Purpose This study examines government budgeting for anti-corruption organisations and its ability to increase transparency and reduce corruption in Thailand. It also considers government effectiveness (GE), control of corruption (CC), regulatory quality (RQ), voice and accountability, political stability and military spending (MS) as factors influencing greater national transparency. Design/methodology/approach With the quantitative approach, the linear regression is applied to test the relationship between related budgeting factors and the level of transparency (LT). Data included in the study were collected for 20 years, ranging from 2003 to 2022. The data related to the budget allocated are manually collected from the annual report of the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) and the Office of Public Sector Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC), while some indicators are collected from the global economy and World Bank databases. Findings The findings suggest that budget spending on anti-corruption organisations is negatively associated with transparency. This is not surprising in a developing country, where increased government spending alone can lead to a higher rate of corruption due to the opportunities it creates for misusing public funds and the potential inefficiencies of the organisations. However, when combined with high GE, budget spending becomes more effective in increasing transparency. This suggests that budget spending alone does not reduce corruption; it must be paired with effective governance. The findings also indicate that greater political instability and higher MS correlate with lower transparency, particularly when military oversight is weak. Conversely, stronger RQ enhances transparency. Research limitations/implications Limitations of this research include the unavailability of disaggregated anti-corruption budget data (HL and ML) outside Thailand, which precluded direct replication of the core model in the SEA sample. Our fixed-effects approach controlled for unobserved, time-invariant heterogeneity and global shocks, but finer-grained variables, such as enforcement capacity, media freedom or civil-society strength could further illuminate the mechanisms at work. Practical implications Practical implications suggest that policy prescriptions cannot rely solely on increased funding or regulatory design. They must strengthen institutional capacity and accountability to translate resources into genuine transparency gains. Originality/value As the effectiveness of budget allocation in reducing corruption, especially in developing countries like Thailand, remains questionable, this study highlights literature to document the effectiveness of the budget system in increasing the transparency level of government activities. The study also extends to test the effectiveness of budgeting on Southeast Asian countries, including Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. The results add to the literature that GE and higher CC help to increase the LT in these countries.

ABSTRACT The sustainable development goals (SDGs) cannot be achieved in high‐income economies solely provided access to capital, but the fabrication needs to be spread among financial flows, technological advancement, and the quality of institutions. This article will explore the impact of the green finance, represented by the green bonds and environmental protection spending, on sustainable development in the 29 OECD countries during the period between 2015 and 2022, as well as the mediating effect of the artificial intelligence (AI) and renewable energy capacity (RECAP). Based on quarterly panel data and a dynamic econometric model that encompasses both cross‐sectional dependence tests and slope heterogeneity as well as System GMM estimates, we get the results that green finance in and of itself has weak or adverse short‐run impacts on sustainability only. But placed within favorable institutional and innovation environments, it has a better effect. In particular, the green bonds are linked with a higher capacity of renewable energy, whereas the environmental spending is observed to crowd out AI investment in the short‐term. Openness of trade and government spending are always sustainable to development, and rule of law exhibits transitional costs, indicating that initially the reform of the rules might be counterproductive to the advance. These results promote SDGs 7, 9, 13, and 16 because they demonstrate that financial mechanisms can be effective at most when these mechanisms are supported by the effective governance and capacity to innovate. These are the performance based financial transactions, AI ready infrastructure and investment in long term renewable energy that we suggest the policymakers concentrate to better tie the connection between green finance initiatives and the SDG development in developed economies.

