Good Water Supply Research Articles

A Step from Vulnerability to Resilience: Restoring the Landscape Water-Storage Capacity of the Great Hungarian Plain—An Assessment and a Proposal

The extreme drought in Europe in 2022 also hit hard the Great Hungarian Plain. In this short overview article, we summarize the natural environmental conditions of the region and the impact of river control works on the water-retention capacity of the landscape. In this respect, we also review the impact of intensive agricultural cultivation on soil structure and on soil moisture in light of the meteorological elements of the 2022 drought. The most important change is that the soil stores much less moisture than in the natural state; therefore, under the meteorological conditions of summer 2022, the evapotranspiration capacity was reduced. As a result, the low humidity in the air layers above the ground is not sufficient to trigger summer showers and thunderstorms associated with weather fronts and local heat convection anymore. Our proposed solution is to restore about one-fifth of the area to the original land types and usage before large-field agriculture. Low-lying areas should be transformed into a mosaic-like landscape with good water supply and evapotranspiration capacity to humidify the lower air layers. Furthermore, the unfavorable soil structure that has resulted from intensive agriculture should also be converted into more permeable soil to enhance infiltration.

МНОГОЛЕТНИЕ БОБОВЫЕ ТРАВЫ ПРИ ОРОШЕНИИ – ГАРАНТ УСТОЙЧИВОГО КОРМОПРОИЗВОДСТВА В НИЖНЕМ ПОВОЛЖЬЕ

Purpose: to develop rational combinations of species and varieties of perennial leguminous grasses, soil water and nutrient regimes, which will contribute to obtaining stable fodder yields with high levels of protein and energy content. Materials and methods. Research is being carried out on perennial leguminous grasses on the experimental field of the institute. The experiment is three-factor and includes three options for maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture limit (60, 70 and 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity), three options for the soil nutritional regime (NPK₁, NPK₂ and control – without fertilizers), eight types of legumes are studied according to the third factor. The generally accepted experimental methods were used when setting up experiments and conducting research. Results. In the full germination phase there were from 294 to 386 plants of grass species per 1 sq. m. Their height before harvesting varied according to the experimental variants from 0.60 to 1.01 m in the first cutting, from 0.38 to 0.94 m in the second and from 0.25 to 0.66 m in the third cutting. The grass stand total water consumption in the year of seeding was 4.2–4.7 thous. cub. m/ha, increasing in subsequent years to 4.8–5.7 thous. cub. m/ha. The soil water regime and fertilizers had a significant impact on crop yield. In control options with a pre-irrigation limit of 60 % of the lowest moisture capacity, the green mass yield in the second year was 26.6–40.9 t/ha. With improved soil nutrition and good water supply, the yield increased to 48.2–87.8 t/ha. Sainfoin and blue-hybrid and variegated alfalfa plants responded to the improved growing conditions most actively; 54–88 t/ha of green mass were gathered from these sites during the season. Conclusions. Selection of optimal combinations of soil water and nutrient regimes, as well as the new promising perennial leguminous grasses species and varieties introduction into the field feed production in the Lower Volga region will ensure high and stable yields of fodder rich in energy and nutrients.

The Relationship Between Environmental Sanitation and the Incidence of Diarrhea in the Working Area of Puskesmas Sentosa Baru

In 2021, there was an increase in the incidence of diarrhea by 1,225 patients, starting from early January to December 2021. This study aims to determine the relationship between Environmental Sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in the Puskesmas work area. This study used the cross-sectional method. The population of this study is people who live in the working area of Sentosa Baru Health Center. Sample selection using the Lameshow 1997 formula so that 96 samples were obtained. Statistical tests using chi-square with the help of computer software. The research site in the working area of Sentosa Baru Health Center was carried out in May-August 2022. Based on environmental sanitation, respondents who met the requirements for healthy latrines (16.7%) and did not meet the requirements (83.3%), good Clean Water Supply Facilities (11.5%) and poor Water Supply (88.5%), good Garbage Can Facilities (7.3%) and poor Garbage Can Facilities (92.7%), while Wastewater Management Facilities that met the requirements were as many (19.8%) and did not meet the requirements as much (80.2%). Research shows that there is a relationship between Environmental Sanitation including Healthy Latrines Provision Facilities (p-value = 0.00), there is a relationship between Clean Water Facilities and diarrhea events (p-value = 0.010), there is no relationship between Garbage Can Facilities and diarrhea events (p-value = 0.070), and there is a relationship between Wastewater Management Facilities and diarrhea events (p-value = 0.015).

