Iraqi Government Research Articles

The Rise and Fall of the Iraqi Sunni Awakening Movement

The article studies the rise of the Sunni Awakening (or Sahwa) movement as an example of how different groups can be mobilized for collective action and disintegrated by internal and external factors. It also examines the motives of the Sunni tribal leaders to oppose the AQI and the factors that had a decisive influence on the disintegration of the Awakening movement. The emergence of the Iraqi Sunni Awakening was associated not so much with a sense of ideological, patriotic, or religious obligation but with the loss of economic power of the tribal leaders who decided to mobilize against the AQI.Since 2006, the Sunni Awakening has been a key component of the US strategy to combat jihadi groups. The growth of the movement's activity led to a weakening of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) and a significant decrease in the intensity of interfaith conflict in the country. After the official transfer of control of the Awakening to the Iraqi government, the relationship of the Sunni tribes with official Baghdad deteriorated, as Prime Minister Al-Maliki pursued a systematic policy of marginalizing and eliminating the Awakening. The disintegration of the Awakening was strongly influenced by two US decisions that were of strategic importance to Iraq: (a) support for al-Maliki following his defeat in the 2010 parliamentary elections, won by the secular Sunni-Shiite coalition; (b) poor timing of the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq, as by the end of 2011, the Iraqi security forces were still not ready to ensure the country's security. As a result, in 2012, numerous supporters of the Sahwa began to participate in anti-government revolts, and thousands of fighters from the movement joined ISIL.

Quantification of Oxytetracycline Residuei in Farmed Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Meat in Sulaymaniyah Province/Iraq Using Hplc

In Iraq, due to the government’s lack of control over antibiotic use by the aquaculture farmers, random use of antibiotic is prominent, especially Oxytetracycline (OTC). Oxytetracycline is a potent antibiotic used in aquaculture industries because it is easily obtained, inexpensive, and effective against bacterial diseases. The present study aimed at quantifying and comparing the amount of OTC residue in the two most consumed muscles, dorsal and caudal skeletal muscles, of farmed common carp fish ‘Cyprinus carpio’ by the Sulaymaniyah population. Samples of caudal and dorsal skeletal muscles of 54 (for each muscle type 27) carp fish were taken randomly from 9 large aquaculture ponds, which were composed of one or more earthen ponds, in Qaladze and Taqtaq areas near Sulaymaniyah Province/Iraq. The OTC residue was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two-tailed, unpaired t test analysis of the results was performed by GraphPad Prism software to compare between the residue levels in the two regions of the skeletal muscles. Twenty-eight samples had OTC residue detected in them, while residues in twenty-six samples were not detectable, only two of the caudal skeletal muscle samples had residues that exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL), while all the dorsal muscles with OTC residues revealed lower levels than the set MRL. The present study revealed that there was OTC residues in common carp, and different muscles have OTC residues regardless of their location in the common carp’s body. In addition, a specific MRL level and a legal regulation by the Iraqi government must be set to keep OTC use for the farms and residue levels in the fish meat under control.

The health reality in Iraq in light of Iraqi Parliament debates 1945-1958

In Iraq, the health sector, like other service sectors, has suffered from several disadvantages, the foremost of which is ignorance, the spread of illiteracy, the lack of financial allocations, and the worsening of the living standards of the Iraqi individual. The lack of social awareness and the endemic and communicable diseases . This is a rise in the numbers of deaths and specifically among children in the face of this deteriorating health situation it was necessary to adopt a parliamentary official the cons of this site with scrutiny and finding successful solutions to it. Therefore, this research focused on the input of a number of Iraqi brigades deputies and did not create these Criticism of criticism and defamation however, these inputs, although audacity and covered by detailed aspects of this service sector, have not been heeded, but have received little permission from the Iraqi government and the Ministry of Health.

