Government Nurseries Research Articles

Factors influencing naturalisation success in horticultural species: a case study using planting records from the inception of a planned city

Worldwide, many invasive plant species are garden escapees. While weed risk assessment can identify new plant introductions with weedy potential, it does not address the large number of non-native plant species already present in many regions, the majority of which are horticultural species. Here we evaluate the drivers of plant naturalisation success using historical data on the horticultural woody species planted in Canberra, Australia. Canberra provides a unique opportunity to study plant naturalisation as it is a planned city with extensive horticultural plantings originating from government nurseries that kept extensive records documenting the planting efforts from the city’s inception. We identified factors linked to naturalisation success in 1439 horticultural, woody, non-native species planted in Canberra over 150 years by fitting univariate and multivariate regression models, and identified both direct and indirect effects using path analysis in a Bayesian framework. We found species were more likely to naturalise with greater planting effort, longer residence time, smaller seeds and dispersal mechanisms linked to wind and animal vectors. Cold-hardy and tall plants were also more likely to naturalise, although cold hardiness and height mostly affected naturalisation success indirectly via planting effort. These findings can aid in generating quantitative risk assessment models to predict woody garden species that would naturalise and pose the greatest risk of becoming invasive in the future.

THE ROLE OF CHILDREN POEMS ON TV CHANNELS TO ACHIEVEMENT OF CHILDREN MORAL EDUCATION: (TIYOUR EL JANNA CHANNEL AS AN EXAMPLE)

This study aimed to explore the role of children poems on achievement of moral education among children with special emphasis on Tiyour El Janna TV Channel, in addition to the likely differences that are of statistical significance among responses of nurseries teachers on the role of children poems broadcasted by Tiyour El Janna TV Channel and their role in moral education of children. The studywas conducted at Rufaa City SUDAN during the year 2020-2021. A descriptive analytical method was adopted, and a questionnaire was designed and tested for validity and reliability. The study sample consisted of (68) female teacher constituting 46% of the study population, randomly selected. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for dada analysis. Key results revealed that children poems broadcasted by Tiyour El Janna TV Channel fulfills the objectives of Islamic moral education by an arithmetic mean of (4.37) very good, broadcasting of poems (Tiyour El Janna TV) with an arithmetic mean of (4.51) highly valued. The study revealed statistically significant differences on the role of children poems due to type of nursery for government nursery compared to private nursery. No statistically significant differences were shown dur to academic qualification or experience variables. Accordingly, the study made several recommendations: the importance of encouraging children to follow TV channels which promote their moral education. The study also suggested several future studies to be conducted.

Constraints Faced by Guava Growers in Adoption of Guava Production Technology and Suggestions for Suitable Extension Strategies to Overcome the Problem in Bijnor District of UP

Guava grown in diverse agro-climatic conditions faces differential biotic and abiotic stress that limiting the production and productivity of guava and consequently, influenced the economic condition of its growers. Keeping these facts in mind, the present study was conducted in Bijnor district of UP to find out the constraints faced by guava growers in adoption of production technology and suggest suitable extension strategies to overcome the problems. Two villages from 11 blocks were selected randomly on the basis of orchard availability. Five guava Growers was selected from each selected village. Thus, the total sample size for the investigation was 110 respondents who faced constraints in adoption of guava production technology. The guava respondents faced the constraints in adoption of guava production technology. Total constraints mainly divided into five groups. Among the input constraints, unavailability of quality chemicals like plant growth regulator, water soluble fertilizer and plant protection chemicals at government sale centre got first rank with 77.27 percent respondent, followed by unavailability of quality sapling of guava at Government nursery (73.64 percent). Among the technological constraints, lack of knowledge about organic farming of guava got first rank with 91.82 percent respondents followed by lack of knowledge about drip irrigation schedules (89.09 percent). Among the socio- psychological constraints, lack of coordination among the beneficiary and state/district horticulture department got the first rank with 92.73 percent respondents followed by inadequate extension activities conducted by state/district horticulture department (88.18 percent). Among the marketing constraints, exploitation of guava growers by middlemen got first rank with 92.73 percent respondents followed by lack of quality storage facility (87.27 percent). Among the financial constraints, lack of government funding of loan and granting of subsidies got first rank with 94.55 percent followed by high labour charges (92.73 percent). Lack of knowledge about organic farming of guava was identified as major constraints in qualitative guava production. It is therefore suggested the extension workers should organize guava growers in different groups of organic farming. They should plan knowledgeable programmes for the respondents so they can be motivated to what the organic farming of guava and can increase their knowledge about quality guava production practices through extension work like group discussion, training, demonstrations, exhibition, etc. The growers therefore are required to be educated to follow up all the recommended production practices for guava, use of timely inputs, nutrients and plant protection management practices which will help in increasing the production and productivity.

