Good Water Supply Research Articles

Schistosomiasis transmission; socio-demographic, knowledge and practices as transmission risk factors in pregnant women.

Schistosoma transmission is influenced by the interplay between various factors ranging from parasite to host associated factors. While many studies have focused on mass chemotherapy to reduce transmission in other populations, no study has examined the impact of social factors that favour transmission in pregnant women in Nigeria. The study was conducted to assess the impact of knowledge, attitudes and sociodemographic factors on schistosomiasis burden in pregnant women of rural communities of Nigeria. A cross sectional community-based field study was conducted to assess the association between Schistosoma haematobium burden and the associated risk factors among pregnant women in rural endemic communities of Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to gather information on participants' socio-demographic data, knowledge on schistosomiasis and water contact activities. Of the 237 respondents examined microscopically for infection, 50 (21.1%) were infected with overall mean infection intensity of 69.6±165.2eggs/10mL urine. Multivariate logistic analysis showed occupation of the women to be associated with infection with the artisans having the highest risk (OR 3.34, CI 1.67-6.69, P=0.022). Contact with water and water usage patterns are also associated with prevalence of disease with fetching (OR 2.04, CI 0.19-3.51, P=0.003) and multipurpose water usage (OR 4.31, CI 2.17-8.57, P=0.0002) being the most predisposing variables respectively. Awareness about water borne diseases showed no association with infection (P=0.382) with typhoid (23.7%) and fever (2.6%) constituting the most and least common water borne diseases mentioned by the women. Health education and provision of good water supply should be integrated into the control strategies in order reduce transmission in endemic areas.

Abattoir agribusiness: the case of beef processing and marketing for rural development in Delta State, Nigeria

This paper analyzes the evaluation of abattoir agribusiness in Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire from randomly selected beef processors and marketers in 2010. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and profit function. Results of the study revealed that male folks accounting for about 72.5% of the total operators are more involved in abattoir business and fall within the age range of 36-55 years, 57.5% of whom are old in the business with about 30% having spent about 610 years in the business. Also, about 92.5% of the operators had one form of formal education or the other and had a family size between 6 and 10. An average abattoir operator makes an average profit of about N 8112.50 monthly. Although profitable, abattoir business is faced with some constraints such as transportation, inadequate finance, poor infrastructure and basic amenities, poor sanitation, inadequate number of abattoirs, lack of government support, etc. Government therefore needs to be more sensitive to abattoir business in the state by providing meat inspection services, basic amenities such as good roads, good water supply and electricity, build more abattoirs and provide credit for the operators as this will improve the profitability of the business in the study area.

Monitoring the Quality of Some Sources of Irrigation Water in Different Parts of Ogun State, Nigeria

Sustainability of Agricultural environment is very crucial to a developing national like Nigeria and the question of water quality has often been neglected, because good quality water supplies have been assumed to be abundant and readily available. Chemical analysis of water indicates its suitability for irrigation purposes. Rivers, streams and groundwater are the important potential sources of irrigation water in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. A study was therefore carried out to determine the quality of different sources (rivers and groundwater) of irrigation, in some local government areas of Ogun state. These include Abeokuta north, Ifo, Obafemi-Owode and Odeda. The physio-chemical properties of the sampled water were determined. Results revealed that, generally the quality of the water sources is good and suitable for irrigation. The chloride ions levels in all the water sources are within recommended limits. However, in some locations of the groundwater sampled, pH range of between 4.8 and 6.3 was observed showing it is acidic. This may be as a result of the presence of high concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions in the groundwater. The mean values of the conductivity, total dissolved solids and sodium ions were found to be 57% higher in groundwater than those of surface water. The implication of this is that while the rivers can easily be used to irrigate the different crops grown in this area, some level of proper irrigation management must be applied when using groundwater for irrigation so as to sustain the environmental management.

