Background and ObjectiveThe burden of oral diseases is high in the Philippines. The global burden of disease study in 2019 estimated that 44 million Filipinos are affected by oral disorder. More specifically, 29 million Filipinos have untreated dental caries. Outpatients' dental health services are not covered by PhilHealth benefit package. There is a need to include key oral health interventions such as basic prevention and treatment in PhilHealth benefit package to be delivered at the primary health care settings (WHO TSA 153980). The study aimed to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of a set of oral health care services to be delivered at different levels of health care within a comprehensive PhilHealth benefit package.MethodsThis study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of including basic oral health services in the PhilHealth benefit package using a Markov modelling approach. The target population consists of Filipino adults and children at risk for dental diseases who are potential beneficiaries of PhilHealth. The intervention under consideration includes dental consultation, oral prophylaxis, topical fluoride application, silver diamine fluoride application, dental filling, and tooth extraction. The comparator is the current standard of care, which involves out-of-pocket payments for oral health services or limited access to subsidized dental care. The primary outcomes assessed include the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. A Markov model was constructed with a time horizon of 50 years to simulate the lifespan of Filipinos up to the average life expectancy of 70 years old, using a cycle length of one year to reflect disease progression and treatment effects overtime. Model parameters were derived from literature and expert opinion. Sensitivity analyses, including one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, were conducted to assess uncertainty in model inputs. The analysis was carried out from a societal perspective incorporating direct medical and non-medical costs, and indirect costs.ResultsA Markov model showed that a subsidized package is a cost-effective approach compared to the current situation of no subsidy, with an ICER of PhP 75,636 (1,535.76 USD) per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The computed ICER was considered good value for money as it was below 2021 GDP per capita of the Philippines of PhP 174,286 (3,538.80 USD). One-way sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of preventive treatment had the most significant impact on the model, and a price threshold of greater than PhP 3,062 (62.17 USD) for preventive treatment will render the subsidized package no longer cost-effective. The budget impact analysis showed a 1.63% increase in budget annually with the current situation of no subsidy. Rolling out a subsidized oral health package will entail a significant increase in government expenses during the first year but a decreasing trend of 1-2% annually for the following years as the program takes its effect.ConclusionA subsidized oral health package is a cost-effective approach from a societal perspective. It will entail a significant increase in government expenditure during the start of its roll out but will eventually result in a decreasing trend of expenses as the years progress.

This conceptual paper identifies erroneous economic impact reports as the first link in a chain reaction that can lead local governments to provide public subsidies to sport events. Using public finance, we illustrate that fiscal revenue will always be a small portion of economic impact thus, local revenues rarely exceed actual government expenses, and fiscal loss occurs. Furthermore, the extensive literature on sport events confirms they are regularly subject to high costs, overruns, and losses, nearly all of which must be borne by the public due to contractual obligations. Thus, government losses result in negative redistributive effects that harm local residents and benefit private industry. We propose dispensing with economic impact and using fiscal analysis as a tool to determine how sport subsidies can be provided at a level that offers the benefit of the public good but does not harm local residents through excessive spending, and thus, regressive redistribution.

The relevance of analyzing the drivers of government expenditures in the Baltic States lies in the growing fiscal pressure, economic volatility, and evolving policy priorities that require data-driven approaches to optimize public spending. Understanding the macroeconomic and institutional variables influencing government expenses is crucial for ensuring fiscal sustainability and development planning across small open economies like Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. This study aims to examine the key determinants of government expenditures in the Baltic States and to assess the predictive capacity of macroeconomic indicators using regression-based modelling. The research is based on data from 1998 to 2023 and utilizes Pearson correlation analysis, simple and multiple linear regressions, and regression-based forecasting. Z-score normalization was applied to standardize indicators such as GDP, FDI, interest rates, and public debt levels. Forecasts for the period 2024–2027 were conducted using ARIMA and regression projections. The findings reveal that GDP is the strongest and most statistically significant predictor of government expenditure, explaining 88.9% of the variation in Lithuania, 88.5% in Latvia, and 96.5% in Estonia. Interest rates demonstrated a consistent negative and significant effect across all three countries, with coefficients of -0.807 (Lithuania), -0.417 (Latvia), and -0.328 (Estonia). Foreign direct investment (FDI) had a positive impact in Latvia (0.320) and Lithuania (0.208), while the debt level emerged as a significant positive factor only in Estonia (0.512). Forecasts indicate continued growth of public spending in Lithuania, while Latvia and Estonia show stabilization with minor deviations. These results underscore the need for differentiated fiscal strategies aligned with national economic structures.