Assessing sustainability of WASH projects in public and private schools of Jalalabad City, Nangarhar, Afghanistan

This study examined the sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) projects in six schools in Jalalabad City, Afghanistan, using interviews, surveys, and observations. The study applied a recently developed framework called the “sustainability assessment framework and indicators in water sanitation and hygiene system.” The study found that community engagement, availability of facilities, appropriate technology and infrastructure, behavior changes, financial sustainability, and monitoring and evaluation were critical factors in promoting the sustainability of WASH projects in schools. One school had a 70.12% total score of sustainability and had good and sustainable water supply facilities, while five schools had partially sustainable and acceptable conditions, which had 68.79%, 63.24%, 61.25%, 59.33%, and 57.81% total scores of sustainability. In assessing the sustainability of sanitation facilities, two schools had 62.03% and 57.16% sustainability scores and were in good and partially sustainable condition, three schools had 48.92%, 48.64%, and 48.42% sustainability scores and were in partially sustainable and acceptable conditions that needed improvement, and one school had 39.88% sustainability score and was in bad and unsustainable condition. The study recommends increasing investment in WASH facilities, implementing sustainable maintenance practices, increasing community engagement, developing targeted interventions, and regular monitoring and evaluation to ensure the long-term viability and sustainability of WASH facilities in schools.

Behavior of household water consumption in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Populations have changed their habits and consumption as a result of COVID-19. In the case of Mexico City, this situation has possibly led households to purchase more products such as bottled water and to consume the same amount or less tap water. This behavior was confirmed by analyzing tap water consumption data before and during the arrival of COVID-19 using Pearson chi-square, and by conducting a survey of bottled and tap water consumption and analyzing that data with a bivariate econometric model. It was found to be related to the perception of poor-quality service. Consequently, tap water consumption will not always increase when health emergencies such as COVID-19 occur, but rather, this will depend on other environmental variables. Therefore, public water policies should be aimed at offering and ensuring a continuous supply of good quality water, as well as providing clear and objective information to prevent this type of behavior

Evaluation of Condition of Meat Shop on Prospective of Meat Act in Madi Municipality, Chitwan, Nepal

There are many meat shop around the country and only few are maintaining standard according to animal slaughter house and meat inspection act, 2057. We are trying to evaluate standard of 122 meat shop of Madi Municipality. We have prepared a questionnaire and surveyed all the meat shop to know the condition of shop and their standard with reference to animal slaughter house and meat inspection act, 2057. Meat shop in Madi is dominated by chicken, 85.71%. Which are equipped with D-freeze (60.65%) for freezing meat for a day with 91.22% having backup support for freezers. 70.08% of the shops are registered as mentioned by act. Similarly, only few (7.09%) of the shop have area met the requirement given by act. Ventilation in 59.02% of the shops are perfectly in line with act whereas tiles in the floor was absent in 83.61% of the shops. Good water supply and Slab in butchering area is in minimal with 8.20% and 4.10% respectively. Good condition mesh wire is present in order to prevent flies in 19.67% of the shops. Furthermore, only 1.64% of the butcher are aware about rules and regulations and 11.48% of the shop uses proper disinfection. Similarly, waste management is mostly done by making manure (28.69%) followed by burning (27.05%). Additionally, consumer’s preference is in fresh meat (79.51%) among which demand of chest meat is higher (52.46%) in chicken meat. In conclusion, most of the butcher are unaware of act and are doing their business without any knowledge of act and are not in line with the instructions given by the act.