MINIMIZATION OF WATER NEEDS IN IRAQI AGRICULTURE IN LIGHT OF THE PREVAILING CROPPING COMBINATION DURING

The research aims to study the optimal allocation of irrigation water that is used to irrigate various agricultural crops at the level of Iraq. In order to achieve the goal of the research, two economic models were formulated according to the linear programming technique. The first model aimed to minimize the water needs of the prevailing crop combination during the average period (2017-2020), while the second model aimed to maximize the total profit margin of the water unit for the crop combination that minimizes the water needs during the same period. The first model was estimated with two proposed plans. The first proposed plan included non-imposing legislative restrictions related to the allocation of certain areas for basic agricultural crops that bias the food security requirements of the population, as well as crops that were recently banned from import by the Iraqi government, while the proposed second plan included the imposition and addition of restrictions of legislative areas that did not appear in the table of the optimal solution for the first plan. Results indicated that there is a surplus of water resource for the proposed economic plans according to the two estimated models, its quantity amounted to about 363.361, 9.178 million m3 for each plan, respectively, compared to the total amount of irrigation water needed for the current cropping combination, which was estimated at about 4.736726 billion m3 during the average mentioned period. Results of the analysis of the two estimated models also showed a preference for the results of plans with legislative restrictions as a result of the expansion in the cultivation of most basic and important crops and vegetables for local consumption.

ИРАК И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ КРИЗИС 1938–1939 ГГ. В КУВЕЙТЕ

This article deals with little-known events in the history of relations between Iraq and Kuwait that took place in the second half of the 1930-s. These two Arab countries located in the Persian Gulf area have much in common in their history and culture. At the same time the relations between them were not always stable and good neighborly. In their development they went through the different stages including phases of crises and armed confrontation. Today many of us still remember well the military events that occurred between these states in 1990–1991. The results of this fratricidal war eventually led to a change in the political regime in Iraq and seriously affected the development of regional relations in the Middle East. However, this war was preceded by other conflicts between countries. The earliest took place on the eve of the World War II. The conflict was associated with the aspiration of Iraqi King Ghazi and his supporters to unite Kuwait and Iraq. The article examines the reasons and grounds of the Iraqi political course that escalated the 1938–1939 crisis in Kuwait.

Iraq’s Nugra-Salman prison castle: a place for dark tourism

ABSTRACT Nugra-Salman prison castle is a vivid reminder of the Kurdish genocide at the hands of the Iraqi regime under Saddam Hussein. It was used as a temporary detention centre for several thousand Kurds before many of them were executed or buried alive in the deserts of Iraq. The castle is still standing despite damage to its inner and outer walls. It is a reminder of the cruelty and savagery of the former Iraqi regime toward the Kurdish people. It should be turned into a site of dark tourism.

Corporate Governance and its Impact on the Efficiency of Internal Control on Non-Profit Government Institutions: an Exploratory Study

Purpose: The aim of the research is to define the importance of Corporate Governance (CG) and its role in providing appropriate environment to operate the internal control system (ICS) to achieve goals of non-profit governmental institutions. Theoretical framework: The research included defining the nature of corporate governance in light of the internal control systems in Iraqi government institutions that are not aimed at achieving profits. Design/methodology/approach: The research was implemented on a sample of non-profit governmental institutions. The researcher used the descriptive method in the theoretical aspect and analysis in the applied aspect. The research reached a set of conclusions, and the research came out with a set of recommendations that serve its objectives. Findings: The study concluded that there is a relationship between the main and secondary variables, and we conclude from the results that activity of the higher administrations should not be limited to directing the dissemination of the concepts and principles of institutional governance. Research, Practical & Social implications: In light of the adoption of the concept and principles of institutional governance. And efficient ICS that are able to lead the modernization trends in the public service without giving way to the spread of administrative and financial corruption, which has become a scourge that afflicts the body of the Iraqi government institutions at the present time. Originality/value: This study is one of the limited studies that dealt with corporate governance in non-profit organizations in Iraq, in light of the high levels of administrative and financial corruption, as well as weak internal control systems.

