Government Of Pakistan Research Articles

Contributions of the Governments of Z.A Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto For establishing Good Governance in Pakistan

Contributions of the Governments of Z.A Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto For establishing Good Governance in Pakistan

Socio-Economic Development Analysis: A Comparative Study of Democratic versus Autocratic Governance in Pakistan

Since the inception of Pakistan, there remained two forms of government namely autocratic and democratic. Both types of government keep on taking their turns in an almost consistent manner in terms of time duration. This study endeavors to comprehensively compare and contrast the performance of autocracy with democracy in Pakistan. Considering the significant duration of autocratic rule, spanning 32 out of 75 years, Pakistan's geostrategic position has subjected it to various internal and externally-driven crises. By analyzing 15 carefully selected socio-economic indicators over a span of 54 years (1960-2018), this research aims to elucidate the disparities between autocracy and democracy. Employing rigorous statistical methods such as independent t-tests and logistic regression, this study seeks to discern the distinct effects and efficacy of both forms of government on Pakistan's socio-economic landscape. The outcomes of this research endeavor to shed light on the implications and performance of differing governance systems in Pakistan. Results have indicated that out of these 15 indicators, eight have shown significant differences in the performance of both forms of government while the other seven showed no significant differences (could not reject the null hypothesis). Overall, the performance of autocratic governments has remained better with respect to economic indicators. While the political governments have an edge over social indicators although majority of the results are insignificant. The study will promote the understanding of authorities and concerned individuals to accelerate the process of better economic and social reforms. The successful models of past irrespective of the type of government be followed to bring sustainability in the policies. Furthermore, this study will pave the way for further research to deeply analyze the causes of better economic performance under autocratic regimes and establishment of credible policies to attain the better results under democratic regimes as well.

Impact of Interpersonal Communication for Contraceptive Uses among Married Couples in Karachi

The growing Pakistan population is putting pressure on the country’s limited resources, which indicates that population control and family planning are serious issues. The government of Pakistan has taken various steps to address this, but in the end, it will be up to the married couples whose interpersonal communication, laced with knowledge about planned child-rearing, will lead government programs to fruition. In order to determine whether and to what extent there was a correlation, this study examined the effectiveness of interpersonal communication between married couples and Planned Parenthood. The results of the study concluded that Planned Parenthood is made possible by effective communication between married couples. Despite the significant efforts of state family planning initiatives to disseminate knowledge, promote birth control methods, and encourage the best spacing between children, there is still a clear need for couples to be given appropriate power, especially when it comes to making the first parenting decisions.

Factors Leading Marginalized Transgenders Towards Digital Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

The transgenders in Pakistan are facing challenges in jobs quota and starting their businesses in Pakistan. Transgenders are a marginalized community in Pakistan facing challenges in establishing their businesses. There are fewer opportunities for lesbians and guys in Pakistan to start their physical business due to bullying and harassment. The objective of the current research was to measure the impact of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial opportunities on the digital entrepreneurship of transgender people in the presence of microfinance loans and government policies in developing economies like Pakistan. A sample of 56 marginalized transgender people from the Punjab province of Pakistan was collected for the findings. The statistical analysis is performed by using SPSS 24 and Smart PLS 4. The partial least square–structural equation modelling (PLS–SEM) approach was used to measure the findings of measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. It is empirically concluded that the effect of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial opportunities on digital entrepreneurship for transgender people is large. Therefore, microfinance loans and government policies for supporting transgenders in digital entrepreneurship are critically required when there is appropriate support for transgenders for the accomplishment of entrepreneurial opportunities. Furthermore, the government of Pakistan is needed to plan and execute reasonable policies for sustainable entrepreneurship to motivate transgenders to the digital entrepreneurial environment. The execution of entrepreneurial policies by the Pakistani government and support of microfinance loans can increase digital entrepreneurship by transgenders in Pakistan, and this marginalized community can achieve success and standard life. This study also provides some recommendations for future studies.