PurposeThe present paper attempts to explore the consumption–government expenses dynamic relationship to see if the government expenditure (GE) can be a good instrument to boost economy and encourage aggregate demand (AD) in Tunisia during recession.Design/methodology/approachBesides the Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) dynamic model, the autoregressive dynamic linear (ARDL) and the dynamic ARDL (DYNARDL) simulation approach for the short-run (SR) and long-run (LR) behavior, the nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) specification is used to see if government expenses have asymmetric effects on Tunisian private consumption (TPC).FindingsUsing Tunisian monthly time series data from 2010M01 to 2021M12, in accordance with the DYNARDL simulation approach, the estimated “NARDL model” provides strong evidence for an LR asymmetric “nonlinear” co-integration between TPC and its determinants. However, inflation has no effect in the SR and LR, while interest rate and industrial price index are significant in the SR. Consumption-government expenses adjustment is characterized by dominance of the contractionary fiscal policies (CFP) effect showing no stable LR situation even after more than 10 months.Originality/valueWe contribute to the literature in two important ways. The first is that we analyze the asymmetric effects of government spending along the distribution of private consumption by considering the expansionary fiscal policy (EFP) and the CFP-dynamics. This paper is the first which uses several IRFs to distinguish between the SR and LR impact of government expenses variations in the Tunisian context.

The management of government spending on employee compensation is crucial for small developing states (SDS), where such spending constitutes a large portion of government expenses. These states often face unique challenges, such as disproportionately high government employment levels and the issue of "brain drain"—the latter complicates staffing for skilled positions. This note summarizes the unique challenges these states face, underscoring the importance of tailored strategies for small states in managing government compensation and employment effectively.

The development of an environmental damage compensation framework is a critical innovation in ecological civilization reforms. This study considers the pilot policy for environmental damage compensation reform as a quasi-natural experiment, employing a difference-in-differences approach with emission data from listed companies between 2008 and 2017. The research evaluates the environmental impact of the compensation system’s implementation in pilot areas and its implications for improving environmental legal practices. The results show that the compensation system significantly reduces corporate pollution emissions by 1.93% (p < 0.01), demonstrating its effectiveness as an environmental governance tool. The heterogeneity analysis reveals stronger effects in heavily polluting industries (3.30%, p < 0.01) compared to non-heavily polluting industries (1.25%, p < 0.1), in state-owned enterprises (2.06%, p < 0.01) versus non-state-owned enterprises (1.71%, p < 0.1), and in developed regions (2.50%, p < 0.01) compared to underdeveloped areas (1.00%, not significant). The dual mechanisms of negotiation and litigation in the compensation system impose strict constraints on corporate environmental behavior, effectively addressing the issue of “corporate pollution, public suffering, and government expenses.” To optimize the system, targeted policy recommendations include strengthening negotiation mechanisms, refining judicial responsibilities, and enhancing coordination in underdeveloped regions. These findings highlight the originality and importance of the compensation framework as a model for balancing ecological protection and economic development.

Provided the results of the political elections in the economy of turkey together with the decision made by the government to foster growth and minimize spending, this research primary looks at the causality trend between total government expenses and growth of national income. Using World bank data from the period 2000 to 2021. The granger causality fails to confirm causality between government expenditure and national income the Toda Yamamoto concretely confirms bi-directional or two-way cause effect relationship between government income and total government expenses. Also, findings from the ARDL estimation, show that an increase in national income will reduce government expenditure, and as inflation continue to increase a large portion of government income will be spent.