Distinguishing Children From ISIS-Affiliated Families in Iraq and Their Unique Barriers for Rehabilitation and Reintegration

Over 25,000 Iraqis (90 percent of which are women and children) currently reside in al-Hol camp in Northeastern Syria, and the government of Iraq has started to return some of these families back to Iraq via a rehabilitation and reintegration programme. This population is perceived to have an ISIS affiliation, along with thousands of other persons across Iraq. But what exactly does having an ‘ISIS affiliation’ mean practically for children from these families, and what are the implications of it for their rehabilitation and reintegration? Building off a gap in the literature around children with perceived affiliation to terrorist groups, this article utilises Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems model to help distinguish the current challenges faced by children from ISIS affiliated families in Iraq. It considers the implications of familial affiliation in areas including family life, education, camp and detention settings, media coverage, returning to their communities, and legal aspects. It also considers which of these features are shared with ISIS-affiliated children outside of Iraq. The aim is to create a stronger and shared baseline for understanding the unique features of such children, and how their healthy development may be negatively or positively impacted on multiple levels when their family is affiliated with a terror group. In turn, this understanding can better shape and target the interventions or support they may receive in response to these.

The evaluation of carbon monoxide emissions using regression analysis and GIS techniques

In the last few years, Baghdad city has witnessed substantial changes in the land use/land cover, a significant increase in the number of inhabitants, number of vehicles, and industrial activities. As a result, air pollutants from traffic, industries, cooking, and waste incineration are relatively increased. Moreover, Baghdad city is considered an attractive location for a large number of humans, where the potential for human exposure to relatively high air pollutants makes Baghdad city a good target of investigation in recent studies related to air pollution in urban areas. Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of the air pollutants, which is considered colourless and odourless mainly emitted from the uncompleted process of fuel combustion. CO has negative impacts on human health. The evaluation of Carbon monoxide in urban areas usually requires the implementation of appropriate methods, which can enable an understanding of the relationship between CO sources and receptors to adopt proper strategies for pollution mitigation within urban areas. In this study, we proposed a model based on the integration between GIS data and regression analysis to predict hourly CO concentrations in an urban area, Baghdad, Iraq. Regression modelling was carried out depending on independent variables (Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed, Wind direction, Solar Radiation, Built-up area, Agricultural lands, Water, Barren land, Road length) and dependent variables included samples of hourly CO concentrations during 2019. The modelling results indicated that the correlation coefficient was achieved at 0.8845, while the Root mean squared error was 0.1208 ppm. On the other hand, the R-squared was 0.74 according to the testing data and 0.78 according to the training data. The presented regression model might be adopted as an evaluation tool for the air pollutants studies in Iraq. The presented model might be used as an efficient tool for the air pollutants evaluation in Iraq. This can support private agencies and the government in Iraq. The proposed regression model can be upgraded to be more generalized for other locations in Iraq by collecting more environmental and geographic information like air pollutants related to CO such as CO2, traffic data, roads condition, building height, and elevation that can improve the proposed model.

The Kurdish Case in Iraq 1958-1963

The Kurdish case considered one of the most important issues in the modern history of Iraq, and the problem of the Kurds is represented by their demand for rights that guarantee their national and linguistic distinction, and the inclusion of these rights in laws and constitutions, and most Iraqi governments have responded, these demands were rejected, and some of them were rejected, including the annexation of Kirkuk, the oil-rich region, to the Kurdish areas, which sparked a dispute between the two sides and led to bloody clashes. The research deals with the Kurdish case in Iraq from 1958-1963, which is the period of rule of Abd al-Karim Qasim, the leader of the July 14 revolution in Iraq, which ended the monarchy. The research was divided into three axes. The first axis is the position of the Kurds in support of the revolution and the privileges granted by Abdul Karim Qassem to the Kurds, including the approval of the new Iraqi constitution, some articles that include the national rights of the Kurds. For the Kurds and allowed the return of the exiles to Iraq, including Mustafa Barzani, and the release of Kurdish detainees in Iraqi prisons since the royal era. The second axis included bad relations between Abdul Karim Qasim and the Kurds. The last axis dealt with the armed clash between the two, which lasted from 1960 to 1963, the year in which the rule of Abd al-Karim Qasim ended after his overthrow, and the Kurds allied with the revolutionaries to achieve their demands for autonomy. The study relied on a set of sources, including published American documents, as well as books, including the book Northern Iraq 1985-1975 by the author Ammar Ali Al-Samar. And the book Political Currents in Iraqi Kurdistan, a reading in the files of the Kurdish movements and parties in Iraq 1946-2001, by the author, Salah Al-Khursan, in addition to theses, university theses, and a group of research and studies.

