The purpose of this research is to reveal the indicators of al-Ta'assuf in Government Regulation No. 45 of 1990 Article 4 paragraph 2 and legal solutions to al-Ta'assuf in Government Regulation No. 45 of 1990 Article 4 paragraph 2. This research is qualitative research, the type of research is library research. The data collection method used is literature study, with normative theological, juridical, and sociological approaches. The results showed that;1) The two indicators of al-ta'assuf in the use of rights have been used to analyze Government Regulation No. 45 of 1990 Article 4 paragraph 2. In accordance with the analysis of al-ta'assuf, Government Regulation No. 45 of 1990 Article 4 paragraph 2, should not conclude its provisions by prohibiting civil servant women as polygynous wives absolutely. Because the absolute prohibition will always be understood in any condition and however, without any conditions. 2) The legal solution to al-Ta'assuf in Government Regulation No. 45 of 1990 Article 4 paragraph 2, namely the government as the competent authority in establishing regulations, should pay attention to the greater good by considering the rights of civil servant women and children who are born later.

This study examines the effect of government regulations on the growth and sustainability of small-scale business enterprises within the Ga South Municipal Assembly, Ghana. Specifically, it assesses how regulatory requirements such as taxation, licensing, compliance costs, and enforcement mechanisms influence operational efficiency, financial sustainability, and business expansion among small-scale enterprises. Small-scale enterprises play a critical role in employment creation and local economic development in Ghana. However, despite their importance, many continue to struggle with survival and growth due to regulatory pressures. While government regulations are designed to promote fairness, accountability, and sustainability, their implementation at the municipal level is often characterized by high compliance costs, bureaucratic complexity, and inconsistent enforcement. These challenges may undermine business performance, discourage formalization, and constrain enterprise growth, particularly among resource-constrained small-scale businesses. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, utilizing an explanatory sequential research design. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 300 owners and managers of small-scale enterprises operating in the Ga South Municipal Assembly. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with five SME owners/managers and one senior government official. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with IBM SPSS, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically to provide contextual explanations for the quantitative findings. The findings indicate that government regulations have a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the growth and sustainability of small-scale enterprises. High taxation, costly licensing procedures, and compliance-related expenses were identified as the most significant regulatory challenges. These burdens increase operational costs, reduce profitability, limit reinvestment, and constrain business expansion. Many business owners perceive regulatory compliance as a financial burden rather than a facilitator of growth. The study concludes that existing regulatory frameworks in Ga South place disproportionate burdens on small-scale enterprises, limiting their growth and sustainability. It recommends streamlining regulatory processes, simplifying tax structures, reducing compliance costs, and introducing targeted incentives to encourage formalization and support small-scale business development.

Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws (Perpu) have the same status as laws but are temporary and require approval from the House of Representatives (DPR) in the subsequent session. The Constitutional Court (MK) currently reviews Perpu using the same procedural law as standard laws. The urgency of this research stems from the risk of “loss of object,” which occurs when a Perpu is enacted into law before the MK reaches a verdict, causing legal uncertainty. This study analyses the need for a speedy trial mechanism for Perpu review. It employs a normative juridical method, examining positive legal norms, principles, and doctrines. The findings indicate that existing procedures, lacking specific time limits, are inadequate for the time-sensitive nature of Perpu. The study concludes that the MK must establish a distinct procedural law incorporating a speedy-trial model with strict time limits (e.g., 14 days) to ensure the review is completed before the DPR session and to protect citizens’ constitutional rights.

The implementation of the Government Internal Control System (SPIP) plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency, accountability, and effectiveness in managing village finances. This study aims to evaluate how SPIP is applied in the areas of monitoring and financial administration in Bulawan Village, based on Government Regulation No. 60 of 2008 and the Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation No. 20 of 2018. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, direct observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that the internal control system in Bulawan Village has generally been implemented in accordance with existing regulations. Continuous monitoring is carried out regularly by village officials and supervisors, ensuring compliance with financial management standards. However, several weaknesses were identified, particularly in the areas of independent evaluations and follow-up actions on audit recommendations. These shortcomings are mainly due to limited human resources and the lack of structured internal audit mechanisms at the village level. This study contributes empirically by providing in-depth insights into how SPIP functions within the unique context of local village governance in Indonesia. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening monitoring mechanisms, enhancing staff capacity, and integrating digital systems to improve accountability and financial reporting. The results can serve as a reference for policymakers and local governments in developing more effective internal control frameworks for rural financial management.