An analysis of E-governance in Pakistan from the lens of the Chinese governance model

In this era of digitalization, the role of information and communication technology (ICT) has significantly increased. The integration of ICT into the government system has improved efficiency and working processes. Some countries such as China have successfully integrated ICT into their governance system. However, many other countries especially the developing world are yet to effectively utilize the role of ICT in their governance structure and these countries are struggling to produce a better governance system. It is, therefore, imperative for the developing world to learn from successful nations and devise their governance systems so that ICT can be fully utilized and produce good governance. However, such comparative analyses are not done as such to bring strengths and weaknesses in the integration of ICT into the governance system especially in developing countries' governance systems. This study contributes by conducting a comparative study on the China-Pakistan e-government progress. China has widely implemented e-government, which has helped the country to ensure good governance. Pakistan, on the other hand, is also moving towards digitalization and making efforts to implement e-government. This research examines the United Nations' E-Government Development Index (EGDI) reports and rankings. The findings of our research show that China has significantly improved its ranking, whereas Pakistan's ranking has indicated a gradual decline except for the year 2008. This happened because of a lack of investment in infrastructure, scarcity of financial resources, weak institutional capabilities, and limited access to advanced technologies. Moreover, there is a big gap between public policy and public implementation in Pakistani scenarios. However, it has been dug out in this study that employing the Chinese model and seeking cooperation with China can improve e-governance ranking and overall governance in Pakistan. The study advances the understanding of e-governance and its challenges in Pakistan and the findings of the study will assist researchers, policymakers, and officials in the implementation and development of e-projects in Pakistan.

Partition violence, Mountbatten and the Sikhs: A reassessment

ABSTRACT Despite major advances in the historiography of the partition, the causes of violence remain poorly understood. Drawing on new archival material, this article argues that violence in the Punjab resulted from the failure of the British Sikh policy from 1939. Mountbatten's complicity in the massacres, and his defence against the allegations, point to a wider policy failure. Systematic blame displacement for the violence onto the Sikhs by the Government of Pakistan, India, Britain, enabled the latter and Mountbatten to avoid responsibility for the consequences of the transfer of power to two highly centralised dominions for religious minorities.

Green management practices for a sustainable future

Global environmental changes have stimulated thinking about organizational leadership as a major factor for current and upcoming financial growth in the green economy. As per Pakistan climate and weather, the solar technology is well suited for our region. Solar radiations are mostly used as a source of renewable energy with the direct use of it for generation of electricity or heating. However, the Pakistan government has set the target to shift its 30% energy consumption on renewable energy which is currently being generated from fossil fuels. Therefore, the present study explores that the green management practices in terms of renewable energy, which are applied in sugar industries, are they truly reviving the economic and social environment which makes a difference in reducing the carbon emission in environment and get rid of pollution.

Elementary School Teachers’ Dispositions about the Assessment of Students

The study aim was to assess teachers’ dispositions towards student assessment based on national standards. National Standards for teachers’ professional development were developed under the Federal Ministry of Education; Government of Pakistan in 2009. For this end, interviews with 32 teachers working in elementary schools were conducted. It was observed that most of the teachers have different valuable viewpoints regarding the process of student assessment. However, this study explored that mostly teachers were involved in administering the verbal assessment and on paper assessment, and practical tasks, i.e., debates, demonstrations, individual as well as group activities effectively. The study further also revealed that teachers gave the same attention to all students and showed nothing likes or dislikes during assessment. The rubrics and answer keys were prepared in advance by teachers to ensure the accuracy of the results. Besides this, student learning outcomes, fairness and objectivity in assessment, etc. were assessed to authenticate the quality of education in the region. The given study also added the recommendations.

The Relationship between Types of Political Regimes and Income Inequality in Pakistan

Aim: Income inequality has emerged as a significant concern within the Pakistani economy, prompting extensive investigations across various dimensions. This study aims to explore the relationship between types of political regime and income inequality, specifically in Pakistan.
 Methods: Time series data spanning from 1972 to 2019 were utilized, obtained from the World Bank, Polity IV Project, and the Handbook of Statistics on Pakistan Economy by the State Bank of Pakistan. To measure types of political regimes, the Polity index was employed, while the Gini coefficient served as the metric for income inequality. Additionally, this research considered several factors, including GDP per capita, the ratio of direct taxes to GDP, the percentage of government expenditure on education relative to GDP, and the percentage of government expenditure on community and social services relative to GDP, to control for their direct effects. The stationarity of the data was assessed using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, while the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model was employed to examine the cointegrating relationship among the variables in the model.
 Results: The empirical findings from the estimation demonstrate a lasting negative correlation between the types of political regimes in Pakistan and wealth disparities in the short and medium term. The results highlight the notable detrimental effect of different political regimes on the nation's economic disparity.
 Conclusion: A one percent increase in the Polity score is associated with a 0.45 percent long-term and a 0.25 percent short-term decrease in the Gini coefficient.
 Recommendation: Pakistan should strive towards a stable democratic political framework and implement sustainable economic policies to effectively address income disparity and achieve a desirable level of income distribution.