Optimal allocation of public water supply to the urban sectors of Enugu, Nigeria: a linear programming approach

Recent studies in water supply in Enugu urban area have observed that there is a persistent water supply shortage relative to demand. One of the strategies for achieving a good water supply under the circumstance is through efficient water allocation to consumers. The existing allocation system by the Enugu State Water Corporation is not achieving the desired goal, because it is not based on any scientific criteria. In this study, we have employed the linear programming modelling technique to optimise the allocation of 35,000,000 L of water produced daily by the State Water Corporation and supplied to the four sectors of the town. The result shows that the model allocated 27,470,000 L to the residential sector, 3,360,000 L to commercial, 3,120,000 L to industrial and 882,000 L to public institutions sectors leaving a balance of 168,000 L to be utilised in emergency situations. This allocation pattern departs sharply from the present management technique adopted by the corporation. It is then suggested that for urban water supply to be sustainable in the town, the corporation should rely on this technique for water supply.

The challenges of rapid urbanization on sustainable development of Nyanya, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

The study examines the challenges of rapid urbanization on the sustainable development of Nyanya, Abuja. An interesting finding of the study is that the primary factor for the rapid urbanization of Nyanya within a short period of time is migration. The consequence of this rapid urbanization and population rise within a short period is that infrastructural facilities and services are grossly inadequate to cater for the population. The study reveals that there is inadequate good quality housing, poor waste management, inadequate electric power supply, inadequate good quality domestic water supply, inadequate and unaffordable health care facilities, poor environmental health and traffic congestion on the Abuja city-Nyanya-Maraba-Keffi road. These challenges do not commend Nyanya as a satellite town on the path of sustainable urban development. Recommendations proffered to address these challenges include; urgent need for the Abuja Federal Capital Territory Administration to embark on urban renewal of Nyanya. Adequate infrastructural facilities and services should be provided for the residents. Mechanism for periodic review and upgrading should be put in place to ensure a qualitative built urban environment, with adequate resources and facilities to support a sustainable healthy living and economic progress of the residents of Nyanya.@JASEMKey Words: Rapid urbanization, false urbanization, infrastructural facilities and services , land use, land cover, sustainabledevelopment

Mid-Holocene forests from Eastern Hungary: New anthracological data

Charcoal remains found in five archaeological sites provided an important source of information about the woody vegetation that developed during the Atlantic period in eastern Hungary. The results are presented jointly since all sites are located in very similar habitats, they reflect Neolithic cultures and present comparable floral compositions. The reconstruction of past forest communities from the Great Hungarian Plain in the Atlantic period is based on pollen analysis and new anthracological data offer significant complementary information to the established pollen sequences. These data were obtained from more than 5000 charcoal fragments in which 28 taxa were identified. The main contribution of the study is the reconstruction of specific types of forests that covered the area of the floodplains and the adjacent loess-mantled elevated islands. These environmental conditions were selected by the first Neolithic settlers of the region, due to the great diversity of flora and fauna along with rich soils and good water supply. The charcoal assemblages indicated that in the vicinity of the settlements, steppe oak woods and alluvial forests predominated. They were mainly composed of Quercus, Ulmus, Cornus and Fraxinus.

Inter-annual variation of carbon uptake by a plantation oak woodland in south-eastern England

Abstract. The carbon balance of an 80-yr-old deciduous oak plantation in the temperate oceanic climate of the south-east of Great Britain was measured by eddy covariance over 12 yr (1999–2010). The mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was 486 g C m−2 yr−1 (95% CI of ±73 g C m−2 yr−1), and this was partitioned into a gross primary productivity (GPP) of 2034 ± 145 g C m−2 yr−1, over a 165 (±6) day growing season, and an annual loss of carbon through respiration and decomposition (ecosystem respiration, Reco) of 1548 ± 122 g C m−2 yr−1. Although the maximum variation of NEP between years was large (333 g C m−2 yr−1), the ratio of Reco/GPP remained relatively constant (0.76 ± 0.02 CI). Some anomalies in the annual patterns of the carbon balance could be linked to particular weather events, such as low summer solar radiation and low soil moisture content (values below 30% by volume). The European-wide heat wave and drought of 2003 did not reduce the NEP of this woodland because of good water supply from the surface-water gley soil. The inter-annual variation in estimated intercepted radiation only accounted for ~ 47% of the variation in GPP, although a significant relationship (p < 0.001) was found between peak leaf area index and annual GPP, which modified the efficiency with which incident radiation was used in net CO2 uptake. Whilst the spring start and late autumn end of the net CO2 uptake period varied substantially (range of 24 and 27 days respectively), annual GPP was not related to growing season length. Severe outbreaks of defoliating moth caterpillars, mostly Tortrix viridana L. and Operophtera brumata L., caused considerable damage to the forest canopy in 2009 and 2010, resulting in reduced GPP in these two years. Inter-annual variation in the sensitivity of Reco to temperature was found to be strongly related to summer soil moisture content. The eddy covariance estimates of NEP closely matched mensuration-based estimates, demonstrating that this forest was a substantial sink of carbon over the 12-yr measurement period.

