常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测。对腺病毒核酸阳性的标本, 用腺病毒六 邻体基因作为靶基因进行序列扩增及测定, 测序结果在GenBank上进行序列比较, 确定其病毒亚型并进行系统进化分 析。 结果 疫情发生在二年级(1)班, 全班共54名学生, 男29名, 女25名。经调査该学校其他班级其余年级未出现相 同症状病例。该起疫情共发现病例13例, 其中男生7例, 女生6例, 男女学生罹患率分别为24.1%( 7 /29)和24.0% ( 6 /25)。临床特征为发热13例(100.0%), 咽痛8例(61.5%), 全身肌肉酸痛8例(61.5%), 咳嗽5例(38.5%), 症状均较轻, 无重 症病例。共采集5份咽拭子标本 , 经荧光定量PCR检测均为腺病毒核酸阳性 , 5份标本用分型引物检测并分析序列确 定均为腺病毒E亚属4型。 结论 此次急性呼吸道感染聚集性疫情由腺病毒4型引起, 毒株序列与深圳其他区、国内 其他城市分离的腺病毒4型毒株序列具有髙度同源性。

Study of the effect of difficulty in emotional regulation on the quality of school life of first grade high school students in Kerman

Background Quality of school life is defined as the well-being and general satisfaction of students in terms of the positive and negative experiences in school activities. The present study aims at investigation of the effect of difficulty in emotional regulation on the quality of school life of high school girl students. Materials and Methods The research method was descriptive correlation using structural equations. The statistical population of the study is 4,734 high school girl students in Kerman, Iran, in 2018-2019. The sample size was determined to be 353 by Cochran's formula using random cluster sampling method. The Ainley and Burke’s School Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Gratz and Roemer’s Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires was calculated and confirmed using factor analysis and the reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical indicators, including simple regression, structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis, using SPSS software version 16.0 and AMOS software version 22.0. Results Data analysis through structural equation modeling of the results showed the effect of the difficulty in emotional regulation on quality of school life (β=0.32, p <0.001) is significant and inverse and the effect of components of difficulty in emotional regulation on quality of school life is significant and inverse (p <0.001). Conclusion According to the results, the components of difficulty in emotional regulation have significant and inverse effects on the quality of school life and also there is a significant and inverse effect between the components of difficulty in emotional regulation with quality of school life.

KNOWLEDGE AND IMAGES OF PRE-SERVICE ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS TEACHERS ABOUT ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

Entrepreneurship is related to awareness, ideas, imagination, and effort. Entrepreneurship training is now being carried out in order to increase the extent of entrepreneurial activities. In this regard, when entrepreneurship education practices are examined in many countries, it is seen that students are introduced to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education before they reach high school. In Turkey, entrepreneurship skills are among the basic skills in all curriculum programs since 2005. By establishing relations through images, people build stronger and understandable connections when they encounter a new concept or new knowledge. In this respect, the aim of this study is to reveal pre-service elementary mathematics teachers’ perceptions of entrepreneurship and the skills of the concept from freshmen to seniors in terms of what they know from their previous and current educational experiences and their perceptions about the importance of the concept of entrepreneurship. Twelve pre-service elementary mathematics teachers (6 women and 6 men) from each grade level for a total of 48 pre-service teachers (24 women and 24 men) studying at Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University participated in the study. During the selection process of the participants, only voluntary participants were considered. As a data collection tool, the interview protocol, which included 6 questions and was based on the literature, was prepared by the researcher. Data were collected through interviews, and interviews took approximately 40 minutes for each participant. The content analysis technique was used in the analysis of the collected data. The data were analyzed under headings of the prior knowledge and perceptions of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship skills, the importance of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship skills, the place of entrepreneurship in daily life, and findings about images of entrepreneurship skills. According to the findings of the research, it is concluded that the concepts of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship skills are not sufficiently heard of or recognized among pre-service elementary mathematics teachers. As the image categories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship skills, 4 image categories and related subcategories were determined for entrepreneurship. For “entrepreneurship skills,” 3 image categories and related subcategories were determined. Entrepreneurship training can be given in entrepreneurship courses or teaching courses in faculties of education. In these courses, not only theoretical knowledge about entrepreneurship skills, which are among the skills that should be acquired by individuals within the scope of lifelong learning, but also studies involving applications can be applied for pre-service teachers. There is no previous study in the literature that reveals the knowledge and images of pre-service elementary mathematics teachers regarding the concepts of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship skills. Therefore, other studies that support the results of this study should be pursued. Article visualizations:

Analysis of Science Digital Textbook Reading Process of 4th Grade Elementary School Students based on Eye Movement - Focused on the Unit of ‘Life of Plant’ -

Analysis of Science Digital Textbook Reading Process of 4th Grade Elementary School Students based on Eye Movement - Focused on the Unit of ‘Life of Plant’ -

INVESTIGATION OF STUDENTS' COGNITIVE STRUCTURES AND CHANGES IN UNDERSTANDING ON THE TOPIC OF “INVENTIONS” USING WORD ASSOCIATION TESTS / KELIME İLIŞKILENDIRME TESTI ILE ‘’İCATLAR’’ KONUSUNA ILIŞKIN ÖĞRENCILERIN BILIŞSEL YAPILARININ VE KAVRAMSAL DEĞIŞIMLERININ İNCELENMESI

Word association tests, first used in the field of psychology to understand people's subconscious thoughts, began to be used in the field of education over time to determine the kind of connections students make between concepts, reveal misconceptions, and assess whether these connections are sufficient. In this study, word association tests were used as a pre-test and post-test to reveal students’ misconceptions, the kinds of connections they made between concepts, and to see whether these connections were sufficient or not. The study sample comprised 32 3rd grade students. A word association test prepared by the researcher was used as the data collection tool in the study. The word association test consisted of the words “invent,” “inventor,” “technology,” “need,” and “innovation.” The cut-off point technique was used to analyze the data of the word association test. The pre-test indicated that the students frequently talked about key concepts from daily life. It was observed that the students had some misconceptions. The post-test revealed that the involvement of students' responses to key concepts with the subject increased, and misconceptions were largely eliminated. Ilk olarak psikoloji alaninda, insanlarin bilincaltindaki dusuncelerini ortaya cikarma amaciyla kullanilan kelime iliskilendirme testleri zaman icinde egitim alaninda ogrencilerin kavramlar arasinda kurduklari baglantilari, bu baglantilarin yeterliligini ve kavram yanilgilarini belirlemek amaciyla kullanilmistir. Bu calismada da kelime iliskilendirme testleri ile on test ve son test olarak ogrencilerin kavramlar arasinda kurduklari baglantilarin, bu baglantilarin yeterliliginin ve kavram yanilgilarinin ortaya cikarilmasi amaclanmistir. Calismanin orneklemini otuz iki 3. sinif ogrencisi olusturmaktadir. Calismada veri toplama araci olarak arastirmaci tarafindan hazirlanan kelime iliskilendirme testi kullanilmistir. Kelime iliskilendirme testi “icat, mucit, teknoloji, ihtiyac, yenilik” kelimelerinden olusmaktadir. Kelime iliskilendirme testinin verilerini analiz etmek icin kesme noktasi teknigi kullanilmistir. Yapilan on test sonucunda ogrencilerin anahtar kavramlara yonelik olarak siklikla gunluk yasamdan yanitlar verdikleri belirlenmistir. Ayrica on test sonucunda ogrencilerin birtakim kavram yanilgilarina sahip olduklari ortaya cikmistir. Son test sonucunda ise ogrencilerin anahtar kavramlara verdikleri yanitlarin konu ile iliskisinin arttigi, kavram yanilgilarinin buyuk oranda ortadan kalktigi gozlenmistir. Article visualizations:

Psychological Potential Identification of a Private Vocational High School Students, Indonesia: Suitability of Interests, Aptitude, and Selected Majors