The implications of mismanaged central bank loans on the future bankruptcy of Iraq

This study explores whether the CBI's poor credit management may bankrupt Iraq. This study investigates the causes and consequences of improper loan use. Central bank loans affect the Iraqi economy, and misallocating them has effects. The explanation emphasizes the long-term impact on Iraq's economy and finances. This study investigates how Iraq's central bank loans have harmed its finances and raised its bankruptcy risk. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies meet the study’s aims. Interviews with banking leaders, government records, and annual reports give information. The analysis suggests that central bank loan mismanagement damaged Iraq's economy. Bribery, incompetence, and a lack of internal controls caused poor management. This mishandling led to Iraq's bankruptcy, growth in the national debt, and investor distrust. The research suggests ways to fix problems and lower financial risk. Proposals include strengthening banking regulation, loan distribution transparency, and governance. These measures will boost Iraq's economy and banking. This analysis concluded that managing the Central Bank of Iraq’s loans to the Iraqi government is critical. Reallocate these obligations to avoid bankruptcy and enhance Iraq's economy. Bankruptcy hurts both goals.

Fair and Equal Exploitation of Transboundary Natural Hydrocarbon Based on International Law and Standards

Cross-border shared resources have always been one of the legal and economic issues, since they are highly important to governments. Because of the inherent characteristic of governments and their willingness to exercise their sovereignty over the land, resources, and protection of these common cross-border resources, have always been challenging and a subject of disagreement between stakeholder countries, in the legal, economic, and political. These challenges become more serious when it comes to valuable and strategically shared cross-border resources such as oil, and gas. The case in this study is located on the common border between Iran and Iraq, which is the confluence of a valuable oil resources. This region is recognized as Azadegan and Majnoon oil fields. The importance of exploring this area is because it is regarded as one of the largest cross-border oil resource interconnections in the world in a single area. The existence of a huge and common underground oil reservoir, which is very valuable, is the reason for the conflict of interests between the two governments of Iran and Iraq. However, this conflict of interests has not only been created for governments, but it has interfered with the economic interests of international and multinational companies and the rights of present and future generations of human beings (collective/group rights). The escalation of this conflict of interest occurs when governments face shared oil resources onshore or offshore, which may jeopardize the rights of human generations and the environment due to political and economic competition.

The legal nature of the law No. 1 (1992) amended the Election Law for the Kurdistan Parliament – Iraq

After the failure of negotiations between the Kurdistan political parties and the Ba'ath Party, the Iraqi government withdrew the governmental and administrative institutions in the Kurdistan regions, and this withdrawal created an administrative and legal space, and accordingly the Kurdistan political parties thought of enacting a special law to fill this gap. For this purpose, the political leadership of the Kurdistan parties formed a special committee consisting of 15 members to write a draft law for the National Assembly of Kurdistan - Iraq. This committee submitted the draft to the political leadership on (28/4/1992), and they approved Law No. (1) Of 1992 in the name of the Law of the National Assembly of Kurdistan – Iraq (It's called now amended the Election Law for the Kurdistan Parliament – Iraq) .In this study, we shed light on this law in order to know the nature of this law.
 The study of the subject and the scientific understanding of its various aspects require dividing it into two chapters. In the first one, we talked about the status of the Law No. (1) Of 1992 in the constitutional system of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq. The second one deals with the study of the type and method of establishing the Law No. (1) Of 1992, in which we tried to shed light on the content of this law and to determine its type and method of establishing it. In the end, we reached a set of conclusions and recommendations.

Removal of methylene blue dye from simulated wastewater by cement kiln dust

The purpose from testing studies to discovery out the efficiency of CKD from Al-Muthana city Iraq government to removal Methylene Blue Dye (MB) in simulated textile wastewater generated from Al-Diwaniyah textile factory in Al-Diwaniyah city Iraq government. The wastewater discharge from textile industries that contain methylene blue dye is removed by adsorption through cement kiln dust, therefore, was studied this case. The best electrostatic action is the basic action between methylene blue and cement kiln dust. As cement kiln dust has especially nanostructure properties and the negative charge for his plane, the positive charge for methylene blue compound ability for simply adsorb above it. The optimum condition for gain the best removal of dyes and reach to 99.57% it is initial concentration 10 ppm, pH 9.0, temperature 30 C, dosage 1 gm and rotary speed 150 rpm.The reason for this may be due to synergy effect of both pH value of the media and the basic effect from the melting of the added adsorbent material in the media in addition to the presence of additional exchange sites when increase the dose of adsorbent.