This paper examines the impact of fiscal policy responses on unemployment across EU countries from 2019 to 2024, a period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic as a shock event. A detailed monthly panel data set is used in this study, employing a fixed-effects estimation model with government spending, revenue, and debt as core variables, along with the COVID-19 dummy as a control variable. The findings reveal a strong association between government spending and revenue in reducing unemployment, aligned with countercyclical fiscal policy support. Conversely, increasing government debt is strongly linked to higher unemployment, indicating a risk of excessive borrowing that could hinder future labor market recovery. Moreover, uncertain external economic conditions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have further intensified labor market distortions. Finally, the results highlight that fiscal policies can effectively mitigate unemployment in the short term; however, excessive debt may pose challenges to long-term fiscal sustainability. This study underscores the importance of well-structured and timely coordinated fiscal policy frameworks that promote employment stabilization, while ensuring long-term debt sustainability.

ABSTRACT Applying local projection-based instrumental variables methods, we empirically explore monetary and fiscal policy dependencies in a small open and emerging economy, Poland. In particular, we study whether the effects of a government spending shock on output depend on the degree to which monetary policy is active. We conclude that the cumulative government spending multiplier is not systematically dependent on the monetary policy regime. It suggests that monetary policy does not react to fiscal expansions, which can be related to sustainability of fiscal policy in Poland in the period under consideration. We estimate a peak cumulative linear multiplier of 1.53 after six quarters over the full sample and of 1.38 after eight quarters over the period before Covid-19. In addition, we detect no dependence on business cycle states. Furthermore, we find no statistically significant crowding-out effects originating from government investment. Our results are robust to various alternative empirical specifications.

The article is devoted to the study of the potential for socialization of the economies of Eastern Europe to improve population welfare. General scientific methods of data analysis and synthesis, systematization, and comparison are used in the research. Kohonen Maps (Deductor Studio package) were applied to cluster the Eastern European countries according to their potential for economic socialization. The information base of the article includes scientific articles and monographs, data from the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the United Nations Development Programme, the Legatum Institute, and other sources, as well as the author’s own empirical research. The article presents the main characteristics and tools of socialization in Eastern European countries aimed at ensuring population well-being. The study shows that the key features of socialization in Eastern European economies include the transition from socialist to market systems, European integration processes, and persistent economic inequality. In Eastern Europe, social programs remain an important element of public policy, but they are less developed than in Western Europe due to limited budgetary resources. The clustering was carried out using global indicators (Human Development Index, Social Progress Index, Index of Economic Freedom, Social Capital Index, Global Gender Gap Index, Happy Planet Index, and Legatum Prosperity Index) and local indicators (GDP per capita, inflation rate, unemployment rate, average monthly net salary, population growth, life expectancy at birth, and government spending on education) of economic socialization. As a result of the cluster analysis, the Eastern European countries were grouped into four clusters with high, medium, and low potential for economic socialization. The article describes the characteristics of these clusters and presents proposals for each group to improve population welfare. As a result of the clustering, Ukraine and Moldova are grouped into one cluster with the lowest potential for economic socialization, as both are conflict and post-conflict territories (the Transnistrian conflict and Russia’s war against Ukraine). The Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, and Poland – countries with a high level of economic socialization potential to ensure population welfare – can serve as examples of effective socio-economic policy implementation for Ukraine, Moldova, and Bulgaria, which currently exhibit a low potential for socialization of their economies. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the clustering of selected European countries according to their potential for socialization of the economy to ensure population welfare. The practical significance of the article lies in the proposed recommendations for countries with a low potential for socialization of the economy (Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria), which can be used by public authorities.

The relationship between private consumption expenditure and public expenditure represents a recurring theme in macroeconomics, with relevance to both empirical and theoretical discourse. However, there is a lack of consensus on its direction. Accordingly, this study aims to examine whether public expenditure rules out private consumption expenditure for European Union during the period of 1995–2022. The findings indicate that public expenditure has a positive effect on private consumption expenditure over the long term, thereby corroborating Keynesian theory. However, except the defense expenditure, the findings demonstrate the complementary effect of public expenditures on private consumption expenditures. Moreover, disposable income has a positive influence in all model specifications, which corroborates the Keynesian Absolute Income Hypothesis. Considering the findings, this study also suggests some policy recommendations for the future.