The Federalism in Pakistan within Constitutional Frameworks

This article explores the application of federalism in Pakistan, following its development from the initial provisional constitution to the current one. It examines the legislative, executive, and monetary authority bestowed upon the federal and provincial governments of Pakistan under the country's three constitutions. The article concludes that the history of federalism in Pakistan highlights the significance of putting it into practice in accordance with its genuine spirit, embracing an interpretivist paradigm with a qualitative approach.

Measuring Household Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Economic Crisis in Pakistan

During 2020-21, the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent worldwide lockdown generally changed the lives of households. This study examines how Pakistani households behaved and what kinds of coping strategies they used during the extended economic crisis in Pakistan following the advent of the virus. This study uses the protracted theory of planned behavior to estimate and elucidate individual behavior through behavioral commitments. Pakistan government survey data collected from 6,000 households was analyzed with a count data model (Poisson regression) to understand different coping strategies. The results show that approximately 28.5 percent of households did not observe any economic effects of COVID-19 on their general wellbeing. However, 27.7 percent of households reported mild shock, and 22.5, 17.4, and 3.9 percent said they faced either moderate, high, or severe economic influence from COVID-19 lockdowns, respectively. The study tried to explore the link between economic crisis, wellbeing and coping strategies. The study also considers how to maintain incomes, access to food, livelihoods, and re-establishing businesses after a future pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Economic shock, Lockdown, Coping strategies, Pakistan.

Political and Economic Dimensions of the Dominance of Selected Asian Recycling Yards in the World

India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan have dominated the global ship recycling market in the 21st century. A recycled ship provides steel and other metals for industrial reuse. In addition to economic gains, ship recycling affects the environment and workers’ health. The article compares the changes in the policies of the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan regarding recycling shipyard operations from 2009-2022 in the context of international and EU law standards. It also shows the impact of international organizations, shipbuilding trade unions, Shipbreaking Platform non-governmental, Maersk shipping company, and Norway on the decisions of South Asian countries to make them ratify the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. Analysis of the collected research material allows us to conclude that the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan have shown varying degrees of understanding of introducing legal regulations for safe ship recycling.

Topic: Equity in Education: A Policy Proposal for Strengthening Pakistan's Government's School Table of Contents

Topic: Equity in Education: A Policy Proposal for Strengthening Pakistan's Government's School Table of Contents

The Role of Bengali Women in the 1971 Non-Cooperation Movement Against the Government of Pakistan

The Lahore resolution of 1940 and the bi-nationalism of Muhammad Ali Jinnah were considered as the cornerstones of the Pakistan movement. The demand for partition of India on the basis of the Lahore resolution sparked a firestorm among the Muslim community. India split seven years after the Lahore resolution was tabled. But the partition of the country in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan could not provide a state solution to the question of the Bengali nation. As a result, for twenty-three long years, the Bengalis were subjected to various forms of discrimination by the military rule of West Pakistan. Eventually they started a movement demanding the elimination of this inequality and the establishment of democracy. Pakistan’s military government was forced to hold its first national elections in 1970. The popular East Pakistan Awami League, led by Bangabandhu, won a single majority in the elections. But even though the Awami League gained a majority, the military government did not hand over power to the majority party. As the leader of the majority party, Bangabandhu called for a non-cooperation movement. Men as well as women participated in the movement and played a vital role in gaining independence in the country. So, the present article highlights the participation of Bengali women in the non-cooperation movement and their role in the movement.

Historical Background of Local Government in Pakistan: An Exploratory Study

Historical Background of Local Government in Pakistan: An Exploratory Study

Building Spiritual Capital through Language Teaching: Analysis of State-Mandated Elementary Language Textbooks in Pakistan

Pakistan has constantly been in the news since the September 9, 2001, attack in New York, USA, and its education system and curriculum have seen a lot of interest from academics, researchers, and civil society organizations, both locally and globally. These researchers explored many aspects such as the concept of Jihad and its connection with violence against religious minorities, the construction of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’, the national, religious, and cultural identity but the development, promotion, and preservation of spiritual capital (SC) remained unexplored. This study was undertaken to take stock of the SC considered worthwhile to be preserved and promoted through language textbooks prepared for elementary school children by the Government of Pakistan. The study used a qualitative interpretive/constructivist research paradigm and chose qualitative content analysis as the data analysis method. The data for this study was taken from language textbooks (12 English and 12 Urdu) and semi-structured interview data, collected using a focus group discussion data collection strategy. This study found a very strong link between pupils’ SC and the stories presented to them in the language textbooks showing the rootedness of pupils' SC in Islam, its teachings, and history. The study also showed pupils struggling to modify and expand their SC by including the global SC perspective in their already constructed set of SC. This study recommends that the textbook authorities should make the language textbooks' content inclusive and add global stories emphasizing universal SC.