Impact of the policy framework and institutional setup on urban water supply in Malawi: The case of the Lilongwe Water Board

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water has been recognized as a basic human right globally by various international bodies and commissions. Sub‐Saharan Africa, in particular, has proven to have insufficient water access in the urban areas because population growth and rapid urbanization are overtaking the already inadequate infrastructure, and disparities in potable water availability are widespread. An enabling policy environment coupled with decentralization has been highlighted to positively affect water service delivery. The study examined the policy and institutional frameworks that exist for urban water supply in Malawi and their interactions with each other as well as with the water utility, Lilongwe Water Board. Data were collected through key informant interviews with officials from institutions involved in urban water supply and through literature review. Content analysis coupled with thematic analysis was used to analyze the data for key emerging themes. It was found that there is poor coordination between the board and the Lilongwe City Council, which is exacerbated by the existing conflicting policies on institutional roles and jurisdictions in urban water supply. Low participation in joint activities and the long bureaucratic process affect Lilongwe Water Boards' efforts of service delivery. There is a need for both a separate water supply policy and a regulatory body for water service delivery to ensure good water supply. Recommendations for future work on the setup of the water utility itself and the impact on urban water supply were also made.

Comparative experiment of various irrigation technologies in maize (Zea mays L.)

Development of domestic maize cultivation largely depends on the applied agrotechnics. In keeping the increase in crop increases, the goal is to minimize crop fluctuations, and there is also an important role in the proper water supply. In our country, the yield of maize is a good water supply. The yield of maize can be significantly increased by improving the water supply of the plant. In many areas there are only very few water available for professional irrigation, so it is increasingly need to focus on modern, most water-saving irrigation technologies. In our experiment, we compare two irrigation techniques. The rain-like watering with console and the solenoid valve-controlled tape drip irrigation. Our examinations extend to mapping the properties of maize that can cause changes in the effect of irrigation and, of course, to develop crop quantities available by various irrigation technologies, since these results provide the proper income for the producer. The research was carried in Szarvas, at the school experimental field of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Melioration, in 2020.

Evaluation of current and future water demand scenario and hydraulic performance of water distribution systems, a case study for Addis Kidam Town, Ethiopia

The hydraulic performance and future water demand of water distribution networks are major factors affecting the efficiency of water distribution systems throughout the world. Currently, Addis Kidam Town in Ethiopia is facing many water supply challenges. Their existing water distribution system is inadequate experiencing significant water loss, pressure, and flow velocity. All becoming worse with forecast population increases. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the water distribution network considering both the existing water demand, together with forecast future water demand. The study was undertaken in Addis Kidam Town in Ethiopia using static analysis and WaterGEMS V8i software. The data were collected using experiment tests, field observation, focus group discussions, and interviews. Sampling sizes of pipes and junctions of distribution networks were used to evaluate velocity and pressure changes of 12% and 15%, respectively, from high and low-pressure zones. The results of this study indicated that the existing distribution network was designed to supply a population of 8,906; however, the current population was 25,854. The existing system can accordingly not meet current demand. The current system was only supplying 19.5 l/c/d to each family and was only able to supply 45.2% of households. All compounded because water loss of the distribution network was 37.9%. Simulation of existing distribution network at junctions and pipes has both 26.6% and 4.3%, and 2.4% and 29.9% lower pressures and velocities during peak and minimum hourly demand, respectively. Model performance values of RMSE, MAE, R2, and NSE of distribution networks were 0.65, 0.40, 0.96, and 0.82 and 0.56, 0.38, 0.98, and 0.78 during the calibration and validation of pressure, flow, and tank level, respectively. The research recommends a two-phase strategic water distribution system response beginning by upgrading and expanding the water distribution network, to first achieve a supply of 30 l/c/d by 2032, and then lifting this to the 30–80 l/c/d range before 2042. The proposed water management upgrading approach is expected to establish a good water supply for all residential communities of the town facing comparable challenges. In general, this study’s findings showed that the existing water supply system could not meet the present demand, let alone meet future growth demand. The existing modeling highlighted that significant increases in supply are possible by targeting system improvements, together with the need to find additional supply to meet both present and future water demand.

