Research on supply chain optimization under different government subsidy strategies in the remanufacturing-insurance combination system

Regional innovation ecosystems play a crucial role in advancing national innovation capacity. However, the question of how to foster sustained collaborative innovation among diverse actors within these ecosystems under digitalization remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the dynamic mechanisms and key factors influencing synergistic innovation behavior among multiple stakeholders in digitally enabled regional innovation ecosystems. Drawing on evolutionary game theory, we develop a tripartite game model involving core enterprises, complementary parties, and the government. A simulation analysis is conducted using the Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park as a case context to examine the evolutionary trajectories of cooperation strategies. The results indicate that: (1) increasing the intensity of digital investment by innovation agents significantly enhances the stability and sustainability of the regional innovation ecosystem; (2) core enterprises can stimulate cooperative innovation by providing incentives to complementary parties in the digital context; (3) innovation actors exhibit substantial positive spillover effects, facilitating the circulation and integration of digital resources and data elements; and (4) government subsidies and penalties positively influence system stability and accelerate the convergence of evolutionary dynamics. By integrating a digital perspective into the analysis of regional innovation ecosystems, this study contributes to theoretical discussions on innovation cooperation and provides practical insights for local governments seeking to improve synergistic mechanisms within digital innovation ecosystems. The findings also offer strategic references for promoting the sustainable development of regional innovation systems under digitalization.

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effect of US–China tension relationship on Chinese firm innovation. Using a sample of Chinese A‐share companies from 2003 to 2023, we find robust evidence that US–China tension relationship, which is measured by US–China tension index, significantly encourages firms’ patent application, particularly substantive patents. Meanwhile, this positive relationship can continue for 3 years. Specifically, we also show that this positive effect is more profound for state‐owned enterprises and enterprises with lower financial constraint. Moreover, increased government subsidy is plausible channel that allows US–China tension relationship to promote innovation. Overall, these results shed light on the real effects of US–China relationship and the determinants of firm innovation.

South Korea has decided to increase the mandatory biodiesel (BD) blending ratio from 5.0% to 8.0% in 2030 to mitigate CO2 emissions. This study provides a nationally representative empirical estimate of public willingness to pay (WTP) specifically for increasing the mandatory BD blending ratio, and addresses a critical gap in the literature on biofuel policy acceptance. Although a one-and-one-half-bound format was employed, the single-bound spike model is adopted as the main specification due to evidence of response effects. This paper seeks to delve into public acceptance of the increase by gathering and analyzing the data on the public’s WTP through the application of contingent valuation (CV). Based on a national CV survey administered over a five-week period from mid-April to mid-May 2025, 1000 valid observations were obtained and analyzed. Since 60.5% of all respondents stated a WTP of 0, a spike model that could account for this was adopted. The key coefficients and the model achieved statistical significance. The average household WTP figure obtained was KRW 5052.3 (USD 3.50) per annum. Expanding this value to the entire population gives us KRW 111.69 billion (USD 77.46 million) annually, based on December 2024 constant prices. The additional costs in 2030 resulting from the increase will reach KRW 456.24 billion (USD 316.41 million). Since the WTP figure is smaller than these additional costs, it seems that public acceptance is not sufficiently high. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policy measures such as government subsidies and research and development support to reduce the price of BD.

Against the backdrop of self-financing difficulties, an effect of the transition from a centralized to a market economy, Romanian cities are marked by significant differences in the way local public finances are used. The difficulties generated by insufficient income, complemented by subsidies from the centralized budget, create strong disparities that manifest themselves both vertically within the urban hierarchy (small towns are the most affected) and spatially along development axes. The influence of social, economic, and cultural factors can explain these cleavages, but also expresses the excessive centralization of governance in Romania. The statistical processing of information on budget execution for the years 2019–2023, at the level of the 319 official urban centers in Romania, provides an image of the structure of local budgets through the prism of their self-financing capacity and their supplementation with community funds or government subsidies. The descriptive analysis, which highlights specific structural patterns, is complemented by a multivariate analysis aimed at examining the relationships between self-financing capacity and a set of explanatory variables. The study’s results demonstrate the need to implement programs to reduce urban administrative units’ dependence on the centralized budget and to streamline their own revenue collection.