Introduction: E-commerce is a part of e-business that focuses on online buying and selling transactions carried out through electronic media, such as the internet. Payments for E-commerce transactions appear in various forms, for example, e-wallet, micropayment, credit card, even with a cash on delivery (COD) payment system.Purposes of the Research: This research aims to understand and explain the regulations of cash on delivery payment systems in e-commerce and the legal consequences of product returns for business entities regarding cash on delivery payment systems. Methods of the Research: This is conducted through a normative legal method using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach.Findings of the Research: Based on this research, the regulation of the on-site payment system is regulated in the Civil Code, Consumer Protection Act, Electronic Information and Transaction Law and Government Regulation on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. The legal consequences experienced by business entities regarding the return of goods made by consumers when shopping through E-commerce are paying compensation to consumers if the goods are not in accordance or damaged and returns with a mechanism that has been determined by each marketplace. The form of guarantee given by the marketplace if the goods are not in accordance or damaged is in the form of free shipping when returning goods which will be fully borne by the marketplace. Meanwhile, if the goods are in accordance, consumers cannot claim a guarantee and are required to make payments with the on-site payment system.

The digital market is defined by features such as platform-based operations, extensive use of data, interactions across multiple market sides, and the influence of network effects. Through the use of data, businesses can forecast market movements and analyze consumer behavior, potentially leading to unfair competitive practices. This study is classified as normative legal research. It employs a statutory-regulatory approach, a conceptual framework, and a comparative analysis. The research method involves a literature review supported by qualitative analytical techniques. Considering regulations in various countries, the utilization of consumer data by online platforms is a key factor in evaluating their market dominance and preventing abuse of dominant position. It is essential for the government to establish a the provisions for the use of consumer or user data on online platforms as one of the characteristics of their dominant position through Government Regulation that harmonizes the provisions of Act Number 5 of 1999, Act Number 8 of 1999, and Act Number 27 of 2022, and regulatory framework to classify dominant online platforms like "gatekeepers" designation by considering factors such as a company's financial strength and data processing capabilities.

Background Choosing an optimal business location is a critical decision that can significantly impact an organization’s success. Many businesses fail because their initiators were not properly guided with informed counsels prior to the commencement. Methods This study employed stratified random sampling to collect data from a sample of 1200 business units across the southern and middle belt regions of Nigeria. Using statistical tools such as factor analysis, empirical literature review, and ordinal logistic regression, the study explores accounting perspectives from type and locational factors necessary in making impactful business decisions. These include analyzing the turnover potential of various business types and locations. Results The study found that business success and sustainability are sensitive to factors such as culture, government regulation, religion, and population density. The findings also indicate that the choice of business type—such as consumer goods, industrial goods, foodstuff, supermarkets—and their locations in rural or urban areas all have significant implications for business survival. Conclusion By integrating accounting and statistical perspectives, businesses can make more informed and strategic location decisions. These decisions can leverage the analytical advantages of understanding business types and locations, ultimately improving operational efficiency and profitability.

Concurrent with economic expansion and demographic growth, land scarcity has intensified, necessitating state intervention to maintain equilibrium among competing stakeholders. The Basic Agrarian Law establishes land reform provisions encompassing ownership restructuring and tenure relationships, with Articles 7 and 17 mandating restrictions to prevent land concentration amongst particular groups. Despite legislative requirements that residential land ownership limitations be codified through Government Regulation, such implementing regulation remains absent. Consequently, the State Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency promulgated Decree Number 6 of 1998, restricting residential land ownership to five parcels not exceeding 5,000 square metres cumulatively. This research employs normative juridical methodology with statute approach, examining regulatory hierarchies and enforcement mechanisms. Analysis reveals that whilst Decree 6/1998 constitutes a regulation pursuant to Law 12/2011 Article 100, fundamental deficiencies compromise its efficacy. The Decree lacks prescribed sanctions for violations, contains no supervisory mechanisms, and inadequately addresses ownership restrictions, applying solely to rights elevation rather than rights transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, hierarchical incongruence exists whereby ministerial decree implements primary legislative mandates absent intermediary Government Regulation as constitutionally required. Land office administrative systems lack comprehensive ownership data, rendering declaration verification practically impossible. These findings corroborate previous scholarship documenting weak enforcement mechanisms whilst revealing novel dimensions concerning hierarchical legitimacy and category-specific regulatory dysfunction. The absence of administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions substantially undermines legal enforcement, rendering residential land ownership restrictions ineffective in preventing ownership concentration and achieving equitable distribution objectives.