National-, institutional-, and individual-level determinants of psychiatric research excellence: Analysis of Stanford-Elsevier lists of the top 2 % scholars worldwide (2017-2023).

This study investigates the effects of fiscal policy and corruption on economic growth using panel data analysis. Three panel regression techniques were applied: fixed effects, random effects, and pooled OLS. After evaluating the model performance, the Random Effects model and the Pooled OLS model were selected as the most appropriate for the analysis. The research focuses on four Southern European countries, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Portugal, covering the period from 1995 to 2019. GDP growth was used as the dependent variable, serving as a measure of economic performance. The independent variables included the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) to represent corruption, along with government spending and tax revenue to capture fiscal policy. To examine whether corruption influences the effectiveness of fiscal policy, the model also included interaction terms between CPI and the two fiscal variables. The results showed that a one-unit increase in government spending was associated with a 0.24% decrease in GDP growth, while a one-unit rise in tax revenue corresponded to a 0.26% decline. Conversely, a one-point increase in the CPI score, indicating reduced corruption, was linked to a 0.09% increase in economic growth. These findings were statistically significant. However, the interaction terms between corruption and fiscal policy were not significant, suggesting that corruption did not significantly modify the impact of fiscal measures on economic growth within this sample.

Since the 1990s, high-income individuals have increasingly sorted into the Democratic Party as a result of their socially liberal views. There is evidence that over time high-income Democrats have also liberalized in their economic attitudes, but the motivations behind this purported support remain unclear. This study uses a forced-choice conjoint experiment with an oversample of high-income respondents and takes the novel approach of pairing the experiment with cognitive interviews in order to explore why high-income Democrats support redistributive policies. Results show that the redistributive preferences of high-income Democrats look very similar to those of other Democrats. They prefer policies proposed by their own party. They want policies that are racially "fair," and sometimes define this to mean favoring Black recipients. Most of all, however, they are driven by a commitment to "fiscal populism," the idea that (increased) government spending should be funded by the most elite members of society.

ABSTRACT The study examines the dynamic effects of shocks in government spending and taxes on Polish economic activity. It does so by using the Baumeister and Hamilton method, applied to a three-equation structural VAR model. The results consistently indicate that positive government spending shocks have a positive impact on output, while positive tax shocks have a negative or insignificant impact. The impact spending multiplier is 1.25 and the impact tax multiplier is − 1.18 . In the long term the cumulative spending multiplier reaches 1.04 and is larger than the cumulative tax multiplier. The key elasticity of tax revenues to output is 2.33 .

This study analyses the impact of Tanzania’s government spending priorities (1990–2023) on economic growth, focusing on four key sectors (public services, defence, health and education) constituting 89% of fiscal spending. Using an ARDL approach with diagnostic and cointegration tests, we examine short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships while controlling for trade openness and exchange rates. The findings reveal significant sectoral heterogeneity: health expenditures drive long-run growth, while education spending shows short-run benefits but long-run inefficiencies, likely due to skills mismatches. Defence and public services exhibit minimal growth impacts. Granger causality tests confirm unidirectional links, education fosters growth, while health and defence spending respond to GDP expansion. The study recommends reallocating budgets toward health and education, coupled with efficiency reforms in public services and defence, to achieve sustainable development. These findings offer a framework for fiscal policy optimization in resource-constrained economies

ABSTRACT Access to sustainable cooking remains a major development challenge in developing economies, where traditional cooking methods still dominate. This study investigates how governance quality and public debt influence the adoption of clean cooking technologies in Nigeria from 2000Q1 to 2022Q4 using the Quantile-on-Quantile approach. Findings reveal that control of corruption, regulatory quality, rule of law, and voice and accountability consistently promote access to clean cooking, especially at higher quantiles. However, political stability and government effectiveness show limited influence at lower quantiles, reflecting persistent volatility. Public debt has minimal impact at lower quantiles, indicating that limited borrowing constrains investments in clean energy infrastructure. At higher quantiles, increased public debt supports greater government spending on sustainable energy, accelerating the clean cooking transition. The study recommends improved governance and responsible debt management to enhance clean cooking access and promote environmental sustainability in Nigeria.