Ultrasound influence on coleoptile length at Poaceae seedlings as valuable criteria in prebreeding and breeding processes

The study includes research on the effect of ultrasound on the ability of seed germination and coleoptile development of cereal landraces (fam. Poaceae): oat (Avena sativa L.) brodski, rye (Secale cereale L.) rakotinska, Triticale svetinikolsko and soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) govrlevska. The experiment with ultrasound was carried out at frequency of 30-40 kHz on the thermostatic ultrasonic bath. Seeds were sonicated at a constant temperature (25?C) for 15 min. Ultrasound effect is reflected in the length of the coleoptyl and mesocotyl, although in a good deal is genetically predetermined. Coleoptile length was the longest in Triticale (3.3-5.5 cm) and approximately the same lengths are evident in rye (3.0-6.1 cm). Concerning the mesocotyl the longest one (5.525 cm ? 0.697) is recorded at rye, even significantly longer than control of oat and Triticale. Longer coleoptile of sonicated seeds indicates faster seedling development, good water supply and rapid development and emergence of first leaves. Correlation coefficient showed very high (0.821) and high R2 (67,472%) dependence among variables both, in length of coleoptiles (as dependent variable) and mesocotyl (as independent) with low standard error (0.225). With the simple use of ultrasound the germination period could be shorten, water supply more efficient, the sowing periods will be shorten and good yields even under conditions of climate change with increased temperatures could be achieved.

Structure and wood biomass of near-natural floodplain forests along the Central Asian rivers Tarim and Amu Darya

Summary In the Central Asian deserts, the floodplains along the large river systems like the Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Tarim harbour the highest biodiversity and provide a wide range of ecosystem services for men in those regions. Against the background of the potential use of wood biomass and carbon sequestration, we investigate the biomass of floodplain forest (Tugai) ecosystems along the Tarim River, north-west China, and the Amu Darya, Turkmenistan. These forests are dominated by Populus euphratica Oliv. Under very good water supply conditions, the stand biomass, comprising aboveand below-ground components of P. euphratica, was 58.4 t ha 21 , corresponding with the highest tree densities. The stand biomass of P. euphratica under non-optimal conditions, i.e. prolonged flooding or periods of drought with sinking groundwater levels, ranged from 16 to 28 t ha 21 . The observed stand biomass values for P. euphratica are in the range of values found by others in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, China, but lower than the biomass of temperate forests. However, among the desert, semi-desert and steppe ecosystems, the riparian P. euphratica forest is the ecosystem with the highest above-ground biomass. Thus, the riparian forests in Central Asia contain a regionally remarkable amount of biomass.

Calibration of Shallow Borehole Drilling Sites Using the Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique in the Granitoids of Central Region, Ghana

The electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) technique has been used to calibrate existing successful and dry borehole drilling locations in the Cape Coast Granitoid Complex of the Central Region of Ghana. The area has a low groundwater potential and most of the communities do not have access to potable water. Surface water is generally expensive to treat and is therefore not considered as a good water supply option in such rural and dispersed communities where incomes are low. Supply of water to communities from existing boreholes is inadequate. Therefore, there was the need to construct more boreholes to increase access to potable water to meet coverage targets. Results show that the ERI technique is capable of detecting shallow bowl-shaped conductive zones up to 75 m represented by low resistivity values mainly due to weathered granitoids and/or fractures within the granitoids. Resistivity values typically less than 500 Ω-m obtained between depths of 10–50 m on model resistivity sections accounted for about 80% of successful productive boreholes. Resistivity values in the range 500–1,500 Ω-m represented marginally successful borehole locations which could be suitable for hand-pump installation and values greater than 1,500 Ω-m were confirmation for dry borehole locations.