Purpose This study aims to examine the journey of embedding sustainability within organizational culture in educational institutions, focusing on Ciputra Education. It explores how core values are transformed into sustainable practices by identifying the internalization mechanisms and the key factors that influence the successful implementation of a sustainability corporate culture (SCC). Design/methodology/approach The research is grounded in the resource-based view (RBV) theory and the 4I framework of organizational learning. It employs a qualitative single-case study approach. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with ten informants and were triangulated with expert reviews to enhance trustworthiness. Data analysis was conducted using NVivo 14 software. Findings The findings revealed that the SCC internalization mechanism occurred through a systematic learning process of core values – intuiting, interpreting, integrating and institutionalizing. Key internal and external factors influencing this process included founder wisdom, entrepreneurial leadership, quality management systems, human capital, government regulations, information and technology and competition. A comprehensive SCC model emerged by integrating these internalization mechanisms with enabling contextual factors. Practical implications The model offers practical guidance for educational leaders in navigating the journey “from values to practice” by fostering sustainability through cultural transformation. Originality/value This study contributes a novel approach by integrating RBV and the 4I framework of organizational learning to develop a contextualized SCC model for educational institutions. It positions organizational culture as a strategic, non-replicable resource for long-term sustainability.

The Nigerian construction industry remains plagued by longstanding systemic deficiencies such as payment delays, low procurement transparency, weak record management, and limited digital maturity. While blockchain technology offers solutions through decentralisation, transparency, and automated verification, its adoption in Nigeria remains minimal. This study explores the critical success factors (CSFs) influencing blockchain adoption and their interactions in shaping implementation readiness. A systematic literature review and quantitative survey involving 218 respondents from various sectors were conducted. The study evaluated twelve CSFs across technological, organisational, environmental, and regulatory dimensions, with descriptive results showing moderate-to-high perceived importance. Using the DEMATEL method, the study identified cyber security, digital infrastructure, interoperability, and technical compatibility as the primary drivers, while organisational and environmental factors were found to be dependent. Regulatory clarity and government support were the most influential factors, highlighting their importance for large-scale implementation. The study recommends investment in digital infrastructure, regulatory sandboxes, blockchain standards, workforce development, and phased pilot projects for public procurement.

We aimed to understand the current state of the grey literature pertaining to substance use policies on Canadian university campuses. We followed Arksey and O'Malley's 5-step framework, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched institution webpages, the Centre for Innovation in Campus Mental Health(CICMH) and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) websites for policy and/or guiding documents targeting student substance use on university campuses, published between 2012 to 2024. A total of 118 documents were included (Institutions, n = 110; CICMH, n = 7; CAMH, n = 1). Institution documents included government regulations, outlined consumption rules in residence, and banned smoking. Few provided harm-reduction strategies. CICMH and CAMH documents encouraged applying whole-campus approaches when regulating substance use. Most institutions focused on individual-level approaches to regulation, and lacked comprehensive, action-based approaches. CICMH and CAMH documents can help create comprehensive, balanced approaches for harm reduction.

Government Regulation Number 61 of 2009 concerning Ports, classifies seaports in Indonesia based on a hierarchy consisting of transport ports (PU), collecting ports (PP), feeder ports (PP), consisting of: territorial feeder ports (PR) and territorial feeder ports (PR) and territorial feeder ports (PR). local feeder ports (PL Based on the decision of the Local Feeder Port (PL). In this research using literature study, where this method is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method to identify, bring up and synthesize the works of research results. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Wind Port Development Strategy Analysis of basic facilities, functional facilities and supporting facilities and problems that exist in the Gunungsitoli City Ship Port, analyzing port development The fishing port is very important for fishermen, because it is a point of preservation of land and sea and a place for storage and distribution of goods. In developing the port there must be cooperation between fishermen and communities in the coastal environment and must also be in contact with the government so that it can build a good port in North Nias Regency and get facilities that support the performance of fishermen or coastal communities. fishermen and communities in the coastal environment and must also be in contact with the government so that it can build a good port.