The Role of Provenance for the Projected Growth of Juvenile European Beech under Climate Change

European beech is one of the most common tree species in Europe and is generally suggested to play even more of a prominent role in forestry in the future. It seems to have the potential to partially replace Norway spruce, as it is less sensitive to expected warmer and drier conditions. It is, however, not well known in which regions these new plantings would be particularly favourable and if specific provenances may be better adapted to the new conditions than others. Therefore, we estimated the potential early height growth under climate conditions in 2040–2060 for 20 beech provenances across a region covering the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This Central European region is expected to experience considerably drier and warmer conditions in the future. For this exercise, we implemented a new neural network model developed from height growth information obtained from the open-access BeechCOSTe52 database. The simulations are driven by past and future climate data obtained from the WorldClim database of historical climate data and future climate projections. Simulations revealed that provenances originating from drier regions performed on average significantly better than those from regions with good water supply. Moreover, provenances originating from drier regions had a particularly large advantage in the relatively arid regions of Central Czechia and Southern Slovakia. We can also confirm that all provenances showed a high phenotypic plasticity of height growth across the whole investigated region.

FDM 3D-printed volcanic-shaped structure for ultrafast solar-driven interfacial evaporation and efficient energy utilization

In this study, we fabricated a volcanic-shaped 3D solar evaporator for ultrafast solar interfacial evaporation and high-efficient energy utilization by using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. Benefiting from the multiscale microstructure and polydopamine coating on the evaporation surface, the printed evaporator shows excellent water supply capacity, light utilization, and the Marangoni effect. Adjusting the high/diameter (H/D) ratio of the evaporator can further improve the evaporation performance. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, the optimized 3D evaporation system reaches ultrafast interfacial water evaporation (4.02 kg m−2 h−1) and efficient energy harvesting (220.34 %). Good water supply and the Marangoni effect endow the evaporator with excellent stability and self-cleaning properties against salt deposition for long-time seawater desalination (3.5 wt% NaCl solution). Meanwhile, the prepared 3D evaporator exhibits huge applied potential in the treatment and recycling of organic wastewater, especially the acid solution (pH = 1). The design strategy for the volcanic-shaped 3D evaporator provides novel ideas for developing efficient solar interfacial evaporators.

A comprehensive review on salinity effects, mechanism of tolerance and its management strategies in cotton

Cotton is produced in more than eighty countries and plays a critical role in the economies of all. Soil depletion is occurring at an unprecedented rate as a result of salinity. Salinity is an emerging global issue which significant harm cotton productivity. In this situation, cotton requires long-term development; various salinity mitigation strategies can lead to long-term cotton economic output. Developing resilient cotton varieties is the first step in overcoming this long-term challenge. Numerous researchers are eager to improve various strategies (by applying modern biological tools) so that of cotton can combat the many threats face through its life cycle. Cotton's plant adaptation can be established by utilizing a variety of biotechnological methods. The improvement of suitable field conditions for optimum crop development is also taken into account; fertilizer application, good quality water supply and soil reclamation are all necessary to reduce saline situations and improve cotton output.

Functionality of Rural Community Water Supply Systems and Collective Action: a Case of Guras Rural Municipality, Karnali Province

Ensuring the long-term functionality of community-managed rural water supply systems has been a persistent development challenge. It is well established that the technicalities of keeping the systems going are impacted by complex political, social, financial, and institutional challenges. While the shift to federal, three-tiered governance allocates concurrent responsibility for drinking water management to the local government with federal and provincial governments, water and sanitation user groups continue to shoulder the management of local supply systems voluntarily. All three levels have jurisdiction over water-related services resulting in confusion of roles. This study focuses on the local level, where community management of water and sanitation decentralisation is the key approach in this complex tangle of diverse institutions with different actors managing and governing water. User Groups and their Committees in the Guras Rural Municipality of Dailekh district, Karnali province, in West Nepal, provided the case study, which was analysed using Ostrom's well-recognised Eight Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources. The community-based model, established formally through the Water Resource Act 1992 (2049 BS), is critically analysed in light of the changing socio- economic context through the intervening years. The results highlight the need for stronger collaboration between the rural municipality and users to achieve good water supplies and the risks of losing access and voice in water management for women and marginalised people when inactive user groups are replaced by private or group interests taking control of the water access.