Incidence of suitable insecticides for the control of leaf miner (Phyllcnistis citrella) on Nagpur mandarin at Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, India.

An experiment on the Incidence of suitable insecticides for the control of leaf miner (Phyllcnistis citrella) on Nagpur Mandarin at Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh was conducted at Government Nursery Kudam (Sausar Block of Chhindwara District) under Citrus project – Technology Mission on citrus during 2016. Observation recorded on total leaves and leavers damaged due to leaf miner on 8” long twig were counted before and at 7 days of treatment. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having seven treatments including control. Each treatment consisted of three replicates on 6 year-old Nagpur Mandarin plants. The insecticides applied as foliar spray twice initiating during the emergence of new flush in the month of February and Month of March Maximum leaf damage due to this pest was found during February to March. Imidaclroprid 0.005% Followed by Imidaclroprid 0.005% as second spray after 15 days recorded minimum damage as against control.

Influence of combined use of organic, inorganic and biological sources of nutrients on fruit quality in lemon

The use of high analysis chemical fertilizers results in the deficiency of nutrients other than the applied. Chemical fertilizers besides being costly are also injurious to plants, ground water and environment. However, in recent years organic sources have emerged as promising components of nutrient supply system. These organic sources when used along with inorganic sources under the concept of integrated nutrient management are known to improve nutrient status of plants either by way of fixation or by making fixed nutrients available to plants. To obtain superior quality of fruit, thus it is a pre-requisite to study the integrated nutrient management in lemon. An experiment was conducted at “Punjab Government Progeny Orchard & Nursery, Attari, Amritsar” during the fruiting years 2005 and 2006 with a view to harvest good quality lemon fruit. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with five treatments replicated four times. Different treatments involved application of FYM, inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer (Azotobacter) in various combinations. The present experiment shows that the substantial improvement in fruit quality could be achieved with the combined application of these three classes of nutrient sources.

A systems approach to improving the quality of tree seedlings for agroforestry, tree farming and reforestation in the Philippines

The limited supply of high quality planting materials for a wide species base is a major reason for the limited success of reforestation programmes or projects in many developing countries. This paper reports the research that was undertaken to improve the supply of high quality planting materials for agroforestry, tree farming and reforestation in the Philippines. A systems approach was used to identify mechanisms to improve the operational effectiveness of the forest nursery sector. A Bayesian Belief Network of the forest nursery sector was developed to examine the interactions between the key components of the forest nursery sector, identify key leverage points for intervention and explore potential impacts of possible policy interventions. Although improving the operational effectiveness of individual, communal and government nurseries will result in high operational effectiveness of the forest nursery sector, the operational effectiveness of government nurseries is likely to have a negative impact on the market for seedlings from smallholder nurseries i.e. individual and communal nurseries, thus impeding the sustainability of smallholder nurseries. Increasing the supply of high quality germplasm for a wide variety of species, improving the technical capabilities of smallholder nursery operators in seedling production and increasing the market demand of high quality seedlings from smallholder nurseries are the most important requirements for improving the operational effectiveness of the forest nursery sector. However, government nurseries can play a crucial role in improving the effectiveness of the forest nursery sector by diversifying their production to focus on species that are in demand by smallholder farmers and which cannot be supplied by individual or communal nurseries. Failing to do this will result in the current situation continuing in which government nursery sector competes with private and communal nurseries.