Embryogenic callus proliferation and regeneration conditions for genetic transformation of diverse sugarcane cultivars

Amenability to tissue culture stages required for gene transfer, selection and plant regeneration are the main determinants of genetic transformation efficiency via particle bombardment into sugarcane. The technique is moving from the experimental phase, where it is sufficient to work in a few amenable genotypes, to practical application in a diverse and changing set of elite cultivars. Therefore, we investigated the response to callus initiation, proliferation, regeneration and selection steps required for microprojectile-mediated transformation, in a diverse set of Australian sugarcane cultivars. 12 of 16 tested cultivars were sufficiently amenable to existing routine tissue-culture conditions for practical genetic transformation. Three cultivars required adjustments to 2,4-D levels during callus proliferation, geneticin concentration during selection, and/or light intensity during regeneration. One cultivar gave an extreme necrotic response in leaf spindle explants and produced no callus tissue under the tested culture conditions. It was helpful to obtain spindle explants for tissue culture from plants with good water supply for growth, especially for genotypes that were harder to culture. It was generally possible to obtain several independent transgenic plants per bombardment, with time in callus culture limited to 11-15 weeks. A caution with this efficient transformation system is that separate shoots arose from different primary transformed cells in more than half of tested calli after selection for geneticin resistance. The results across this diverse cultivar set are likely to be a useful guide to key variables for rapid optimisation of tissue culture conditions for efficient genetic transformation of other sugarcane cultivars.

Profound and Sustained Reduction in Chlamydia trachomatis in The Gambia: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study of Trachoma Endemic Communities

BackgroundThe elimination of blinding trachoma focuses on controlling Chlamydia trachomatis infection through mass antibiotic treatment and measures to limit transmission. As the prevalence of disease declines, uncertainty increases over the most effective strategy for treatment. There are little long-term data on the effect of treatment on infection, especially in low prevalence settings, on which to base guidelines.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe population of a cluster of 14 Gambian villages with endemic trachoma was examined on seven occasions over five years (baseline, 2, 6, 12, 17, 30 and 60 months). Mass antibiotic treatment was given at baseline only. All families had accessible clean water all year round. New latrines were installed in each household after 17 months. Conjunctival swab samples were collected and tested for C. trachomatis by PCR. Before treatment the village-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1 to 9 year olds (TF%1–9) was 15.4% and C. trachomatis was 9.7%. Antibiotic treatment coverage was 83% of the population. In 12 villages all baseline infection cleared and few sporadic cases were detected during the following five years. In the other two villages treatment was followed by increased infection at two months, which was associated with extensive contact with other untreated communities. The prevalence of infection subsequently dropped to 0% in these 2 villages and 0.6% for the whole population by the end of the study in the absence of any further antibiotic treatment. However, several villages had a TF%1–9 of >10%, the threshold for initiating or continuing mass antibiotic treatment, in the absence of any detectable C. trachomatis.Conclusions/SignificanceA single round of mass antibiotic treatment may be sufficient in low prevalence settings to control C. trachomatis infection when combined with environmental conditions, which suppress transmission, such as a good water supply and sanitation.

IS THERE ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN COCONUT NURSERY SEEDLINGS STAGE? A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

Seedlings were raised in three, nurseries representing different agro-ecologicalregions, to. test whether growing seedlings exhibited adaptation to a particularenvironment. Seed nuts were also selected from agro-ecologically different regions.The T x T seed nuts from the Isolated coconut seed garden showed a faster rate ofgermination at all sites compared to Moorock seed nuts (from the North Westernregion) or Dehigahalande seed nuts (from the Southern region). The vigor ofseedlings (a qualitative assessment based on the number of vigorous seedlingsselected) was enhanced by a good soil water supply during the early nursery stagescombined with a higher level of solar-radiation at the nursery site. There was nointeraction between the source of seed nut and site of nursery indicating the absenceof manifestation of ecological adaptation at the seedling nursery. The quality of theseedlings was enhanced by adequate soil water and high level of solar radiation onthe nursery' beds. The subsequent performance, of these seedlings would havefollowed up after field planting to confirm the assumptions on adaptation discussed.

