Governments Of Different Countries Research Articles

Development of national specialization in 5G technologies within the European Union

Nowadays the efforts of not only companies, but also governments in different countries are aimed at the development of 5G technologies. On the one hand, the introduction of 5G is an expensive process that requires investments in the development, deployment and maintenance of infrastructure, the involvement of a large number of market participants and service providers, the creation of a stimulating and regulatory legislative framework, the provision of radio frequencies of a more efficient spectrum, the solution of patenting issues. On the other hand, the introduction of 5G technologies will be aimed at developing the economy of many industries, creating social benefits, reducing energy intensity, and will create new opportunities for companies. Currently, the benefits of the digital economy can be most used by the United States, the Republic of Korea and China, which have the highest rates of 5G adoption in the world. The countries of the European Union are also interested in the development of 5G technologies. We analysed key 5G technologies for 74,940 related patents for 23 EU countries for the period 2012–2021. It is shown that the leaders in the number of 5G patents were Sweden, Germany, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Ireland. It is noteworthy that countries can either focus on developing a small number of technologies, or develop a wide range of them. Since 2018, France, Estonia and Germany demonstrate the greatest number of technological specializations primarily creating inventions related to 5G data processing. At the same time, the USA, the Republic of Korea and China still retain their competitive advantages in fields of basic electric elements and electric communication technique for fifth generation networks. To improve positions in the global technology market the EU countries need to specialize in rarer and more complex technologies and develop national policies in this area.

ЕФЕКТИВНЕ ДЕРЖАВНЕ УПРАВЛІННЯ І НАЦІОНАЛЬНА БЕЗПЕКА В КОНТЕКСТІ DEEP STATE

The article explores the concept of the «deep state» as a key element of ensuring sustainable public administration and national security in war and peace. The author examines global and regional development trends that affect the formation of national security and analyses the mechanisms of power and governance in different countries. Particular attention is paid to the role of informal and closed networks in influencing official policy, which allows for a deeper understanding of the sources of information wars and manipulation of public opinion. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to build a transparent, fair and democratic society, as well as to strengthen democratic institutions and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. The analysis of the deep state allows us to identify the interconnections between state institutions, the military, intelligence services and big business, which often remain outside democratic control. The author notes that the study of the deep state is important for the protection of democratic values, increasing transparency, accountability and efficiency of governance. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the deep state on the information space and the mechanisms of manipulating public opinion through the media. Understanding these processes contributes to the development of critical thinking and the protection of citizens' rights and freedoms. In the context of globalisation, the concept of the deep state is seen as an important factor influencing international relations, trade policies and economic alliances. The study of this phenomenon helps to predict changes in global politics and the economy, which is important for the development of long-term national security strategies. The term «deep state» is used to describe a network of influential individuals or organisations that can exert significant influence on public policy beyond democratic control. This concept is actively discussed in political debates, causing controversy over its role and influence on political processes.

Investment in tertiary education in OECD countries: Student spending and public support, allocation of education funding by resource category

Subject. This article discusses the issues of financing and ensuring the accessibility of higher education, and getting the balance between higher education spending and other public spending. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the major economic indicators of the higher education system's development in some countries and regions. Methods. For the study, I used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article describes different combinations of students' tuition costs and ways to find the optimal balance between different forms of learning support undertaken by governments of different countries. Conclusions. The high quality of higher education is recognized as an absolute priority. In the coming decade, higher education ecosystems will change in many countries, driven by changes in demand for higher education. More flexible and diverse financing modalities are needed, taking into account the practices of different countries.

Sustainable innovation policy in non-walled technoparks

Meanwhile, the government in different countries encourages these sustainable activities to make their domestic brands open worldwide Because sustainability and learning growth have comparable meanings, all paths leading in this direction cross with a single phenomenon known as innovation. The more investment in innovation, the more value the company can gain. In Turkey, the government has increased the financial support of sustainable innovation management for more than 20 years. Especially, in the last five years the budget of the ministry has widened to keep growing in growth. The grant incentives given for Research &Development (R&D) centers and Design centers, also called non-walled technoparks, are two main examples of this encouragement. This study is framed on a big-scale company’s growth with the help of the R&D or Design Center. The financial and performance-based milestones in the R&D center road map lead the company to follow and invest in technology. This also means taking advantage of the international competition in 360 degrees. Not only is financial performance increased by gaining incentives, but also the qualification of human resources is going up and up. The results show how sustainable innovation policy influences business activities. Keywords: Brand; Design center; R&D center; sustainable ınnovation.