Sustainable development has become a key agenda in global and national development policies, particularly since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the Indonesian context, green fiscal policy is viewed as a strategic instrument to promote the achievement of the SDGs through budget allocations oriented toward environmentalsustainability. This study aims to analyze the effect of green government spending in the renewable energy sector on the achievement of the SDGs in Indonesia during the 2020–2025 period. The study uses a quantitative approach with anexplanatory research approach. The data used are secondary data sourced from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic ofIndonesia, the SDGs Index (UNDP), and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analytical method used is panel data regression with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach to control for differences in characteristics between provinces. The descriptive analysis results show that Indonesia's green budget allocation has consistently increased during the studyperiod, accompanied by a shift in sectoral priorities from a dominant transportation sector to strengthening the energy and buildings sectors. These findings indicate a strengthening government commitment to promoting a green economy transitionand achieving sustainable development goals, particularly in the areas of clean energy and climate action. However, the effectiveness of green government spending in improving SDG achievement is still heavily influenced by the quality of policy implementation, institutional capacity, and macroeconomic conditions. This research is expected to provide an empirical contribution to the development of green fiscal policy literature and serve as a consideration in formulating sustainable development policies in Indonesia.

This paper examines the extent to which fiscal and monetary policies have been effective in influencing inflation in advanced economies since 2000. The paper evaluates the inflation trends alongside the government spending and central bank’s interest rates. The study employs comparative analysis from official sources such as the World Bank, the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. The findings suggest that monetary policy is generally effective under normal economic conditions, while fiscal policy is helpful during deep economic recessions, especially when monetary policy is constrained. However, both policies have their own limitations which should be taken into consideration. Overall, the paper concludes that while fiscal and monetary policies have been effective, their credibility is highly dependent on economic conditions and contextual factors.

The study evaluates the effects of Dutch disease on the manufacturing and agricultural sectors of Nigeria and Angola, the two most oil-dependent nations in Africa. The research explores the effects of oil-based economic stability on the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, as these sectors are key drivers of economic growth and sustainable development. The paper examines the effects of oil rent, real exchange rates, and government spending on sectoral output by analyzing annual data from 1990 to 2023 from World Bank and IMF sources as well as national statistics agencies. The results of the study show that oil income and exchange rate appreciation have a significant detrimental influence on Nigerian and Angolan industry and agricultural output, proving the existence of Dutch disease. According to the research, conventional export industries become less competitive over time as a result of oil reliance, which shifts resources towards non-tradable sectors. According to the study, the volatility of oil revenue lowers sectoral resistance to short-term changes and causes economic instability. A stable process towards reaching long-run equilibrium is indicated by the error correction terms' negative significant values in both models. According to the research, both countries are still dominated by oil-driven economic distortions since their policies are insufficiently robust to encourage the growth of non-oil sectors. In order to promote long-term economic development, the research backs the necessity for improved fiscal control, effective currency management, and focused oil income investment into the manufacturing and agricultural sectors.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the flypaper effect on regional financial performance with the budget surplus as a moderating variable in districts/municipalities in South Sulawesi Province. The flypaper effect refers to the phenomenon in which local governments are more responsive to central government transfers, particularly the general allocation fund, than to local own-source revenue. This study employs panel data from 24 districts/municipalities for the period 2021–2023, using a quantitative approach through multiple linear regression and moderated regression analysis based on the interaction model. The results indicate that general allocation fund and local own-source revenue have a significant effect on regional expenditure, while the special allocation fund and revenue sharing fund do not. The flypaper effect is confirmed, with general allocation funds being more “sticky” to regional government spending compared to local own-source revenue. Furthermore, budget surplus significantly moderates this relationship, where high budget surplus tends to weaken, while low budget surplus strengthens the influence of the flypaper effect on regional financial performance. These findings highlight the importance of efficient budget management to ensure that transfer funds optimally enhance regional fiscal performance.