Against the increasingly severe global pollution and greenhouse effect, strengthening environmental governance and cutting carbon emissions has become a universal consensus. Under China’s “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” goals, this paper focuses on a dual-channel green supply chain comprising a manufacturer and a retailer, where market demand correlates linearly with retail price, carbon emissions and green sales efforts. We establish game models to derive and compare optimal decisions and profits of supply chain members under centralized and decentralized decision-making. Taking the decentralized model as a benchmark, we propose three coordination mechanisms: bidirectional cost sharing, government subsidy, and their combination. We further obtain optimal coordination factors to realize Pareto improvement, reduce carbon emissions and boost social welfare. Results show that an optimal direct sales ratio maximizes supply chain profit under decentralization; bidirectional cost sharing aligns carbon emissions and sales efforts with centralized decision-making; the integrated mechanism minimizes carbon emissions and sales efforts with minimal government subsidies. This paper innovates by proposing the integrated coordination mechanism and exploring the optimal combination of key factors to achieve a multi-win situation.

Government subsidies, maturity mismatch of investment and financing, and ESG performance ——A study about A-share listed new energy companies in China

The more government subsidies, the lower the green innovation efficiency? Evidence from China's energy-intensive industries

Ecosustainable projects (ESPs) face challenges in risk management due to the limitations of single risk control strategies, difficulties in regulatory enforcement, and insufficient market-driven mechanisms, making it hard to effectively reduce default risk. This study moves beyond the traditional focus on single risk management strategies by integrating an evolutionary game model with external disturbances and dynamic strategy coexistence. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of three approaches: entirely government subsidized (EGS), hybrid guarantee (HG), and third-party risk mitigation (TRM). The results reveal several key insights. First, strategic evolution is influenced by regulatory costs, risk-return thresholds, and guarantee premiums. When the cost of high supervision (HS) reaches 80% of an institution’s total project investment, institutions tend to shift toward low supervision (LS), which encourages greater government involvement. If the lower risk-return thresholds exceed the project’s maximum potential return, the government is more likely to shift the risk burden onto market entities. Additionally, when the premium for TRM falls to about 125% of that for HG, the government is more inclined to adopt the TRM strategy over HG. Second, stronger regulatory oversight helps to mitigate moral hazard under both EGS and HG strategies. Third, the suitability of EGS, HG, and TRM varies across different types of ESPs. In regions with strong public finances but underdeveloped market mechanisms, EGS tends to be more effective. HG serves as a middle-ground approach, balancing fiscal support and market efficiency. TRM is most appropriate in contexts where capital markets are mature and institutional systems are well-developed. Overall, this study offers both theoretical insights and practical guidance for enhancing risk management and regulatory decision-making in ecosustainable project implementation.

Professionals' perspectives on factors influencing adherence to inhaler medication in patients with COPD and Asthma: A qualitative study.

In the digital economy era characterized by heightened uncertainty, strengthening internal governance to bolster firm adaptability and sustain digital innovation resilience has become crucial. As a key strategic resource, top management team (TMT) heterogeneity holds significant theoretical and practical value for enhancing firms’ digital innovation resilience. Using a sample of Chinese manufacturing listed firms, this study examines how TMT heterogeneity affects digital innovation resilience and the underlying mechanisms. The findings indicate that: (1) Greater TMT heterogeneity strengthens firms’ digital innovation resilience. (2) This effect operates primarily through alleviating financing constraints and improving investment efficiency. (3) The impact varies across firm types: it is stronger for small and medium-sized firms than for large firms; more pronounced in state-owned firms than in non-state-owned firms; more significant in low-monopoly firms than in high-monopoly firms; and notably greater for firms in eastern China than for those in central and western regions. (4) Government subsidies can strengthen the positive impact of TMT heterogeneity on firm digital innovation resilience. This study provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for enterprises to build effective TMTs, alleviate financing constraints, and improve investment efficiency, and for the government to provide subsidies, with the ultimate aim of fostering digital innovation resilience.

This study examines the external factors influencing divestment decisions among smallhold rice farmers in Tacurong City, utilizing a mixed-method approach. By combining qualitative analysis of respondents' narratives with quantitative data, the research identifies key factors driving divestment. The findings highlight that persistent crop failures, rising production costs, low rice prices, and delayed or insufficient government support are central to farmers’ decisions to sell their land. Family needs, particularly for food and education, often outweigh the tradition of rice farming. High input costs, such as for fertilizers, seeds, and labor, coupled with low rice prices, lead to debt accumulation and unsustainable farming practices. Although government subsidies provide some relief, delays and inadequacies force farmers to depend on high-interest loans or alternative sources of income. Despite the economic challenges, many farmers prioritize immediate survival over maintaining farming traditions. The study emphasizes that without effective interventions, including price stabilization, improved financial aid systems, and stronger community support, further divestment from rice farming is likely. This trend threatens the livelihoods of farmers and local food security. The mixed-method approach enabled a comprehensive understanding of the complex economic and social factors shaping divestment decisions, providing critical insights for addressing the challenges faced by farmers in Tacurong City.