The Baghdad Triangle

Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt offers a provocative and critical analysis of U.S.-Iraqi relations from the military coup against the Hashemite monarchy in 1958 to the nationalization of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in 1972. The book’s notable strength is its integrated analysis of three protagonists—the U.S. government, the Iraqi government, and the multi-national IPC—as they struggled over Iraq’s petroleum industry. Wolfe-Hunnicutt insightfully analyzes this triangular relationship as each entity pursued its best interests vis-à-vis the other two, even as it grappled with intramural policy conflicts. This valuable contribution, however, is limited by interpretive, organizational, and stylistic blemishes. Paranoid Style focuses centrally on the struggle between the IPC and the post-monarchical government in Baghdad for control of Iraq’s oil wealth. Riding the wave of anti-colonial nationalism cresting in the Middle East, revolutionary Iraq demanded major revisions of the financial terms of the original IPC concession. Enriched by its imperial privileges, the IPC resisted.

The role of the deputies of Al-Muntafiq in the Iraqi Constituent Assembly in 1924 AD

After the events that occurred in the international arena, especially after the First World War, and what happened to those results, at a time when Britain began drawing a new policy at the level of the Arab region, especially in Iraq, and in the midst of those events and during the formation and establishment of the Iraqi government, as the category invested The Iraqi female intellectual participates in national events by showing her attitudes towards the country, thus strengthening her social and political position among the majority of the people.
 And at a time when the positions of these people varied, the national category of the Iraqi people varied between support and rejection or turning a blind eye to what was happening in terms of events, as it became a milestone through the exchange of ideas and dialogue adopted by this class and in the atmosphere of democracy whose features became clear through the difference of points of view. divergent.
 And after the issuance of the Royal Decree on October 29, 1922, to proceed to the election of the Iraqi Constituent Assembly, and after holding those elections, the elected deputies of Al-Muntafiq had a clear role in discussions and giving views and interventions that varied through the ideas and propositions of these deputies, and in light of that we decided to research this topic through Our research marked (the role of the deputies of the Muntafiq in the Iraqi Constituent Assembly 1924), which was divided into three sections. To the most important findings of the research results.

حقوق الأجيال القادمة في الثروات الطبيعية (النفط والغاز) وفق دستور

The upcoming generation's right to natural sources (oil and gas) is one of the issues that have been interested in at the national and international level. Such an interest caused to many international conventions and conferences which confirmed the right (oil and gas) and urged the democratic governments to assure such rights in their constitutional legislation and laws as general and obligating rules so as to save it and avoid losing it. Natural sources are one of the fundamental legal bases of the oil states which depend on it as a cause of power, sovereignty, a requirement of the current generation, and a guarantee for the upcoming generation. So, it is a joint point between the generations. The study identified the significance of involving the rights of the upcoming generations in the Iraqi government constitution 2005 item 111 and 112 and distributing the revenue. In addition, the study mentioned the effect of oil change in price on the upcoming generation rights.

The effect of measuring the level of application of the elements of the integrated report on the disclosure in the financial reports of Iraqi government units / University of Baghdad