THE INFLUENCE OF LABORATORY PRACTICE ON MICROBIOLOGY EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITIES FOUND IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated the influence of laboratory practice on microbiology education in universities found in Anambra state, Nigeria. The simple random sampling (SRS) technique was employed during the selection of four (4) universities for the study. The design of the study was the survey descriptive design. Seven (7) research questions guided the study. The samples used for the study consist of one hundred (100) respondents. The research instrument employed was the questionnaire. The descriptive statistics (mean and bar charts) was used during the data analysis. Theresults of the study showed thatthere were laboratories in the institution;the laboratories were well equipped; there were functioning basic amenities like electricity and good water supply in the schools; students were not given access to heuristically and demonstratively use the laboratories in the schools; lecturers do not refer students to carry out laboratory practice after classroom work; the lecturers monitor their students during the laboratory practices and students performed poorly in microbiology. It was then evident that majority of the universities did not effectively employ laboratory practice during microbiology education which might have led to the poor performances of studentsas revealed by the lecturers’ log and progress report books of the students. Therefore, the need to equip and effectively utilize the laboratories for microbiology education cannot be over emphasized and efforts should be geared towards upgrading the laboratories and enlightening/enforcing both lecturers/students on the need to be employing laboratorypractice for effective teaching and learning of microbiology.

Planning for the effective and sustainable management of Ghana’s artisanal small-scale gold mining industry

Over the years, artisanal small-scale mining (ASM) activities have been associated with unacceptable mining practices, which pose several health and environmental risks to communities and nations at large. Ghana is currently confronted with pollution of its main water bodies, which has reduced the supply of good quality water to the populace. To address these problems, several attempts - policy formulation, formalisation and introduction of technical assistance - have been undertaken by the government of Ghana and other international bodies such as United Nations Industrial Development Organisation-UNIDO. Despite these attempts, majority of artisanal small-scale miners are not registered and even some registered miners together with unregistered miners indulge in unacceptable mining practices. Premised on these, the study sought to undertake a thorough review of the challenges associated with the management of ASM in Ghana and provide a framework for the effective management of the sector. Consequently, a three-pronged approach (problem analysis, planning and implementation and enforcement) with a cross-cutting focus on monitoring and evaluation is recommended.

Effect of Residential Property Location on Tenants’ Willingness to Pay in Akure, Nigeria

The study examined the effect of residential property location on tenants’ willingness to pay in Akure with a view to providing adequate information that would help in residential property investment decision making in the study area. A structured questionnaire was used in collecting data from the tenants of residential properties within the selected areas. Questionnaires were distributed to Two Hundred and Eighty Two Tenants of residential properties that were selected via simple random sampling method. One hundred and ninety six (196) were retrieved representing 69.50% of the sample selected. Data collected were analyzed using contingent valuation and binary logistic regression model. Result of data obtained revealed that 57.14% of the respondents responded positive willingness to pay for residential property location while 42.86% reported zero willingness to pay for residential property location. The study further showed the bid amount tenants were willing to pay for various improvements in the residential property location, 49.11% of the respondents are willing to pay between 5-10% above the current rent for traffic noise reduction. For provision of infrastructure such as good road, electricity and water supply, 30.36% of the respondents are willing to pay between 5-10% above the current rent. Factors that influence their willingness to pay for residential location includes length of stay in the property, marital status, age, occupation, income, rent, nearness to place of work, security, electricity supply and water supply amongst others. It was recommended that real estate property owners and developers should consider location critically before embarking on residential property building projects in order to yield optimum returns. Keywords: Residential Properties, Residential Properties Location, Tenants, Willingness to pay. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-3-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Interview article: water movements’ defense of the right to water. From the European arena to the Dutch exception

ABSTRACT In 2012 public service trade unions and water activists started a European Citizens’ Initiative to get the human right to water implemented in European law. It became the start of the “Right2Water” movement that successfully defended drinking water supply in the European Union against European Commission plans for liberalisation, marketisation and the subsequent threat of privatisation. In countries with a good functioning public water system, resistance against privatisation of water was high, especially in Germany, Austria and Belgium, but surprisingly this level of resistance was absent in the Netherlands, which has a similarly good and well-known public water supply system. In this article we interview two persons that have both experience in European as well as in the Netherlands’ water policies and legislation, and in water services provision. We investigate how the right to water is defined, legally decreed and socially interpreted and defended at different levels. We also investigate the apparent paradox with regards to water in the Netherlands, where people seemed very committed to and proud of their public water management, but did not stand up against a privatisation threat, whereas around the globe water privatisation plans are met with great resistance.