ABSTRACT Green and low-carbon development, together with digital transformation, constitute the most critical development tasks for China’s current economic transition. This study uses data from Chinese companies to examine the impact of environmental regulations on the digital transformation of enterprises and explores the underlying transmission mechanism. The results show that environmental regulation promotes the digitalisation level of manufacturing enterprises, and the conclusions are supported by instrumental-variable estimation and a series of robustness checks. Environmental regulation facilitates digital transformation primarily through the investment effect and the innovation effect, whereas the cost effect hinders firms’ digital upgrading. The promoting effect is more pronounced in industries characterised by intense competition and in heavily polluting sectors. Environmental regulation also increases fiscal subsidies and tax incentives provided by the government to relevant enterprises; through guiding policies and subsidy programmes, the government supports and accelerates firms’ digital transformation.

ABSTRACT Under the dual pressures of global value chain restructuring and China’s economic transformation, optimizing government subsidy mechanisms is crucial for breaking free from the low-margin manufacturing bottleneck and achieving high-quality development. This study employs the 2012 anti-corruption campaign as a quasi-natural experiment. We utilize a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model with panel data from A-share listed companies. Our goal is to investigate how corruption governance reshapes subsidy allocation and enhances the effectiveness of subsidies in promoting industrial upgrading. The findings reveal that anti-corruption governance successfully reduces rent-seeking. This shifts subsidy allocation from a ‘relationship-based selection’ to an ‘efficiency-based selection’. This change fosters firms’ movement towards both ends of the smiling curve. Furthermore, we find that establishing an institutional environment-policy synergy is critical. This study contributes significantly to both political economy and industrial policy research. It offers key insights for emerging economies on optimizing resource allocation and effectively curbing rent-seeking.

Digital transformation (DT) is reshaping manufacturing, with core enterprises (CEs) leveraging their resources to build industrial Internet platforms (IIPs) that support ordinary enterprises (OEs) in adopting DT. Differences in enterprise roles lead to varying impacts of government subsidies, necessitating careful policy design. Crucially, IIP adoption involves higher-order, multi-player interactions beyond conventional pairwise relationships—a dimension often overlooked in existing quantitative studies. This research employs hypergraph theory to model these complex interactions on IIPs and applies evolutionary game theory to analyze how enterprise decisions and government subsidies shape DT dynamics in manufacturing supply chains. The findings reveal that: (1) The network effect is the primary driver for DT via IIPs, but its promotional impact exhibits diminishing marginal returns. (2) Governments should prioritize subsidizing CEs for platform establishment, as subsidies directed at OEs for DT adoption are less effective. (3) Before withdrawing subsidies, governments must ensure a sufficiently high IIP adoption rate to sustain DT autonomously. This study introduces a novel methodology for examining DT and offers theoretical insights to guide enterprise strategy and policy implementation.

Sustainable-Driven Probabilistic Inventory Model Under Advertising with Government Subsidy and Carbon Emission Considerations Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm

Many companies today are seeking to implement closed-loop supply chains and remanufacturing activities to save costs and protect the environment. At the same time, China is actively promoting trade-in polices and optimizing carbon emission reduction policies, aiming at green economy development. This paper considers a closed-loop supply chain with trade-in service and remanufacturing considering carbon cap-and-trade policy. The analysis offers models for comparing regimes with or without a government trade-in subsidy. This paper examines how various parameters, including customer profiles, product residual value, reuse profit, environmental benefit, carbon price, and government subsidy, influence the optimal strategy and profits of the close-loop supply chain. Results show that the positive impact of product resale value and reuse profit on trade-in rebate. These findings indicate, although the benefits of a lower remanufacturing cost and reduced emissions increase the price at which they are offered for sale, this leads to reduced purchases by original purchasers, and greater demand for replacements. Higher carbon price has the potential to the price schedule consists of wholesale price, retail price, and trade-in rebate, it discourages new consumer sales and has mixed influences on replacement consumer sales, possibly increasing or decreasing these transactions. Government subsidy reduces first-time purchases, yet increase the trade-in purchases. As the subsidy decreases, profit of the manufacture increases and that of the retailer declines. On the other hand, increased subsidy results in lower manufacture profits and higher retailer profits.