The purpose of this paper is to test the effectiveness of the interaction between monetary and budgetary policies during the Covid-19 crisis in Saudi Arabia. To this end, we use the Markov regimes technique to take into account change in regimes of the two policies. We adopt the SVAR modelling of sign restrictions to test the joint effect of a stagnation in tax revenues and a 1% increase in government spending over a time horizon of four periods identified as tax shocks during the Covid-19 period. The results of impulse response tests show that this shock did not lead to an improvement in industrial production. The results show tax dominance by financing state resources to compensate for the burden of government expenditure. If the central bank has raised the interest rate to anchor inflationary expectations, it will in turn have negative effects on economic activity as measured by the industrial production index. This scenario coincides with the second regime of the monetary rule, where the central bank acts in response to expected inflation.

Objective: Revenue enhancement through improving the tax efficiency generates more income for the government without increasing the tax burden, and sustain economic growth. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between value added tax collection efficiency and growth. Theoretical Framework: Endogenous economic growth model allows for investigating the effects of fiscal policy on growth. In tax literature, indirect taxes are considered close to growth because they do not discourage saving and investment. The study decomposes the VAT revenues and use the VAT C efficiency to estimate the impact on growth. Method: The methodology adopted for this research is based on structural vector autoregressive SVAR. SVAR allows us to impose structural restrictions according to economic theory and to analyze the impact that an individual shock has on other variables included in the model. Results and Discussion: The study found that value added C -efficiency has a small and positive impact on growth, only in the short term. The maximum effect is in the third quarter, when one percentage point improvement in collection efficiency, increase the real per capita GDP, about 0.3 percent. Further improvements in collection efficiency are needed to generate more tax revenues and sustain growth. The study also found that total tax to GDP has a positive impact on growth, that is significant only in the short time. Government expenses have supported economic growth. An increase in government expenses as a percentage of GDP, is followed by an improvement in real per capita GDP with about 1.05 percent, average impact. Research Implications: The present research uses four fiscal variables, and only inflation rate based on GDP deflator as a control variable. Further research could be extended by including other control variables. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the tax literature in developing countries by estimating the impact of VAT on growth using C -efficiency ratio.

Italian regional econometric model

This study examines the relationship between Nepal's economic growth and tax revenue from the country's fiscal years 2002–2003 to 2022–2023. Relevant time series secondary data were gathered from the World Bank, Nepal Rastra Bank, Ministry of Finance, Inland Revenue Department, and other sources in order to achieve the objectives. Scholarly publications from the past were also consulted. The linear regression model has been used to examine the gathered data. The outcome demonstrates that overall revenue, including tax revenue, significantly increases GDP. Although tax collection has shown encouraging trends, it is still insufficient to cover Nepal's government's expenses.

The emergence of the current account deficit (CAD) based on the gross fiscal deficit (GFD) has been the focus of attention in the Indian economy. The theoretical underpinnings of Ricardian and Keynesian were different from their explanations, so the researchers sought to choose to be independent of their views. Along with Feldstein-Horioka puzzle which examined the twin deficit hypothesis (TWH) researcher also look for the role of saving-investment gap (S-IGap) which gave emergence of triple deficit hypothesis for a time spanning from1990-91 to 2019-20. Granger Causality under VAR environment was used to analyze the association and provide evidence on the TWH and TDH for India. The main contribution of this study is to propose an idea regarding the direction of the validity of the TWH and TDH in India. The FD, CAD, and S-Igap reflect government expenses, providing insights into the financial conditions and spending patterns of the government.