The Choice of Values Behind Corporate Law: A Critique of Shareholder Primacy and a Response to China's Proposal

The theory of shareholder primacy, as an important value judgment in the U.S. corporate law on corporate governance model, has influenced the shaping of legal rules of corporate governance in different countries and regions of the world, as well as the revision of China's corporate law. The theoretical lineage of shareholder-centrism has its own peculiar soil of existence and should not be regarded as a universal value behind the norms of corporate law. Even in the U.S., shareholder primacy is highly controversial, and the direction it advocates is contradictory to the reality of corporate governance practices. China has not been affected by the shareholder primacy debate in the current revision of its corporate law, but has adopted a corporate power allocation model with Chinese characteristics, so as to achieve a balance between the efficiency of corporate governance and the protection of shareholders' interests.

Mathematical modelling of COVID-19 outbreak using caputo fractional derivative: stability analysis

The novel coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 is a pandemic condition and poses a massive menace to health. The governments of different countries and their various prohibitory steps to restrict the virus's expanse have changed individuals' communication processes. Due to physical and financial factors, the population's density is more likely to interact and spread the virus. We establish a mathematical model to present the spread of the COVID-19 in worldwide. In this article, we propose a novel mathematical model (‘ S L I I q I h R P ’) to assess the impact of using hospitalization, quarantine measures, and pathogen quantity in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyse the boundedness of the model's solution by employing the Laplace transform approach to solve the fractional Gronwall's inequality. To ensure the uniqueness and existence of the solution, we rely on the Picard-Lindelof theorem. The model's basic reproduction number, a crucial indicator of epidemic potential, is determined based on the greatest eigenvalue of the next-generation matrix. We then employ stability theory of fractional differential equations to qualitatively examine the model. Our findings reveal that both locally and globally, the endemic equilibrium and disease-free solutions demonstrate symptomatic stability. These results shed light on the effectiveness of the proposed interventions in managing and containing the COVID-19 outbreak.

Проблемы устойчивого развития в аспектах мирового энергопотребления и экологической грамотности населения

The Stockholm Conference of 1972 set a set of tasks for the governments of different countries aimed at reducing the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment. The current economic and environmental activities of modern countries are examined using the examples of India, Germany and Russia. India and Germany, which have economies of different levels of development, have a similar need for traditional heat and power resources to ensure sustainable development of the national economy and the implementation of environmental tasks set for the countries by their leadership. Russia is in an advantageous position, having large reserves of fuel and energy resources, allowing it to be independent in choosing development paths. Aware of its responsibility to future generations, our country is actively pursuing a policy of reducing its impact on the environment. The international community of scientists and experts has articulated the major human impacts in 2022, highlighting global warming, biodiversity loss, deforestation, plastic pollution, air pollution, especially greenhouse gases from agriculture, and poor government governance. There are huge food losses due to overproduction and large amounts of food waste amid nearly a billion hungry people in the world. The problem of “fast fashion” is identified, which leads to the generation of significant amounts of fabric waste, including synthetic ones. The last two problems are associated with excessive consumption of a significant part of the world's population, which contradicts the general interest of the population in the environment. The marketing policy of organizations using images of nature protection, aimed at the emotions of people who do not have a holistic picture of the world, a penchant for critical analysis, or sufficient knowledge in the field of environmental and natural sciences, is called “greenwashing”. Countering this policy, aimed at increasing consumption under the slogans of reducing the anthropogenic impact on nature, should be based on a consistent government policy to increase environmental consciousness, education and upbringing of citizens.