Detection of the Diplodia shoot blight and canker pathogens from red and jack pine seeds using cultural methods

The shoot blight and canker pathogens Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata commonly and abundantly sporulate on seed cones of red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (P. banksiana) collected from Wisconsin and Minnesota forests. Cultural methods were used to investigate the incidence of these fungi in seed lots obtained from government nurseries in these states. In each of three replicate trials, seeds of each lot were assigned to four treatments before incubation on semi-selective medium: (1) not surface-disinfested; (2) surface-disinfested; (3) surface-disinfested, then inoculated with D. pinea conidia; or (4) not surface-disinfested, then inoculated with D. pinea conidia. For red pine seeds, the mean percentage positive was 2.7% for treatment 1 and 1.3% for treatment 2. Jack pine seeds were less frequently positive than red pine seeds for both treatments 1 and 2. The Diplodia species cultured was identified as D. pinea in almost every case. Diplodia pinea was much less frequently recovered from seeds that were not surface-disinfested and then inoculated (treatment 4), when compared with seeds that were inoculated with D. pinea after surface-disinfestation (treatment 3). Results confirm the potential for dissemination of D. pinea on red pine and jack pine seeds, and caution is warranted before concluding absence of the pathogen based on results using cultural methods with relatively small numbers of seeds. Although the frequency of pathogen-positive seeds was low, the large numbers of seeds planted in nurseries suggest that seeds may be a potentially important route of entry of D. pinea into nursery beds.

Effect of Irrigation and Soil cover on Growth of Lemon (Citrus limon(L.) Burm.) cv. Baramasi

Lemon cultivation is becoming exceedingly popular because of its wider utilization than any other citrus fruit. However, due to feeble cultural and environmental conditions the growers are facing serious setback. Lemons are tremendously sensitive to extreme temperature fluctuations. Orchard temperature and microclimate of the trees play a very crucial role in tree growth and productivity. Therefore, it is advisable to irrigate frequently and lightly throughout the growing season and conserve soil moisture using appropriate soil cover. Keeping in mind all these aspects, the study entitled “Effect of irrigation and soil cover on growth of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) cv. Baramasi” was carried out during 2009. The plant material was selected from Punjab Government Progeny Orchard and Nursery, Attari, Amritsar. In the trial, eight year old lemon trees uniform in size and vigour free from attack of diseases and pests were selected on which various irrigation and mulching practices were applied. The experiment was planned in randomized block design having six treatments replicated four times. The treatment viz. irrigation at 20% ASMD combined with black polythene mulch proved to be most effective in improving plant growth.

Profiling Tree Nurseries in Northern Mindanao, the Philippines

Forestry nurseries play an important role in supporting small-scale plantations, tree farming as well as government initiated afforestation and reforestation programs. However, some major constraints have been identified in the forestry nursery sector in the Philippines, particularly in the supply of high quality planting materials. This hindrance is being investigated to formulate intervention points as part of a continuing research project on enhancing tree seedling supply via economic and policy changes, funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). This paper presents baseline information regarding the profile of forestry nurseries in the Northern Mindanao region of the Philippines through personal interviews of operators of private, communal and government nurseries. Most nurseries in all three nursery types are operating on a small scale and are strategically situated based on the purpose of their existence. Private nurseries, being business oriented, are located near main roads, as are government nurseries which distribute seedlings mostly without charge but in some cases for sale. Communal nurseries are mostly situated on farms because they cater to the seedling needs of their members and are therefore established far away from main roads. In terms of stability, private and government nurseries are stable compared to communal nurseries which rely on support organizations. When the support ceases communal nurseries also cease to operate. There is no current policy that supports the production and use of high quality seedlings. Intervention points to address these problems are seen as necessary extension efforts in promoting the use of high quality seedlings, thereby creating a strong seedling market, training operators to increase their capability to produce high quality seedlings, and promoting and supporting the forestry nursery industry, including introduction of tree nursery certification.