In the contemporary digital landscape, journalism faces significant challenges related to information security and reliability. The rapid development of digital communication technologies has made the dissemination of news faster and more accessible, but it has also increased the vulnerability of media organizations to cyber threats, data breaches, and misinformation. This research examines key issues surrounding information security and credibility in modern journalism, focusing on the intersection of technology, ethics, and public trust. It highlights the importance of implementing robust cybersecurity measures, such as encryption, data protection systems, and verification tools, alongside ethical standards that ensure transparency and accountability. The study also explores how newsroom practices, editorial policies, and government regulations influence the overall reliability of information shared with the public. By analyzing current cases and global trends, the paper aims to provide practical recommendations for journalists and media institutions to enhance digital resilience and prevent the spread of false or manipulated information. Ultimately, this research emphasizes that the future of journalism depends on a balanced approach - integrating advanced security technologies, strong ethical journalism, and media literacy - to maintain truth, protect sources, and preserve the public’s trust in news.

The critical tablets wellknown manipulate company (CDSCO) is India’s national regulatory authority responsible for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and nice of pharmaceutical merchandise [1]. running under the Ministry of fitness and circle of relatives Welfare, CDSCO regulates pills, scientific gadgets, and medical trials through statutory provisions defined in the medication and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and associated regulations [2], in addition to the brand new drugs and scientific Trials regulations, 2019 [3]. The drug approval pathway involves assessment of preclinical records, granting permissions for scientific trials, assessment of excellent manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliance, and advertising authorization for new tablets [4]. CDSCO collaborates with kingdom drug regulatory government to implement a harmonized regulatory framework and follows a danger-based totally assessment method for choice-making [5]. current advancements—along with the digital SUGAM portal for submissions and increasing alignment with worldwide regulatory standards—have superior transparency, performance, and international credibility of India’s drug approval method [1, 6]. common, CDSCO performs a crucial role in safeguarding public fitness even as helping the boom of the Indian pharmaceutical quarter.

Proper financial recording is essential to achieve economic independence, especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This community service program (PKM) provides training on basic financial recording, creative entrepreneurship, and understanding MSME tax obligations under Government Regulation No. 55 of 2022. The methods include manual and digital recording education, tax calculation simulations, and developing local potential-based business ideas with simple digital promotion strategies. The results showed improved participant understanding in financial recording and business strategy development. This program is expected to support sustainable economic independence in the community.

This study explores the multifactorial synergistic effects and configurational pathways for enhancing corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance among Chinese professional sports clubs. Drawing on 188 valid questionnaires from Chinese professional football and basketball clubs, the research employs fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to examine the influence of seven antecedent conditions, commercial environment, government regulation, expectancy pressure, economic interests, internal emotional traits, moral quality, and information disclosure, on CSR performance. The findings reveal that CSR performance results from the interplay of multiple factors, identifying two equivalent pathways for enhancement: the coupling of government pressure with internal autonomy, and the coordination of commercial environment with internal moral qualities. These insights clarify the complex causal mechanisms underlying CSR implementation in professional sports clubs and propose two strategic approaches for promoting CSR: optimizing external institutional frameworks and activating internal endogenous motivation. The study offers configurationally grounded pathway options and managerial implications for improving CSR practices in Chinese professional sports clubs.