USING THE LEAF AREA/SAPWOOD AREA (LA/SA) RELATIONSHIP TO ASSESS THE ECOLOGICAL PLASTICITY OF THE CHESTNUT TREE (CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.)

The broad diffusion and active management by man of the sweet chestnut in past centuries has resulted in the establishment of the species at the limits of its potential ecological range in many European mountain areas. This raises the hypothesis that the chestnut tree has considerable plasticity, enabling the species to adapt to very different sites and conditions. In order to test this hypothesis, we applied the pipe-model approach, postulating the constancy of the leaf area/sapwood area (LA/SA) relationship for single portions of a tree. We analysed the variation of the LA/SA coefficient among chestnut trees subjected to different sites conditions (e.g., convex vs. concave sites) in order to gain insight into the plasticity of the species. The results confirmed that the sweet chestnut is able to greatly vary the allocation of resources with respect to environmental conditions. In particular, the LA/SA coefficient was high when trees were growing in sites with good water supply (e.g., concave sites or gentle slopes) and low in water stressed convex or steep sites.

Impact of water availability on winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield characteristics

Water supply of crop plants is the most essential physiological condition influencing quality and quantity performance of grain yield. In a 12-year experimental series of winter wheat agronomic trials run at the Nagygombos experimental site (Hungary) the effect of water availability has been studied. The location represents the typical average lowland conditions of the country, the annual precipitation of the experimental site belonging to the 550–600 mm belt of the Northern edges of the Great Hungarian Plain, while the average depth of groundwater varies between 2 to 3 metres. Crop years with various precipitation patterns have had different impacts on crop yield quality and quantity. Yield figures were in positive correlation with annual precipitation in general. Water availability had diverse influence on quality manifestation. Good water supply has often resulted in poorer grain quality, especially wet gluten and Hagberg values have been affected by that. Drought reduced the amount of yield in general, but contributed to a better quality manifestation in some of the crop years.

Agronomic and physiological performances of different species of Miscanthus, a major energy crop. A review

The European Union recommends the use of lignocellulosic biomass to produce biofuels in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Miscanthus × giganteus, a C4 perennial and rhizomatous plant, has been identified as a good candidate for biomass production because of its high potential yield, of up to 49 t DM.ha−1 for autumn harvest and 26 t DM.ha−1 for winter harvest, under low input levels. Here, we review current knowledge on the biomass production in Europe of M × giganteus and its two parental species, M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus, under different stress conditions. This review identifies two key areas where M. giganteus crops could be improved: (i) tolerance to frost during winter or early spring is essential, mainly in Northern Europe, in order to ensure overwintering and protect young shoots following early emergence. Susceptibility to winter frost at temperatures below −3.5 °C for rhizomes and −8 °C for young shoots of M. × giganteus can lead to significant plant losses and lower yields, and (ii) a good water supply is necessary to ensure good establishment rates and satisfactory biomass production. Reductions of up to 84% in above-ground dry matter production because of a lack of water for the autumn harvest, and up to 26% for the winter harvest have been observed. M. sinensis, which displays greater genetic variability than M. giganteus, will provide the necessary genetic resources for frost and water stress tolerance. It is also necessary to either identify genotypes among M. sinensis species that are able to produce an above-ground biomass yield close to the biomass production of M. giganteus under limited water supplies and/or low temperatures, or to generate new interspecific hybrids of M. giganteus with greater tolerance. Particular attention should be paid to nitrogen response; although no response to nitrogen supply has been observed in M. giganteus, M. sinensis produces higher levels of biomass with nitrogen inputs.

Stem heat balance method to estimate transpiration of young orange and mango plants

The present study had as its main objective the evaluation of the heat balance method in young orange and mango plants under protected environment. The work was carried out at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, Cruz das Almas, BA. Later on, estimates of sap flow were conducted for two mango plants cultivated in pots of 15 and 50 L installed on weighting platforms of 45 and 140 kg; sap flow was determined in three orange plants, two of which were also installed on weighing platforms. The values of sap flow were compared to the transpiration measured by lysimeters at integrated intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 24 h. The heat balance method showed good precision for estimating daily transpiration (R² = 0.95 and R² = 0.90), accompaning the availability of energy in the system, underestimating on average 4.6% of the daily transpiration in orange plants and overestimating in about 0.3% the daily transpiration of mango plants under conditions of good water supply. The heat balance method underestimated by 16% the transpiration in orange under conditions of water deficit.