Amid rising concerns over energy security and the growing demand for sustainable infrastructure, mobilizing public-private partnership (PPP) investments in the energy sector has become a critical policy objective for ASEAN nations. This study contributes to the literature by uncovering the pivotal role of financial inclusion (FIC) in enhancing such investments. By improving access to financial services, FIC fosters a more conducive environment for energy-related PPPs, particularly in emerging economies where capital mobilization is constrained. Using panel data from 1999 to 2023 for ASEAN countries, the analysis confirms that FIC exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on PPP investments in energy (PPI), even after controlling for government spending, FDI, economic growth, and aid. These findings position financial inclusion not only as a tool for economic empowerment but also as a strategic lever for infrastructure development. The study further strengthens its conclusions through robust empirical techniques. Overall, this research offers novel insights into how inclusive financial systems can unlock private investment in critical energy infrastructure, supporting broader sustainable development goals in the region.

Remittances constitute a significant source of foreign capital inflows that enhance income levels and contribute to economic growth, thereby playing an important role in poverty reduction. This study examines the impact of remittances on poverty while accounting for government spending, employment, and trade openness in South Asian countries over the period 1990–2022. The analysis employs several econometric techniques, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE), Random Effects (RE), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS). The empirical results indicate that remittances, government expenditure, employment, and trade openness have a poverty-reducing effect. The findings from the FE, RE, and FMOLS models consistently confirm that remittances significantly alleviate poverty. Furthermore, Granger causality tests reveal bidirectional causal relationships between remittances and poverty, as well as between remittances and trade openness. Based on these findings, the study recommends that policymakers in South Asian countries design effective strategies to ensure the productive utilization of remittance inflows for sustainable economic development and poverty alleviation.

The subject of the study is to assess the impact of government spending on the economic growth in the Russian Federation from a sectoral perspective. The purpose of the study is to identify the parameters that cause changes in government spending and their impact on economic development in Russia. The methodological basis of this work is the economic, statistical and analytical methods of information processing. The objectives of the study are: to substantiate the term «geopolitical occurrence» and to identify the most significant occurrences related to the Russian Federation, which have affected government spending; to analyze changes in the composition of federal budget expenditures in Russia; to examine the dynamics of gross value added in various sectors of the Russian economy. As a result , the accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation, the COVID‑19 pandemic, and the Special Military Operation have been among the geopolitical events. The calculations show significant differences in the structure of government spending and economic growth between various geopolitical occurrences. The conclusion is that the entire structure of the federal budget is undergoing changes related to government spending, and structurally this directly corresponds to the nature of geopolitical events. At the same time, changes in the volume and structure of government spending can significantly affect the dynamics of gross value added in certain sectors of the economy if they are aimed at supporting businesses in the real economy. However, this effect is limited to a certain range of sectors.

This study aims to empirically examine the effect of consumption, investment, and government expenditure on Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) using time series data from 1995 to 2024. The research employs a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis based on secondary data obtained from the World Bank. Classical assumption tests are conducted to ensure the validity of the econometric model. The results indicate that consumption and government expenditure have a positive effect on GDP, while investment does not show a statistically significant effect in the partial test. However, the simultaneous test reveals that consumption, investment, and government expenditure jointly have a significant impact on Indonesia’s GDP. The coefficient of determination shows that a large proportion of GDP variation can be explained by the variables included in the model. These findings suggest that household consumption and effective government spending play a crucial role in supporting economic growth, while the contribution of investment depends on structural and efficiency factors. The study provides important policy implications for strengthening fiscal effectiveness and promoting sustainable economic growth in Indonesia