In an era of rapid digital transformation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a strategic enabler of efficiency, competitiveness, and innovation for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Despite research on the adoption of AI, scanty studies isolate the moderating role of Management Support for the adoption of AI on the performance of business within Nigerian SME a gap the study seeks to explore. The specific objectives are to assess the effects of perceived relative advantage, AI complexity, employee capability, government regulations, and job roles on AI adoption within firms. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were adopted. Research design, with structured questionnaires, was administered on 220 respondents. Simple random, heterogeneous purposive, and convenience sampling techniques were deployed to select the respondents. The data was analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Perceived relative advantage (β = 0.496, p < 0.001) improves SME performance, while AI complexity has a negative impact on employee capability (β = -0.217, p = 0.038) and management support (β = -0.098, p = 0.041). Employee capability has a positive impact on management support (β = 0.461, p < 0.001), while management support has a significant positive impact on performance (β = 0.357, p = 0.002). The study concludes that AI adoption improves SME performance when combined with strong managerial commitment and workforce capability. It suggests that SME leaders invest in AI literacy, employee training, and supportive leadership systems to drive long-term growth in Nigeria's evolving digital economy.

Objective: The article aims to verify the research hypothesis that the impact of the number of government regulations on inflation levels in economies is insignificant. Research Design & Methods: The conducted analysis was quantitative and concerned the impact of the number of acts on the level of inflation in different countries. We used a case study method and panel data modelling to study the phenomenon. We analysed the number of acts and the level of inflation in 18 countries of the world. We divided the research sample into three periods: 1960-1968, 1986-2006, and 2010-2019. We used a random effects (RE) model for statistical data analysis. It enabled us to examine the relationship between the number of legal acts and inflation, considering the time factor and inter-country variability. Findings: The empirical results of the study indicated that an increase in the number of pieces of legislation in the analysed countries provoked a reduction in the level of inflation, especially in cases where inflation exceeded 6%. The study showed that the intensification of legislative activity can have a positive effect on stabilising inflation. Moreover, in many cases, after periods of intensified legislative activity, we observed a decline in inflation in subsequent years. Implications & Recommendations: Legislative activity can play an important role in controlling inflation. Policy makers should pay attention to the number and complexity of legal regulations, as intensifying legislative activity can effectively stabilise inflation, especially in situations where inflation exceeds certain thresholds, such as 6%. The results suggest that properly managed legal policies can promote long-term economic stability. Contribution & Value Added: The economic literature rarely discusses the impact of legislative activity on inflation in different countries. The article combines panel data analysis with a case study method, offering unique insights into the relationship between the number of pieces of legislation and inflationary stability. Furthermore, the study shows that legislation can be an effective tool for controlling inflation, something that has previously been insufficiently documented in macroeconomic studies.

Housing affordability remains a critical issue in urban areas, where rising demand and limited supply drive property prices upward. Governments have introduced affordable housing schemes to address these challenges, but their effectiveness hinges on alignment with local market conditions and demand-side factors such as financial capability, government regulation on affordable housing, and location preferences. Despite their importance, few studies have examined the specific attributes of affordable housing schemes and their impact on housing prices. This study bridges this gap by investigating the relationship between affordable housing prices and housing demand, employing a mixed-methods approach and using correlation and regression analysis, an initial framework of 15 attributes was evaluated, categorized under financial approvals, government regulations, and location preferences. The results reveal that nine attributes significantly influence housing prices within affordable housing schemes. Key factors include credit history, down payment, loan margin, approval location, qualification requirements, and procedural complexities, all of which exhibit strong correlations with housing prices. These findings underscore the need for policymakers to refine regulatory mechanisms to better align with the financial capabilities of homebuyers. By addressing these factors, housing policies can be tailored to enhance affordability and promote sustainable housing development.

Ensuring the timely completion of construction projects is vital for overall efficiency. This study aims to identify, classify, and rank the main factors of delay in Egyptian oil and gas construction projects related to project stakeholders. A mixed-methods approach was used to Sharkia collect and analyze both quantitative and qualitative data. Data was gathered from 71 sector respondents. Expert interviews refined the delay factors from the literature to 20 for contractors, 17 for owners, and 13 related to consultants. Financial difficulties, late payments to suppliers and subcontractors, and supplier material delivery delays were the significant causes related to the contractor. Delays associated with owners came from ineffective contractor selection and government regulations. Consultants contributed to delays in finalizing drawings and designs. To provide a deeper understanding of the interrelationships among these factors and their collective effect on project delay, a structural model was developed and evaluated. The structural model demonstrated that deficiencies in project planning, design management, and owner decision-making collectively contribute to delays. This provides a basis for developing integrated management approaches to mitigate future delays and improve project performance in Egypt’s oil and gas construction sector.