Studies on the Intestinal Worm (Helminthiasis) infestation in a Central Nigerian Rural Community

The prevalence of intestinal helminth of residents of Naraguta rural community in Central Nigeria is presented. Out of 700 stool specimens examined between January and July 1999, 261 (37.3%) were positive forhelminthic infections. Helminths encountered include Hookworm, Schistosoma mansoni, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Hymenolepis nana. Hookworm was the most predominant, followed by S. stercoralis, S. mansoni and A. lumbricoides with T. trichiura as the least. Intestinal helminthiasis was equally prevalent for males and females. However, infection rates were high among persons below ten years of age,in toddlers, housewives and farmers than others. Persons defecating in the bush harbored more worms (56.7%) than pit latrine users (43.3%). Free medical diagnosis in most rural communities in Nigeria are probably justifiable and should be promoted and/or sustained by government. For protective purposes, conscientious personal cleanliness, proper sanitation and controlled good water supplies would be more useful. @JASEM

Studies on the drought responses of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grafted on different rootstocks

The morphological and chemical changes in the leaves of eight apple varieties grafted on M4, M26 and MM 106 rootstocks were examined during fruit development in non-irrigated plantation. The aim of the experiment was to examine the defensive mechanisms in apple trees under the mild and serious dryness occurring during fruit development. The content of a relative chlorophyll (SPA D value) of the apple leaves on eastern side of the trees was lower than western and southern sides under drought occurring du ring fruit devclop111ent Under sustained drought from first of July to August the SPAD value, the weight of leaves were larger and the stomata density was significantly larger than in the previous periods. There was a close positive significant correlations bet ween SPAD and stoma density both in the group with less sensitive to drought (r=0,8429) and in the large water demanded group (r=0,9209) equally. The rate of increase in SPAD values and the stoma density was slower in the group with drought tolerant, than in the group required good water supply. The varieties being sensitive to water deficite such as Akane. Pink Lady and Red Rome van Well have a l ready responded intensively to short time of drought by the increasing of carbohydrate and antioxidants product ions. At 42 days of sustained drought as soon as the level of carbohydrate in the leaves decreased, the antioxidant s contents of the leaves rised suddenly in the apple varieties with moderate water requirement s as Greensleeves and ldared. Gala apple variety seemed to be able to defend the drought for longer time because there was no change in relatively high level of carbohydrates and antioxidants of their leaves under severe drought during fruit development.

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization on Nutrional Status of Fiber Hemp

This study was conducted to determine the optimum time for plant analysis, which can provide useful indications of nutrient deficiencies in plants, and to establish limit values for nutrient supplies to fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The effect of nutrient supplies on the nutritional status of fiber hemp was estimated by leaf analysis in a long‐term field fertilization experiment at four nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) levels on Chernozem meadow soil in Szarvas, Hungary, in 1999 (good water supplies) and 2003 (dry). The optimum time for the diagnostic analysis of fiber hemp was found to be late May or early June, when plants in the five‐ to ‐seven‐leaf stage are 70–100 cm in height, with a biomass of 2–5 t ha−1 dry matter, depending on water and nutrient supplies, variety, and production condition. Nutrient supplies to hemp can be considered satisfactory if plant analysis reveals 5–6% N, 0.5–0.6% P, and 2.7–3.0% K in the youngest fully developed leaves in late May. A stem yield (10% moisture content) of 12–17 t ha−1 was achieved when rainfall supplies were adequate (1999), whereas in the dry year (2003), the lower nutrient concentrations in the uppermost leaves, indicating nutrient deficiency, resulted in a maximum stem yield of only 6–8 t ha−1. The low, satisfactory, and high values for the concentrations of N, P, K, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper reported in the article could be used to elaborate a fertilizer recommendation system for hemp.