The Seedling Nursery Survey on Leyte Island, the Philippines

Private and government nurseries in the Philippines are not delivering high quality planting materials of a wide species base for smallholder forestry, tree farming and reforestation programs in the country. A project supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has been conducted to improve the operational effectiveness of the forest nursery sector in the Philippines. Surveys involving personal interviews of nursery operators, observations of the nursery design and facilities and assessment of seedling quality have been undertaken in Leyte (reported in this paper) and in Mindanao to provide baseline information for designing possible interventions. The Leyte study revealed that the low operational effectiveness of forest nurseries is a result of a combination of social, economic, technical and political factors. The majority of private nurseries are managed by resourceconstrained smallholders with little access to high quality seedling production technologies. Seedling production, both in private and government nurseries, is largely quantity-oriented and the pathway of high quality germplasm is not well developed. Government nurseries operate to provide free seedlings but this scheme results in crowding out the small-scale private nurseries, reducing the operational effectiveness of the private nursery sector. It appears that improving the operational effectiveness of the forest nursery sector in the Philippines requires policy changes to re-organize the operation of private and government nurseries and to strengthen the implementation of existing policies regulating the quality of planting stock from the forest nursery sector.

The Need for Improved Nursery Management Practices and Marketing in the Tree Nurseries of Northern Mindanao

Tree growing is recognized to provide economic and environmental benefits, and this has resulted in tree growing initiatives in Northern Mindanao. However, tree growing is faced with constraints including high field mortality and poor timber stands, with low merchantable height and diameter. This paper seeks to discern the quality differences of seedlings grown in three nursery types in Northern Mindanao, and to investigate the influence of nursery facilities and cultural management practices on seedling quality. Seedling quality was assessed through random sampling of planting materials. Information about nursery facilities and cultural management practices were obtained through interviews with nursery operators and through visual observations. It was found that private, communal and government nurseries have facilities designed for low-cost production of seedlings. The lack of hardening beds and raised benches used for seedling acclimatization explains the inability of seedlings to survive when outplanted. Seedlings were found to be of low quality in all nursery types, with weak stems, unbalanced root-shoot ratio and with J-root formation. It was also found that most nurseries did not apply soil treatment which is one of the basics for growing seedlings. There is an urgent need to improve nursery management practices by employing best management practices including proper hardening techniques using effective but non-expensive hardening beds and soil sterilization to improve seedling quality.

First Report in the Seychelles of Xanthomonas axonopodis Genetic Cluster 9.2 Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot of Avocado

Small, black, angular leaf lesions, which sometimes coalesced, were collected from avocado (Persea americana Miller) leaves in a government nursery located at Grand Anse, Mahé, Seychelles archipelago in 2003. Patterns of diseased plants were highly clustered, suggesting local dispersal in the nursery. Yellow-pigmented Xanthomonas-like bacterial colonies were isolated on KC semiselective medium (3). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed on two avocado strains together with reference strains of the genetic clusters of Xanthomonas axonopodis (4) and the type strain of all other valid Xanthomonas species using SacI/MspI and four primer pairs (unlabeled MspI + 1 [A, C, T, or G] primers and 5'-labeled - SacI + C primer for the selective amplification step) (1). The two avocado strains showed identical fingerprints and were closely related to X. axonopodis genetic cluster 9.2 (4). One strain, JZ103-1, was further analyzed by MultiLocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using portions of three housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, and gyrB) as described previously (1). MLSA data confirmed that the xanthomonad associated with avocado was most closely related to X. axonopodis genetic cluster 9.2. No other strain in this genetic cluster shared an identical sequence type. Avocado cv. Grand collet leaves from the youngest growth flush were infiltrated with a needleless syringe (10 inoculation sites per leaf and three replicates) with bacterial suspensions. Typical, water-soaked lesions that developed into black necrotic spots appeared 6 to 8 days after infiltration on all inoculated leaves when suspensions containing ~1 × 106 CFU ml-1 were used (i.e., ~7 × 102 CFU per inoculation site), while no lesions developed on leaves inoculated with Tris buffer or with suspensions containing ~1 × 104 CFU ml-1. One month after inoculation, mean Xanthomonas population sizes determined on KC semiselective medium (3) from ~1 cm2 leaf fragments showing black lesions ranged from 2 × 106 to 4 × 106 CFU per lesion, typical of a compatible interaction. A few colonies that recovered from lesions obtained after inoculation were typed by AFLP and were identical to the inoculated strain. An extensive branch and trunk canker of avocado caused by a Xanthomonas sp. has been reported in California (2). This bacterium did not cause lesions of avocado leaves or fruit after inoculation (2). This appears to be the sole previous report of a xanthomonad being pathogenic to avocado and the symptoms observed in the Seychelles appear therefore very different from the ones reported in California. No major outbreak of bacterial leaf spot of avocado has been reported in the Seychelles archipelago since 2003.