Analysis of the Economic Impact of Research and Agricultural Extension of Sesame in Burkina Faso

This study aims to assess the economic impact of research and extension as for improved sesame varieties in Burkina Faso. Indeed, the effectiveness of the use of financial resources allocated to research and extension is a concern for donors and governments of different countries. The economic surplus model was used as an analytical tool for this study. Thus, data were collected from research, extension and statistical data production structures. This method evaluates the impacts in terms of shift of the supply curves. The results of the model show that it is benefitting to invest in cowpea research. In fact, in this study, the internal return rate is about 69% for the period ranging from 2006 to 2018, with a net added value nearly 372 billion FCFA. Such high rates could only be achieved through the relevance of the research results and their dissemination / adoption. Therefore, for a development of the sesame sector and an improvement of producers ‘income, the investment in the research is essential.

Reducing the Negative Impact on Atmospheric Air: An Overview of Economic and Administrative and Legal Tools

Solving the problem of atmospheric air pollution has been one of the most pressing topics on the modern agenda of sustainable development for more than a decade. Every day mankind emits significant amounts of greenhouse gases and toxic substances such as SO2, particulate matters, benzene, lead, etc. The low quality of atmospheric air caused by high degree of contamination entails significant negative consequences for the environment and human health in the long term. A steady increase in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere provokes an increase in average temperature and, consequently, serious climate changes. Governments of different countries are developing a wide range of state programs to protect the environment and are implementing various initiatives to eco-modernize industrial enterprises that are the largest emitters of emissions. However, despite the measures taken, the situation with atmospheric air pollution remains acute in most countries of the world. The purpose of this study is to review and analyse the most common economic and administrative-legal instruments used to reduce the negative impact on atmospheric air. Based on the results of the study, the most effective tools were identified and recommendations for their further improvement were proposed.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КРИПТОВАЛЮТ НА ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ БАНКОВСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ: КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ ИЛИ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО

The emergence of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies in recent years has changed the global financial market. Market players have gained access to a fundamentally new tool that allows them to change their investment policy, as well as carry out money transfers and other functions in a convenient and fairly competitive field. In many ways, cryptocurrencies have proven to be more flexible than “traditional” currencies and have provided new opportunities for participants of the market. The volume of trades and transactions on them is constantly growing, an increasing number of them are appearing, and the corresponding infrastructure is developing. At the same time, cryptocurrencies cause certain inconvenience to government institutions, since they often become the object of fraud and the basis for fraud and not entirely legal approaches to business, and, despite the fairly transparent technology for conducting transactions, data about them is not always possible or easy to obtain. By taking away part of the turnover from the banking sector, the cryptocurrency market makes it virtually uncontrollable by government agencies, which causes concern among governments of different countries. It is expressed, in particular, in constant attempts to control the circulation of currencies based on blockchain by central banks. At the same time, commercial banks, on the one hand, are forced to compete in their activities with cryptocurrencies, and on the other hand, they are increasingly using them in their activities due to high demand from individuals and legal entities and the desire to gain competitive advantages.

Analysis of the Economic Impact of Research and Agricultural Extension of Sesame in Burkina Faso

This study aims to assess the economic impact of research and extension as for improved sesame varieties in Burkina Faso. Indeed, the effectiveness of the use of financial resources allocated to research and extension is a concern for donors and governments of different countries. The economic surplus model was used as an analytical tool for this study. Thus, data were collected from research, extension and statistical data production structures. This method evaluates the impacts in terms of shift of the supply curves. The results of the model show that it is benefitting to invest in cowpea research. In fact, in this study, the internal return rate is about 69% for the period ranging from 2006 to 2018, with a net added value nearly 372 billion FCFA. Such high rates could only be achieved through the relevance of the research results and their dissemination / adoption. Therefore, for a development of the sesame sector and an improvement of producers ‘income, the investment in the research is essential.