Role of Media in Hybrid Warfare in Pakistan: How to Convert Challenges into Opportunities

In the defense community, the use of hybrid warfare has expanded. It is generally labeled as contemporary warfare. The term is usually adopted in strategic documents such as the national government of Pakistan, developing regions, as well as developed nation central such as NATO, and EU, based on which various articles have been presented. However, hybrid warfare has not yet been understood with social media and the opportunities it opens for Pakistan. Primarily, the concern is to assess whether the concept is understood clearly for its strategic implementation, which can help to overcome the risk concerning the defense community. It is suggested that efforts must be improved for enhancing and forming content on the meaning of hybrid warfare. While the social network’s effect includes transparency, individuals mobilizing, and collective decision making negative effect that results from hybrid warfare include manipulation, an unregulated environment, and misinformation proliferation.

Analysis of Cotton Value Chain in Pakistan: Identifying the Process and Critical Factors in Sustainable Agribusinesses

Pakistan is currently among the top five exporting nations of cotton worldwide and being the third-largest exporter of cotton and its byproducts, Pakistan earns a significant amount of foreign exchange in this way. The study aimed to depict cotton value chain process in Pakistan and to identify the critical factors contributing toward the cotton value chain process. This paper delves into the concept, methodology, benefits, and challenges associated with value chain, along with real-world examples of its successful implementation. The study followed a descriptive research design and utilized secondary data published by USDA Cotton and Products Annual Report, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan. The study mapped cotton value chain and critical factors in the process. In addition, the study offered useful insights and policy implications for government officials and practitioners, which would help them enhance the process of the cotton value chain. There are a few limitations to the study that can be removed in further research in order to arrive at more accurate findings.

Human Rights and Democracy in South Asia: Theory and Practice in Pakistan

Political instability in Pakistan has led to a weak and inconsistent protection of human rights, with human rights abuses being committed with impunity and limited accountability, ultimately hindering the development of a strong and sustainable democratic system. The paper gives an overview of the legal protections provided under the Constitution of Pakistan regarding fundamental human rights. The paper aims to provides an analysis of the application of various human rights regulations and the ground realities in the country. Using a variety of secondary data sources, including human rights reports, news articles, and legal documents, the paper explores the extent to which the government of Pakistan is fulfilling its obligations under national and international human rights regulations. This research paper examines the current situation of human rights in Pakistan, with a focus on key issues such as the rule of law, economic challenges, fight against corruption and terrorism, women and minority rights, and freedom of expression. The findings suggest that while there have been some positive developments in recent years, such as the strengthening of counter-terrorism measures and the creation of new laws to protect women's rights, significant challenges remain. These challenges include the failure to hold perpetrators of human rights abuses accountable, the use of legal regulations to suppress dissent and free speech, and the continued discrimination against religious minorities and marginalized groups.

History of Parliamentary System of Government in Pakistan 1947 to 2002

The British Parliamentary System in India has straightforwardly added to the development of parliament in Pakistan. The regular authoritative bodies picked the individuals from the Constituent Assembly. It might be said that the historical backdrop of a democratic organization in Pakistan is a background marked by overturning ubiquity based establishments and a past filled with making new assumptions with every misfortune. Pakistan keeps on making progress toward accomplishing an irrefutable and solid structure in view of well-known request. Vote based change to democratization included a verifiable cycle. This paper's system was subjective in nature. All through most of the parliamentary structure, obviously organization in administrative issues was continuously being deterred. With the heaviness of Martial Law, the administrative framework was at last unhindered. When contrasted with parliamentary, the authority structure has reliably outperformed it in Pakistan's situation on the grounds that to its more evolved economy. To evaluate the History of Parliamentary System of Government in Pakistan from 1947 to 2002. The fundamental motivation behind this paper is to incorporate the historical backdrop of parliamentary arrangement of Pakistan from its introduction to the world to year 2002. Also, in addition which job the parliament has played in the majority rule government of Pakistan in this time span. This paper likewise centers around the progressions in the financial dependability of Pakistan because of Parliamentary vote based system. This study draws together writing on the total history of the parliament and the parliamentary vote based system alongside its impact on the financial security of the Pakistan. The information was assembled from the information tanks, sites and the exploration work of early individuals. A certain solicitation in such a situation can notice plans in the improvement of political events and choose if these models have a typical subject of all time. The fundamental and assistant sources were used for getting information and social event data to complete the investigation and show up at the last revelations and recommendations.