One of private Vocational High School in Indonesia has not implemented a selection system based on aptitude and interest, which is very important in the success of students when following the learning process. This study aims to help the school to Identify the psychological otential of new students. The collection of data used psychological tests: intelligence, aptitudes, and interests tests. The subjects of this study were grade X (ten) students from the Pharmacy major (69 students) and Industrial Chemistry (14 students). The results show that the average level of intelligence of students majoring in pharmacy was higher than that of industrial chemistry. The more prominent aptitude in both majors was on understanding, more than 50% of students had a score in the category of enough. The aptitude of calculating was balanced between those in which the categories were enough and below average, while for the reasoning, the majority was in the categories of below average. The results of the interest inventory showed that the majority of students already had a consistent interest and in accordance with the choice of their current majors. It appears that students had a strong interest, even with less prominent abilities. The program that needs to be prepared by the school is to optimize this high interest as an encouragement for students to be actively involved in learning, accompanied by learning methods that are more practical, giving gradual and simultaneous assignments, and learning evaluation are done more frequently, for example at the end of each subject.

Comparison of outcomes between laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy for complex renal tumors (RENAL score ≥ 7 or maximum tumor size > 4cm): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction We reviewed current studies and performed a meta-analysis to compare outcomes between laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) treating complex renal tumors (RENAL score ≥ 7 or maximum clinical tumor size > 4cm). Evidence acquisition Using the databases of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, a comprehensive literature search was performed in April, 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect model. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots. Evidence synthesis Ten observational studies including 5193 patients (LPN: 1574; RAPN: 3619) were included. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding conversion to open (P = 0.07) surgery, all complications (P = 0.12), grade 1-2 complications (P = 0.10), grade 3-5 complications (P = 0.93), operative time (P = 0.94), estimated blood loss (P = 0.17). Patients undergoing LPN had a significant higher rate of conversion to radical (OR: 4.33; 95% CI: 2.01-9.33; p Conclusions For complex renal tumors, RAPN is more favorable than LPN in terms of lower rate of conversion to radical surgery, shorter IT, shorter LOS, less eGFR decline, and lower rate of CKD upstaging. Methodological limitations of observational studies should be taken into account in interpreting these results.

Varicella incidence and vaccination of children in kindergarten and primary school of Longhua District in Shenzhen

Objective To understand the situation of varicella prevalence and vaccination of susceptible population in Longhua District, and to provide reference for the varicella immunization program. Methods A total of 23 706 children from 30 childcare facilities and primary schools in 6 streets were randomly selected throughout the Longhua District. Date on age, grade, recent year and dosage of vaccination, varicella incidence, the overview of vaccination were collected and analyzed. Results The rate of vaccination in childcare facilities and primary schools was 86.01%, including 55.61% of 1 dose and 30.41% of 2 doses of vaccine. The differences of rate vaccination rate between the childcare facilities and primary schools had statistical significance ( χ 2 = 154.95, P < 0.05). Rate of no-vaccination, 1 dose vaccination and 2 doses vaccination across 6 streets differed significantly ( χ 2 = 146.09, 103.93, 127.31, 146.09, P <0.05). There was an increasing positive association between grades and attack rate ( χ 2 = 8.65, P <0.05). The differences of attack rate between the childcare facilities and primary schools was of statistical significance ( χ 2 = 478.69, P <0.05). The differences of attack rate in street of no vaccination, 1 dose vaccination and total attack rate showed statistical significance ( χ 2 = 54.49, 74.59, 151.49, P <0.05). There was an increasing linear trend of attack rate of primary school childrenby each year ( χ 2 = 24.28, P <0.05). The attack rate increased with time after 1 dose vaccination, immune protection was obtuined for a longer period time after additional doses of vaccine. Negative association was found between grades and protective efficacy rate of varicella. The protective rate and efficacy index of different doses of vaccine in different grades were correlated ( r = 0.80, 0.63, P <0.05). It was most effective after 1 dose vaccination among children in junior grade in kindergarten and 2 dose vaccination in senior grade. Conclusion After the implementation of vaccination program in Longhua District, the vaccination rate of 2 doses significantly increased, but not for a long time. Varicella vaccine should be included in immunization programme to protect vulnerable populations. 【摘要】目的 了解水疸疫苗预防接种政策实施后,深圳市龙华区水疸髙发人群的疫苗接种及水疸流行现状,为指导当 地制定水疸免疫规划措施提供参考。 方法 采用随机分层整群抽样方法,选择深圳市龙华区 6 个街道 30 所托幼机构及小 学23 706名儿童进行电子问卷调査,对获得的年龄、年级、最近疫苗接种年份、接种剂次、发病情况、发病时疫苗接种情况 等基础数据进行分析。 结果 龙华区托幼及小学儿童水疸疫苗总接种率为86.01%,其中 1 剂次接种率为55.61%, 2 剂次 为30.41%。托幼机构及小学的接种率差异有统计学意义( χ 2 = 154.95, P <0.05)。各街道未接种率、 1 剂次接种率、 2 剂次接 种率、总接种率差异均有统计学意义( χ 2 值分别为146.09,103.93,127.31,146.09, P 值均<0.05)。年级别罹患率与年级的 髙低呈正比( χ 2 趋势 =8.65, P <0.01),托幼机构与小学的罹患率差异有统计学意义( χ 2 =478.69, P <0.05)。各街道未接种罹患 率、 1 剂次罹患率、总罹患率差异均有统计学意义( χ 2 值分别为54.49, 74.59,151.49, P 值均<0.05)。随间隔年份增加小学 儿童罹患率具有线性趋势( χ 2 趋势 =24.28, P <0.05), 1 剂次水疸疫苗接种后间隔时间越长罹患率越髙, 2 剂次疫苗可保证较长 时间的保护效果。疫苗的保护率与年级的髙低呈反比,各年级不同剂次疫苗保护率及效果指数之间的相关性有统计学意 义（ r 值分别为0.80, 0.63, P 值均<0.05)。接种 1 剂次疫苗及 2 剂次疫苗效果最好的分别为小班、大班。 结论 龙华区政 策实施后 2 剂次疫苗接种率明显提升,但未起到持久效果。建议将水疸疫苗纳人免疫规划,以达到保障易感人群目的。