Identification of Sanitation and Public Health’s Condition in Densely Populated Settlement at Coastal Area (Case Study: Kangkung, Bandar Lampung)

Environmental Sanitation is the health status of an environment which includes sewerage disposal facilities (include septic tank), waste disposal facilities, the provision of clean and drinking water, drainage. Environmental sanitation is requirements for a healthy environment. Sanitation of densely populated settlement in coastal area especially in Indonesia are mostly not in good condition. Sanitation conditions are closely related to public health. Sanitation that does not meet the requirements is the cause of environmental-based diseases like waterborne deseases, one of which is diarrhea. The purpose of this study is to identify the sanitation and public health conditions of people that living in densely populated settlements in the coastal areas of Kangkung sub-district, Bandar Lampung City. Surveys, observations, questionnaires and interviews were conducted to obtain the expected data in this study. The results of this study show that some sanitation conditions in densely populated coastal areas did not meet the requirements of good sanitation (based on SDGs) because the conditions of the houses are so tight that there are poor condition of drainage and the unavailability of waste disposal facilities. There are still The number of diarrhea and another deaseses was high. There are still have diarrhea cases in Kangkung even though they already have a good clean water supply. however, this may be related to the poor condition of garbage disposal and drainage in Kangkung.

Gastro Intestinal Helminths among Hausa-Fulani in Wamakko and Tambuwal Local Government Area of Sokoto, Nigeria

Background: Gastro Intestinal Helminths infection is one of the major health burdens in developing countries particularly in Sub -Saharan Africa. It has been estimated to affect about 2.5 billion people globally and 250 million people are thought to be ill as a result of such infections, the majority being children.
 Aims: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastro intestinal helminths infections among people of Wamakko and Tambuwal local government area in Sokoto state.
 Study Design: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted among Hausa- Fulani in wamakko and Tambuwal area in Sokoto, from June 2019 to October 2019.
 Methodology: Parasitological examination was carried out on stool samples from 243 participants using microscopy following formal ether concentration methods.
 Results: Finding revealed that 29 (12%) were positive for gastro intestinal helminths infections. Males recorded more prevalence (11.9%) than the females (11.8%).
 Conclusion: Gastro intestinal helminths parasites continue to remain a serious public health problem in North-western Nigeria. Low level of education, occupational status, and poor water supply seems to be among significant risk factors for these infections. Creating awareness, increase level of sanitation, good water supply and de-worming programme among school children will reduce prevalence and intensity of gastro intestinal helminths parasitic infections in the study area.

Combining carbonized sawdust beds with preheating water design for efficient solar steam generation

• Preheating and insulation chamber couldlargely increase evaporation efficiency. • Maximum efficiency of 91.5% was achieved at thesecond-layer porosity of 76%. • It is meaningful to reduce conductive heat losses only under a good water supply. • Evaporation efficiency and temperature arecoordinated by tuningwater-supply area. • Efficiency of 33.8% and steam temperature of 115.8 °C aresimultaneously achieved. Solar steam generation has become one of the most promising techniques to realize water purification and desalination owing to the abundance and cleanness of solar energy. Here, we proposed a preheating chamber structure for high-efficiency solar steam generation with carbonized sawdust beds as the solar absorber. Effects of bed porosity on the water transportation, heat transfer and evaporation performance were studied. Experimental results turn out that with the increase of the bed porosity, the heat conductive loss will be increased while water transportation is promoted. When the positive effect of the increased water transportation and the negative effect of the increased heat losses on the evaporation are balanced, the evaporation efficiency reaches the maximum of about 91.5% at the porosity of 76% under one sun illumination in this work. In addition, the influence of water supply on the steam temperature under 3-sun irradiation was also investigated. It turns out that the evaporation efficiency and temperature can be coordinated by adjusting the water-supply area. When the ratio of water-supply area to the evaporation area reaches 58.8%, a proper balance between efficiency (33.8%) and steam temperature (115.8 °C) can be achieved. This work is expected to supply a method to obtain high temperature and also efficiency steam generation.