The growing cancer burden in Botswana has been linked to aging, lifestyle factors, and high HIV infection prevalence. The government has designated four geographically distributed hospitals as public oncology centers (POCs). A needs assessment was undertaken to ascertain the characteristics of cancer care at these centers. A multisite cross-sectional survey study of cancer care was conducted with oncology staff at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH), Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital (NRH), Sekgoma Memorial Hospital (SMH), and Letsholathebe II Memorial Hospital (LMH) from February to April 2021. At each POC, a focal person (experienced nurse working in oncology) identified relevant oncology staff and confirmed service availability. Only PMH and NRH had a broad array of diagnostic, surgical, and treatment services. In addition, PMH was the only center with a a dedicated inpatient oncology service, a multidisciplinary committee to review patients, and a palliative care team. To support the only national cancer screening program, for cervical cancer, all POCs offered Pap tests. Mammography, available at PMH and NRH, was used solely for diagnosis. Patients from POCs requiring radiation therapy were referred to Gaborone Private Hospital at government expense. For perceived service availability, 51 staff, mainly oncologists, physicians, and nurses, were surveyed (66% based at PMH). Perceptions of services revealed a few concerns, for example, numerous staff considered hysterectomies for cervical cancer available when they were only performed at PMH. Despite Botswana's efforts to increase the proximity of cancer services to patients, there are marked gaps, particularly at the two district-level POCs, SMH and LMH. In the future, SMH and LMH could provide selected services for specific prevalent cancers on-site, as well as follow-up and palliative care.

Fiscal policy uncertainty refers to unpredictability in government taxation and spending decisions, affecting economic planning, investment, and consumer behavior, leading to market volatility and potential economic slowdowns. In this research, we intend to analyze the impact of uncertain fiscal policies on fiscal sustainability in China, utilizing empirical data. We aim to elucidate how fluctuations in government expenses, budget uncertainties, and tax collection affect fiscal sustainability, with potential mitigating effects explored through financial sector development indicators. This study employs Panel Vector Auto regression (PVAR) to analyze the association between uncertain fiscal policies and fiscal sustainability in China. PVAR facilitates the examination of dynamic interactions among variables across multiple time series and cross-sectional units. This investigation demonstrates that fiscal policy uncertainty resulting from government expenses, budget uncertainties, and tax collection has a significant negative influence on China's economic development. However, financial development measures such as the ratio of liquid expenses and loans to the business community have a moderating influence. These findings highlight the significance of improving the growth of the financial sector to mitigate the negative implications of unpredictable fiscal policy and encourage sustainable fiscal increases over a longer period.

This research paper intends to look at the significance of the government expenditures in various sectors, investment by the private sector, and current account conditions on the well-being of the citizens in Pakistan over the duration of 1972-2021, making use of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) structure. This study additionally checks out disaggregated levels of government spending, with a particular concentration on the social sector (health and health as well as additional education), economic services, subsidies, as well as the maintenance of law and order. The research concern settled in this study is: Do the public sector’s economic actions improve the financial condition of the society through the increase in per capita income and employment opportunities, or do they trigger misallocation of public sources as well as injury to eco wellbeing of the society? The study also analyzes the impact of changes in the structure of the federal government's investment in time in addition to determining quick- and durable outcomes for crucial macroeconomic variables. The empirical results reveal that all parts of federal government expenses have considerable long-run organizations with per capita income, a certain welfare variable, besides spending on law and order, which has an unfavorable, nonetheless statistically insignificant impact. In terms of job opportunities, the federal government's expenses on education and learning have a considerable long-term favorable impact on employment. Nonetheless, expenditures on health have a significant unfavorable impact on employment. Different various other parts of federal government expenses did not substantially support employment. This study supplies valuable insights into the relationship between federal government costs and well-being in Pakistan. The browsing may give some requirements for focusing on the allowance of development in addition to the non-development budget to improve the welfare of Pakistani people.

Abstract This paper analyzes how ethnic diversity affects the provision of public goods in democratic and non‐democratic societies when political parties compete for voter support by offering a mix of private and public goods. Our model implies that increasing diversity that leads to more heterogeneous preferences for public goods decreases the provision of public goods in democracies, where political power is distributed equally among citizens, while there is a weaker or no effect in non‐democracies, where political power is distributed unequally among citizens. When measuring diversity by ethnic fractionalization and public good provision by either levels of government expenses, expenditures on health, or life expectancy, we indeed observe a negative association between diversity and the provision of public goods in democracies but no or only a weak association in non‐democracies.