Сomparative Analysis of Political Technologies for Optimizing the Intraregional Space of the State

This article examines foreign experience in managing regional development processes. The author has carried out a comparative analysis of the political mechanisms for optimizing the intraregional policy of the state, the essence of which is the use of various approaches and principles of regional governance. At the same time, the article pays great attention to the problem of differentiation of the regional space. The author analyzes the political technologies which are applied by the governments of different countries and focused on the formation and optimization of the intraregional space. The experience of Poland is considered from the standpoint of the implementation of regional governance during the period of administrative reform there; the experience of Austria and Belgium, which is studied in the aspect of institutional provision of regional policy. The French mechanisms of public administration are studied, with the help of which it was possible to achieve sustainable regional development of the country. Basing of the generalization of foreign experience, the main political technologies for optimizing the intraregional space are provided in then article, in particular: decentralization, regionalization, multi-level regional policy.

A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Ecological Compensation for Cultivated Land in Northeast China

Ecological compensation for cultivated land is a prominent means to coordinate the protection and utilization of cultivated land ecosystems. This study assessed the ecological compensation for cultivated land, considering both the ecological footprint and value of ecosystem services. We used the ecological footprint model to calculate the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of cultivated land, combined with the value of its ecosystem services, with a focus on estimating its ecological compensation standard, and we analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of Northeast China. We found that the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of cultivated land showed a fluctuating growth trend in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, increasing by 288.83 × 105 ha and 131.37 × 105 ha, respectively. The spatial distribution of cultivated land’s ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity showed growth from the southwest to the northeast. The value of its ecosystem services presented an overall trend of growth over the past 20 years, increasing by CNY 13.64 billion, or an increase of 12.47%. In terms of spatial distribution, the trends of the ecological compensation for cultivated land showed obvious differences. This study mainly focused on black soil cultivated land, and its results are helpful for governments in different countries solving similar problems in terms of the ecological compensation for cultivated land. This study will provide a valuable reference to measure the compensation standard scientifically and to provide policy recommendations for sustainable cultivated land’s protection and utilization.

Bibliometric Analysis and Review of Digital Audit Practices in the Public Sector of Different Countries

Purpose: The objectives of this paper are two-fold: first, it presents a bibliometric study on digital audit in the public sector of different countries; and Second, it provides review of prior studies on digital audit implementation by governments in various countries. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: There are two parts in the present study, and both use secondary data. The first part is a bibliometric study of past literature on digital audit in the public sector which was carried out to provide an overview of trend of publications over the last 30 years, citation analysis in terms of top cited journals and articles, as well as author analysis which covers most active single author and author with co-authorship and based on the country of the authors. The second part of the paper uses the content analysis technique on prior literature to extract and compile information on digital audit practices by the public sector of various countries in terms of the year of implementation, current status of implementation, and modules and the software used. Findings: The results of the first of the study indicate the increasing trend of publications on digital audit in the public sector which are authored by researchers from many countries. This implies the current trend of digital audit movement by governments around the world. For the second part, the review on digital audit practices of governments in different countries reveals several European countries such as Norway, Ukraine and Germany are championing digital audit in the public sector although none of the countries has full-fledged implementation. Most countries started with taxation audit, and are now having labs or incubators for full-fledged digital audit experimentation in the public sector. Originality/ Value: The findings of this paper are important due to the followings: (1) it offers insightful evidence into the current development and direction of digital audit research, which ultimately calls for more research efforts on digital audit in the public sector; (2) the information on digital audit practices by several European countries provides essential guidance to the governments of other countries including Malaysia to better prepare for its successful more advanced digital audit implementation journey. Keywords: Digital audit, public sector, bibliometric analysis, digital transformation.

The place and role of cryptocurrencies in the international financial market

Subject. The article investigates the role of cryptocurrency in the international financial market. Objectives. The aim is to analyze the place and role of cryptocurrencies in the international financial market. Methods. The study rests on logical, historical, and statistical analysis, and methods of comparison, classification, and deduction. Results. The paper defines the concept of cryptocurrency, considers the problem of including cryptocurrencies in the economic system, characterizes the cryptocurrency market at the international level, determines the place and role of cryptocurrencies in the international financial market. Conclusions. Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon in the global economy. It plays a special role in the investment market. The introduction of cryptocurrency into everyday life is possible only after solving all technical, legal, and economic issues directly related to its circulation. The problem with legal regulation is particularly relevant, since the attitude of governments of different countries to digital assets is constantly changing. This is due to the fact that decentralized systems can be used in the shadow economy, which threatens the stability of the national economy of States. Nevertheless, the development of digital economy cannot be stopped, so it is worth adapting to the new realities of the modern world.