يهدف البحث الى القاء الضوء على مفهوم واهمية التقرير المتكامل والمبادئ التوجيهية وعناصر المحتوى المعلوماتي لها ، فضلا عن الإفصاح المحاسبي في الوحدات الحكومية . وتمثل مجتمع البحث في الوحدات الحكومية غير الهادفة للربح ، أما عينة البحث فتم اختيار جامعة بغداد كعينة قصدية للبحث. ولتحقيق هدف البحث قام الباحثان بأعداد استمارة استقصاء لقياس مستوى تطبيق المؤشرات المالية وغير المالية في الوحدة الحكومية ( جامعة بغداد ) على شكل نسب مئوية وفق عناصر التقرير المتكامل حسب اصدار ( IR ) في 2021 ، مع توظيف مؤشرات مبادرة الإبلاغ العالمية( GRI ) وفق إصدارها الاحدث في عام 2020 بأبعادها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية على عناصر التقرير المتكامل، وبالاعتماد على التقارير المالية وغير المالية الصادرة عن جامعة بغداد لسنة 2019، وابرز ما توصل اليه البحث ان نسبة مستوى الإفصاح وفق الاطار الدولي للتقرير المتكامل ( IR ) للوحدة الحكومية / جامعة بغداد( 38 % ) وهي نسبة ضعيفة للإفصاح مقارنة بنسبة (100 %) ، وأوصى الباحثان ضرورة تبني الوحدة الحكومية جامعة بغداد أطار التقرير المتكامل الدولي ( IR ) لما يوفره من عرض تفصيلي وشامل لكافة المعلومات المالية وغير المالية وبطريقة شفافية وذات مصداقية .

The effect of measuring the level of application of the elements of the integrated report on the disclosure in the financial reports of Iraqi government units / University of Baghdad

يهدف البحث الى القاء الضوء على مفهوم واهمية التقرير المتكامل والمبادئ التوجيهية وعناصر المحتوى المعلوماتي لها ، فضلا عن الإفصاح المحاسبي في الوحدات الحكومية . وتمثل مجتمع البحث في الوحدات الحكومية غير الهادفة للربح ، أما عينة البحث فتم اختيار جامعة بغداد كعينة قصدية للبحث. ولتحقيق هدف البحث قام الباحثان بأعداد استمارة استقصاء لقياس مستوى تطبيق المؤشرات المالية وغير المالية في الوحدة الحكومية ( جامعة بغداد ) على شكل نسب مئوية وفق عناصر التقرير المتكامل حسب اصدار ( IR ) في 2021 ، مع توظيف مؤشرات مبادرة الإبلاغ العالمية( GRI ) وفق إصدارها الاحدث في عام 2020 بأبعادها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية على عناصر التقرير المتكامل، وبالاعتماد على التقارير المالية وغير المالية الصادرة عن جامعة بغداد لسنة 2019، وابرز ما توصل اليه البحث ان نسبة مستوى الإفصاح وفق الاطار الدولي للتقرير المتكامل ( IR ) للوحدة الحكومية / جامعة بغداد( 38 % ) وهي نسبة ضعيفة للإفصاح مقارنة بنسبة (100 %) ، وأوصى الباحثان ضرورة تبني الوحدة الحكومية جامعة بغداد أطار التقرير المتكامل الدولي ( IR ) لما يوفره من عرض تفصيلي وشامل لكافة المعلومات المالية وغير المالية وبطريقة شفافية وذات مصداقية .

Relations between Khalil Khoshaw and Sheikh Ahmadi Barzan in the Light of British and Turkish Documents 1931-1936

Abstract: The suppression of Sheikh Ahmadi Barzan's movement by the Iraqi government with the support of the British air force did not destroy the liberation movement in Barzan. However, the first Barzan revolution led to the emergence of several prominent leaders among the Barzanis. Khalil Khoshawi was one of the most influtial leaders and continued fighting against the Iraqi Government. He always acted according to the instruction of Sheikh Ahmad Barzan. This caused made many problems for the Iraqi government and forced it to seek assistance and coordination from Britain, Iran, and Turkey to suppress Khalil Khoshaw's movement. Some sources consider that Khalil Khoshaw's movement was a different revolution from the revolution of Sheikh Ahmad of Barzan, while Khalil Khoshaw followed Sheikh Ahmadi's instructions and orders, and was always loyal and trusted leader of Sheikh Ahmad, so his movement complemented the first Barzan revolution. In general, this study attempts to show the relationship between Khalil Khoshaw and Sheikh Ahmad of Barzan in the years 1931-1936 Based on British and Turkish documents. Keywords: Khalil Khoshawi, Barzan, Kurds, Mergasur, Mizuri.