Enhancing Tree Seedling Supply to Smallholders in Leyte Province, Philippines: An Evaluation of the Production System of Government Nursery Sector and Support to Smallholder Tree Farmers

A decentralized seedling production is regarded as the most effective means of providing smallholders with planting materials. However, the sustainability of smallholder nursery operation is constrained by several factors, including the limited availability of germplasm, lack of technical skills and low seedling demand low viability of seedling market. The government nursery sector could complement the weaknesses of the smallholder nursery group but government nurseries are not operating effectively to enhance the availability of high quality seedlings of a wide species base for smallholder forestry. Seedling production in government nurseries is quantity-orientated with low emphasis on the production of high quality planting materials. Germplasm used in seedling production is mostly collected from unselected sources and seedlings produced are mostly of low physical quality. The species selection in government nurseries is heavily based on the availability of germplasm which resulted in the production of a few species which are commonly raised on private nurseries. The duplication of species of most seedlings raised in government nurseries with those produced in private nurseries and the far distance of government nurseries from the villages has resulted in low uptake of seedlings by smallholder tree farmers. For the government nursery sector to become more effective in providing support in the present paradigm of decentralized seeding production, a change from its production system and a broadening of the role it plays is needed. The social mobilization on seedling production as a scheme of implementing the Green Philippines Program has led the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to acknowledge the seedling production activity of private individual and communal nursery groups. This can be an opportunity for organizing the private and government nursery sectors to promote the operational effectiveness of the overall forest nursery industry.

An economic study of plant nursery business in Gazipur and Jessore districts of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted in Jessore and Gazipur districts during 2002-2003 to assess the socio-economic status of plant nursery business in Bangladesh. A total of 40 private plant nurseries, four government nurseries (BADC) and six NGO nurseries (BRAC) were selected for the study. The study revealed that 60% of the private nursery owners had secondary level of education and 50% owners performed their business on leased land. More than 55% owners had 6-10 years of experience in nursery business. This business has vast potentials of generating employment and income of the owners. The yearly net returns per ha for private, government, and NGO nursery were Tk. 215766, Tk. 120149, and Tk. 535961, respectively. The rates of returns over full-cost were found to be 1.43 for private, 1.37 for government, and 1.50 for NGO nurseries. Non-availability of improved seeds/seedlings was the main constraint for private and NGO nurseries, whereas lack of adequate fund was the crucial problem for government nurseries.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.539Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 375-385, September 2007

Dental caries in 0‐ to 5‐year‐old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and severity of dental caries and their association with demographic and socio-economic variables in Brazilian preschoolers. The study population comprised 1487 0- to 5-year-old children attending government nurseries in Canoas, southern Brazil. Questionnaires regarding information related to the independent variables (age, gender, maternal level of education, and family income) were completed by the parents. Clinical examinations were carried out by five trained examiners and results were expressed using the deft index (World Health Organization criteria), including white spots. The outcomes considered in this study were caries occurrence (deft > 0) and caries severity (deft). Forty per cent of the children (589/1487) presented dental caries [mean deft (SD): 1.53 (2.75)]. Deft increased with age (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher in children from mothers with low educational level (P = 0.001) and low family income (P = 0.001). The greatest increase in caries prevalence and severity occurred between age groups of 1 and 2 years. Logistic regression demonstrated higher odds of dental caries with mother's completing < 4 years education, after adjusting for confounding. These findings indicate the need for preventive programmes, which should begin in the first year of life, with special attention given to families with mothers presenting low education levels.