Purpose This study aims to address the issue of insufficient exploration regarding how government policies impact the adoption of blockchain technology (BT) within the construction sector. To fill this gap, the research aims to develop a comprehensive framework using evolutionary game theory (EGT) to analyze the effects of BT policies. Design/methodology/approach The methodology thoroughly examines BT policies, evaluating positive incentives and mandatory regulations, including subsidies and regulations, using EGT. This approach provides insights into how government policies influence BT adoption among construction stakeholders. Findings Findings reveal stable evolutionary strategies among stakeholders and observe that government agencies' limited promotion results in low adoption rates. Government subsidies are suggested while also recognizing the limited effectiveness of punitive measures. This study highlights the importance of proactive government involvement in promoting BT adoption and stresses the significance of subsidies in facilitating this process. Originality/value The implications of this research are relevant to policymakers and industry stakeholders, guiding the crafting of effective policies to drive BT adoption within the construction sector. The necessity of incorporating bounded rationality assumptions in mathematical modeling to capture decision-making dynamics accurately is emphasized.

This paper examines the financing strategy of capital-constrained farmers (traditional banking financing or e-commerce platform financing) and the government's subsidy strategy (whether to subsidize) in the contract agricultural supply chain. The optimal decisions, profits, and social welfare are compared and analyzed under different scenarios, and the hybrid financing model is further extended. The study found that when the probability of normal production is low, it is optimal for the farmer to choose bank financing. The farmer's choice of bank financing or platform financing is more profitable than the hybrid financing strategy in all cases. The platform can provide a short-term interest-free financing strategy to ensure the production and marketing of agricultural products. This study provides guidance on how to choose the financing strategy for the capital-constrained farmer and how the government implements subsidy policies.

BackgroundAs the core providers of medical and health services, public hospitals play an irreplaceable role in ensuring basic medical care, safeguarding health equity, and fulfilling social responsibilities. Their operational efficiency and institutional design not only influence the national health status but also relate to the stability and development of the entire healthcare system. Therefore, continuously optimizing support policies and management mechanisms for public hospitals has become a crucial issue for governments worldwide in advancing healthcare system reforms.MethodsThis paper systematically reviews the policy trajectories supporting the development of public hospitals in five major global economies, namely the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and Singapore. Primary sources included government legislation and policy documents, official statistical publications issued by health authorities and insurance agencies, and peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The analysis focused on key institutional dimensions, including financing arrangements, governance structures, payment systems, and performance evaluation mechanisms. Through cross-country comparisons and longitudinal historical analysis, it reveals the commonalities and differences among various policy models.ResultsThe study finds that in the United States, support policies for public hospitals are primarily market-driven, supplemented by public programs. Public health insurance programs such as Medicare and Medicaid provide funding for public hospitals, and market-oriented management models are relied upon to enhance operational efficiency. The United Kingdom adopts the National Health Service system, which is based on tax financing and constructs a public hospital system that combines government leadership, internal marketization, and performance governance. Germany ensures the financial stability and operational efficiency of public hospitals through a dual governance structure of social health insurance and government capital investment. Under the universal health insurance system in Japan, a refined payment system and a local government responsibility-sharing mechanism drive public hospitals toward efficiency and equity. Singapore centers its approach on government subsidies and the 3M health insurance system, combined with group management of public hospitals, achieving equitable access and efficient operation of healthcare services. In China, the development of public hospitals follows a clear path of government leadership, with the basic medical insurance system serving as a solid guarantee. A diversified compensation mechanism has been established to ensure their stable operation. In terms of management, active efforts are made to advance the reform of separating management from operation while adhering to the core principle of public welfare orientation.ConclusionsThere are differences among countries in the selection of policy tools and practical effects to support the development of public hospitals, but all demonstrate an ongoing balance between ensuring the supply of basic medical services, enhancing the efficiency of the service system, and addressing structural challenges. China should draw on international experience, taking into account its national conditions, to further strengthen the central government's coordinating role, clarify the boundaries of financial investment, optimize health insurance payment and price formation mechanisms, promote the reform of public hospitals toward legal person status and group management, accelerate digital transformation and the implementation of a tiered diagnosis and treatment system, and build an efficient, equitable, and sustainable development model for public hospitals.