Similarities and Differences in the Manifestations of the COVID-19 Epidemic Process in Some Countries

Relevance. The pandemic of a new coronavirus infection has become an unprecedented challenge for modern society. It took the entire population of the Earth by surprise, changing the lives of millions of people in the world in record time. Governments of different countries have reacted differently to the pandemic. The list of preventive measures and the timeliness of their adoption differed. Comparing and evaluating the experience of different countries and emergency response systems will help in the future to use best practices and models to combat future biological threats. The aim of the study was to identify and describe the features of the manifestation of the COVID-19 epidemic process in a number of countries, taking into account the ongoing anti-epidemic and preventive measures, and to hypothesize about the main factors that could potentially influence the differences in the manifestation of the COVID-19 epidemic process. Materials and methods. The choice of countries was conditioned by the purpose to compare the manifestations of epidemic process in our country with the great powers and economies of the world - USA and China and countries (Republic of Belarus and Sweden), which did not introduce lockdown and did not follow all WHO recommendations. To achieve this goal, a descriptive research method was used based on open source data, an analysis of relevant Russian and foreign literature was carried out (scientific electronic libraries PubMed and Elibrary; open sources of statistical information: Yandex DataLens Public: Coronavirus: Dashboard, Johns Hopkins University website, United Nations Population Division, World Bank, Global Panel Database on COVID-19 Pandemic Policy (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker), as well as the website of the World Health Organization (WHO), Our World in Data, Rospotrebnadzor and some media). Conclusion. The lowest incidence rate is observed in China (on average 315.1 per 100 thousand population [95% CI 314.8–315.4]), and the highest is in the USA (9957.7 per 100 thousand population [95% CI 9954.5–9960.9]). In terms of the number of tests conducted, the United States and Russia are in the lead. To date, the highest vaccination coverage and vaccination rate are observed in the PRC and amount to 92.4% and 90.1%, respectively. In general, these indicators do not reach 95% in all countries, which requires improving the quality of immunoprophylaxis measures. Anti-epidemic measures in the studied countries differed in their set, scope and severity of implementation. In China, Russia and the USA were held in full, and in Belarus and Sweden only partially, some of the events were not held at all. Thanks to the rapid creation of effective vaccines in Russia and China, it was possible to delay the onset of pronounced increases in morbidity at a later date, which, in turn, helped to reduce the burden on the healthcare system. At the same time, despite the obvious relevance of COVID-19, the question of a comprehensive study of the alleged risk factors (biological, social and natural) is still open. There is a certain probability that the virus will now be permanently present in the global population (it will become a seasonal disease).

Decision-making in closed-loop supply chains: The interplay of dual government subsidies, channel Co-opetition, and brand premiums

Many governments in different countries and regions incentivize enterprises to recycle and remanufacture through subsidies to improve resource recovery efficiency. This article establishes a supply chain consisting of retailer R, manufacturer M, and third-party supplier N based on government regulations. Firstly, This paper discussed whether retailer R should establish its brand. Secondly, whether manufacturer M chooses internal recycling and whether to cooperate with competitive or non-competitive suppliers was discussed. Finally, the issue of incentive consistency was discussed from the government's perspective. This paper has established four typical scenarios: basic Scenario, cooperative competition, complete competition scenario, and tripartite Scenario. Our research results indicate that Recycling subsidies and remanufacturing subsidies have a promoting effect on retailer R's establishment of independent brands and manufacturer M's participation in internal recycling, with recycling subsidies having a more significant promoting effect on manufacturer M's participation in internal recycling. The government should control the recycling subsidy not to be too high to ensure that both manufacturer M and retailer R prefer the CO scenario and enhance the stability of the supply chain. At the same time, remanufacturing subsidies should be appropriately increased to increase social welfare.