Small-scale forestry development in Leyte, Philippines: The central role of nurseries

This paper presents results of survey research into the role of the forestry nursery sector in the development of smallholder forestry in Leyte, Philippines. Seedling production in the province is basically carried out by three categories of nurseries: individual, communal and the government. Seedlings in the government nurseries are primarily raised for free distribution to landholders but the extension scheme fails to reach the majority of the smallholder farmers. Seedling demand of landholders is mostly catered for by the more numerous and accessible individual and communal nurseries. However, problems of capital outlay, sources and supply of germplasm, technical knowledge in nursery management for both timber and fruit trees and low sales are among the major impediments in the sustainability of small-scale nurseries. Most of the communal nurseries fail to sustain the operation after the withdrawal of supporting agencies. Knowledge on site-species matching is needed not only by small-scale nursery operators but also by the managers of government nurseries. It is concluded that the seedling industry in the province is not well established and there is a need to organise better the overall nursery system so as to improve the availability of seedlings and promote appropriate site and species combinations.

A Study of More Advanced Education for Nurses : Needs of obtaining degrees of Bachelor and Master of Science by Tokyo Metropolitan Government Nursery staffs

A Study of More Advanced Education for Nurses : Needs of obtaining degrees of Bachelor and Master of Science by Tokyo Metropolitan Government Nursery staffs

Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.

A new aphid on guayule and notes on other species ofCerosipha

does not appear. First page follows. On July 13, 1942, during an investigation of insects attacking guayule, Parthenium argentatum, in the United States government nurseries at Salinas, California, W. H. Lange discovered on some slightly wilted seedlings, a new root-infesting species of aphid. In preparing the description of this insect, comparisons had to be made with other known species of the genus Cerosipha to which it belongs. Since there is some confusion concerning the relatively few species relegated to this genus, enough descriptive and illustrative material has been included to make possible ready recognition of all the members. The Guayule Aphid Cerosipha californica n. sp. Lange found the aphids in small bark and root cavities made by wireworms and other insects. Frequently but a single specimen occupied such a cavity. A thorough search revealed relatively few aphids present and on young nursery stock only. So far no more have been found in the nurseries and none at all in the older field plantings. In all, only 1 alate and 4 apterous mature parthenogenetic females, 12 young, and 7 nymphs were collected on guayule. In my collection there was also a single balsam slide mount containing 3 alates of a species taken on the leaves of French prune in the orchard of the University of California, Davis, on November 8, 1928. These alates were labeled Cerosipha sp. In order to study them better they were cleared and remounted in euparal, a single specimen to a slide. In all respects they appear to be identical with the single alate taken on guayule and are treated as paratypes of the species. Additional specimens of this species were recently taken on the roots of potatoes at Bakersfield, California, on May 8, 1944, by Gordon L. Smith. In checking over some mounted specimens collected by W. C. Look on tomato at the Waipaha School Gardens, Waipaha, Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, September 9, 1940, I find that three alate specimens provisionally determined as Vesiculaphis caricis (Full.) prove to be this species. An important variation in the wing venation is the frequent extension of the second fork of the media vein to almost the margin of the wings as in one specimen and its omission as

The Growth of Conifers

MY friend, Mr. D. M. Andrews, has communicated to me an observation which seems to deserve comment. At the Government nursery near Monument, Colorado, at an altitude of 7000 ft., there are two beds of two-year-old seedlings of Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni), a common tree of the Rocky Mountains. Each lot is shown to be hardy in the locality, having passed a winter in the open, protected only by a covering of oak branches. The seedlings in one bed, raised from seed gathered in the Pike's Peak, Colorado, region, were, when examined, about 2½ in. high, and had matured their buds and ceased growing for the year in the latter part of August. The seedlings in the other bed, from Arizona seed planted at the same time, were about 4 in. high, and had not yet completed their growth for the year. The Arizona seedlings were green, those from Colorado strongly bluish. Seeking an explanation for this difference, it appears probable that the Colorado trees became adapted to a more severe climate during the waning of the last glacial period, and have not yet lost the physiological characters appropriate to past conditions. The Arizona trees, the ancestors of which lived in a milder, more southern region, did not develop such adaptations, and now that our climate has changed they are actually better fitted for Colorado conditions than trees of Colorado ancestry.