Do didactics improve clinical skills: A retrospective educational study

Introduction: As predoctoral dental students navigate through the dental curriculum, the knowledge of clinical dentistry is progressively gained from didactic lecture courses. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between endodontic didactic knowledge and endodontic preclinical skills. Methods: The study utilized the existing preclinical endodontic assessments of 2nd-year dental students (105 students). Using ExamSoft, the nonclinical questions (e.g., microbiology and pulp biology) were excluded from the final didactic assessment, and a new didactic grade was calculated and assigned to each student. Each endodontic skill (access preparation, instrumentation and obturation, and combined) was matched with corresponding clinically related questions in the didactic assessment. For each student, the matched didactic grade was weighted against the practical grade using Kendall's τ correlation coefficient. To determine the effect of each predictor variable (didactic score and gender), an ordinal logistic regression was used. Results: For all portions of the examination, the correlation between preclinical and didactic grades was significant, P Conclusion: Only a weak association was found between didactic performance and preclinical skills. Lectures on clinical topics should be improved and sequenced accordingly to better link the theory of endodontic technique to the hands-on simulation laboratory.

The association between androgen receptor expression and some pathological characteristics in patients with breast cancer

Context: Breast cancer is the most current malignancy in women all around the world. Considering the presence of the androgen receptor as a possible prognostic marker, attention has been given to its association with other molecular markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her 2)/neu, and clinicopathological characteristics and the target of cancer therapy. Aims: This study aimed to assess the level of androgen receptor (AR) and its association with other clinicopathological factors in patients with breast cancer. Settings and Design: Samples from 100 breast cancer patients were studied to evaluate the expression of AR using immunohistochemistry. Subjects and Methods: The association of AR was evaluated with ER, PR, and Her2 levels; age; tumor size; tumor grade; histological grade; nuclear grade; vascular invasion; perineural invasion; and lymph node involvement. The correlation between the expression of AR and other factors was assessed using t, Mann–Whitney, and Chi-square tests using SPSS. Results: Among 100 patients, 50 (50%) cases were AR positive. There was a significant correlation between AR expression and triple-negative breast cancer and the expressions of ER, PR, and Her2. However, there was no significant association between AR expression and other clinicopathological markers such as age, tumor size, type of tumor, and histological grade. Conclusion: Owning to the expanded expression of AR in 50% of patients with breast cancer in this study as well as the significant association between AR expression and triple-negative breast carcinoma, AR ER, PR, and Her 2, could be considered as a promising prognostic factor.