A Study of Public Belief in Maternity Benefit Provisions in PMMVY among Pregnant Women & Lactating Mothers in Haryana

The most productive years of a woman’s life and her reproductive years are in the same period. Pregnancy causes different physiological and anatomical alterations in a woman’s body that help in adaptations to allow the growth of the foetus. These changes demand nutritious food, adequate rest, and timely health checkups in the prenatal and post-natal period. A working woman has to take a break from her job to have proper rest before and after childbirth. Money is required to meet the expenses incurred in purchasing nutritious food, visiting gynaecologists for health checkups, and institutional delivery. To meet these compulsions, paid maternity leaves have been legislated for female workers in organized sectors in several countries. However, such provisions are not available for female workers in unorganized sectors. The governments of different countries are implementing innovative conditional maternity benefit schemes and the current study is focussed on checking the awareness of India’s Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) among the potential beneficiaries in Haryana state. The study involves different statistical tests such as descriptive statistics, item analysis (using commonalities, Cronbach’s Alpha if item deleted, item-total correlation, and inter-item correlation), factor analysis (using Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO), Bartlett’s test statistics), factor extraction, and hypothesis testing related to differences in awareness using IBM SPSS Statistics v29.0 software. The study is useful for potential beneficiaries and policymakers to make PMMVY a better maternity benefit scheme in terms of implementation and utilization.

Comparative Analysis of Climate Justice Framework in USA, UK, Japan, China, Germany and France

Climate injustice is a global problem which persists everywhere, and it does not differentiate. The issue of climate justice has gained significant attention in recent years, as the consequences of climate change disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Despite numerous steps taken by the Government in different countries, the problem of climate change still persists. Legal Frameworks and other factors are trying to mitigate its impacts and prevent further harm, such as implementing policies to reduce emissions and promote renewable energy over the years; the full gravity of the situation has yet to be fully realized and prepared for. However, all hope is not lost. Many countries have adopted a structured legal framework for climate justice to tackle the threat of climate change and mitigate its effects to a large extent, with some countries aiming for greenhouse-gas neutrality shortly through achievable climate milestones, including the countries of the USA, UK, Japan, China, Germany and France. This article analyses the Climate Justice framework in the USA, UK, Japan, China, Germany and France. The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative study of the legal framework which exists in the USA, UK, Japan, China, Germany and France. It also analyses the best practices and legal challenges with their existing legal framework. The research paper open up with an overview on Climate Justice, Climate Justice legal framework in the USA, UK, Japan, China, Germany and France-basically, the legal and policy framework is mentioned, as Climate Justice initiatives and action taken in the respective country and the legal challenges the respective countries faced and the climate milestone that they have achieved are analysed and are based on: Differences in measures adopted by these countries The approach chosen to achieve climate milestone The best climate justice practise that each system creates. The level of impact and legal challenges faced by each system

PANDEMI CORONA VIRUS (COVID 19) DALAM PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA LAMAHOLOT-FLORES TIMUR

COVID -19 has been known as the most dangerous disease for human being. The COVID -19 virus started in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and in short time became the health world wide issue. There are no countries in the world that are not influenced by such issue. Governments in different countries, including Indonesia have been triying to make different programmes to cope the issue. But until now, the issue about COVID -19 is still going on. The issue of COVID 19 for most of tribes in Indonesia is not merely a health issue. It is also understood as a socio-religiuos issue. The issue of COVID -19 has a close relationship with their faith on existence of the High Beeing, the spirits and ancestor . They do believe that all realities in the world comes into existence because of the power of God, guided by different spirits and ancestor. In such perspective of faith, different problems and black experiences including different kind of diseases are understood as the punishment of the High Beeing. Human being who come into existence by the creative power of the High Beeing, are supposed not faithfull enough in following the will of the High Beeing, the spirits and ancestor. Based on this religius faith, the High Beeing, the spirits and the ancestor must be invited and get involved in any inisitive to solve the problems. The Corona Virus 19 has become a very crucial experience for human being in all over the world. Facing such issue, the people of Lamaholot, who live in estern part of Flores Island, has practised different rites to overcome the issue. They do believe that by doing such rite in different places, they could make a kind of reconciliation with the High Beeing, the spirits and the ancestor that could make them free from all kind of the punishments.