The main state laws of April 23, 1906 summed up the political reforms carried out by Emperor Nicholas II in 1904—1906 and became the first national constitution in force. However, the history of their preparation is still clearly insufficiently studied, since a number of important episodes of this story remain virtually unknown even to specialists. One of these episodes was a meeting of the Grand Dukes on April 13, 1906 to discuss the procedure for changing the Institution of the Imperial Family. The purpose of the meeting was to coordinate with the creation of the legislative representation of the people, which followed in accordance with the manifestos of October 17, 1905 and February 20, 1906, the two articles of the draft of the new Basic Laws concerning the Imperial Family, which was a key element of the political system of the absolute monarchy that existed in Russia before 1906. The constitutional reform determined the need to determine the status of the Imperial Family in the new political system of the constitutional monarchy, in the conditions of the separation of legislative power between the tsar, the State Duma and the State Council. The problem of the correlation of public and patrimonial elements, which have always been characteristic of the status of the Imperial Family, but which at different times correlated differently, was to be solved. The members of the Meeting were Grand Dukes Vladimir Alexandrovich (Chairman), Alexander Mikhailovich, Andrey Vladimirovich, Konstantin Konstantinovich and Nikolai Nikolaevich, as well as the Minister of the Imperial Court Baron V.B. Fredericks and the Secretary of State Baron Yu.A. Ikskul von Hildenbandt. The meeting designed two articles: 1) on the emperor's ownership of the right to dispose of personal, sovereign and specific property, and the latter were not recognized as private property of the Imperial House, and 2) on the change of the Institution of the Imperial Family by the emperor personally, but only when the proposed changes do not concern general laws and do not entail new government expenses. In the latter case, changes to the Institution could be made only with the participation of the State Duma and the State Council. Thus, the public, and not the patrimonial character of the Imperial family was finally consolidated, which testified to its adaptation to new political realities and the transformation of the Romanov monarchy into a modern state.

This study examines the association between fiscal sustainability indicators and Egypt’s economic growth from 1980 to 2018. Fiscal sustainability refers to a government’s ability to generate sufficient revenue to cover its costs and debt obligations in the long run without excessive borrowing or money creation. Egypt’s economic growth has slowed, raising questions about fiscal sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic relationship between fiscal sustainability indicators (government revenue, expenditure, external debt) and economic growth in Egypt. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and unrestricted error correction model were applied to annual data from 1980 to 2018. A dynamic link was found between fiscal sustainability indicators and economic growth. Government expenditure and external debt significantly impacted economic expansion in the long term, while government revenue did not. Fiscal sustainability, measured by growth in total government expenses, external debt obligations, and revenue, significantly influences Egypt’s economic growth. Prudent fiscal management is crucial for sustained economic development. Policymakers should focus on controlling government spending, limiting external debt, and improving revenue generation to promote long-term economic growth in Egypt. Fiscal sustainability must balance critical investments in public services. Carefully managing fiscal deficits is key to unleashing Egypt’s economic potential. This study provides valuable insights into the connection between fiscal policy and economic growth in Egypt, informing policymakers’ decisions.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the conditions that enable optimal distribution of the government revenues between capital and current expenditures, one that would maximize the firms’ and households’ utility and provide the maximum impact of the government expenditures on economic growth rate. Research indicates that for such optimal distribution of the budget to be defined, the derivatives of output functions with respect to the government capital expenditure and the government current expenditure must be equal. The obtained theoretical results serve as a basis for a test that analyzes the efficiency of the allocation of government revenues between current and capital expenditure items. The test is based on intervals established at significance levels of 0.01-0.99. If the difference between the marginal value of the production function with respect to the government's current and capital expenditure falls into any of these established intervals, the distribution of government expenses in these two directions can be considered effective at the level of significance corresponding to that interval. Research results found that governments usually cannot efficiently allocate their revenues between capital and current expenditures.

Simulating the CCUS technology diffusion in thermal power plants: An agent-based evolutionary game model in complex networks