Good Quality Seeds Research Articles

Comparative Analysis And Factors Affecting Income On Shallot Farming Of Biru Lancor And Batu Ijo Varieties In Probolinggo Regency

Consumer demand for shallots continues to increase yearly, influencing farmers to cultivate the commodity. One of the influential factors is the use of good-quality seeds. The superior seed varieties used in shallot cultivation in Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province are Biru Lancor and Batu Ijo. Both varieties are equally superior in production, but there are advantages and disadvantages to each of them. This study investigates the income disparities and influential factors between two varieties of shallot farming: Biru Lancor and Batu Ijo. The research in Dringu District, Probolinggo Regency, was conducted in four selected villages as sample areas. Employing multistage purposive sampling, 60 shallot farmers participated, with 30 utilizing Biru Lancor and 30 adopting Batu Ijo varieties. Data collection involved primary and secondary sources, with surveys and interviews. This research used quantitative methods, including income analysis, t-tests, and dummy multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS. The findings reveal significant differences in farming income between Biru Lancor and Batu Ijo varieties. Key factors influencing shallot farming income encompass seed type, land costs, pesticide expenses, labor expenditures, production yields, and selling prices. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing shallot farming practices and enhancing farmers' income levels.

Review on How Genetic Innovations Revolutionizing Seed Quality Production

The process of genetic engineering modifies the genes regulating various attributes of seed quality by fabricating or redesigning some of the DNA sequences within an organism which affects germination, growth, and storage performance. Providing molecular dissection as a tool for exploiting the genetic blueprint towards the crop improvement strategy as well as improved seed yield or quality is an example showing how important it is to understand these things technically. Techniques like CRISPR and prime editing that have potential to position-specific changes in DNA sequences that helped to improve different traits such as stress resistance, productivity, nutritional value etc. Applications of transgenic approaches for boosting mineral content in certain crops different methods used to deal with micronutrient for malnutrition in developing countries. Development of good quality seeds resistant to environmental conditions are very important for agricultural sustainability under climate change. It ensures crop adaptation, food security and multiplication that must be promoted in future. The regulatory framework rightly requires safety assessments adapted to genetically modified (GM) foodstuffs which not only leads to satisfied public regarding health issues but also ethical standards concerning genetic engineering are upheld. The outcome is that by adhesion to professional ethics and strict safety measures, biotechnology possessing such qualities has been able to make revolutionary contribution into development fostered by stable agriculture system.

Standardization of Optimum Grading Sieve Size for Seed Processing in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Varieties

Background: The seeds harvested from the field may not be homogenous in seed size, physical purity and viability in Black gram. Seeds are to be cleaned and graded using seed processing machineries to maintain uniformity of a seed lot. Every variety is having its individuality in seed size. Hence, the common recommendation of 2.8 mm sieve size recommended by Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS) for grading black gram seeds may not be suitable to recover a maximum quality seeds in all varieties while processing. The present study was carried out to identify a suitable grading sieve size for newly released black gram varieties for getting good quality seeds with better seed recovery during processing. Methods: The study was conducted at Seed Technology Research Unit, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal during the year 2020-2023. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. Four newly released black gram varieties viz., ADT 6, VBN 8, VBN 10 and VBN 11 were taken for the study. Specified quantities of unprocessed seeds have been sieved using slotted sieves of three sizes above (3.4 mm, 3.2 mm and 3.0 mm) and two sizes below (2.7 mm and 2.5 mm) the recommended sieve size of 2.8 mm for black gram varieties as per the IMSCS. The seeds retained over each sieves were collected separately and tested for seed quality parameters. Result: The results revealed that the seed recovery percent increased with decrease in sieve size while the seed quality parameters found higher with increase in sieve size.The sieve size of 2.7 mm (slotted) registered the maximum cumulative seed recovery of 87% and 89.9%, respectively in Black gram seeds of cv. ADT 6 and VBN 10 along with required seed standards. However, seeds retained from the sieve size of 3.0 mm (slotted) registered the maximum cumulative seed recovery of 91.2% and 87.5%, respectively in VBN 8 and VBN 11 with requisite seed germination and physical purity as per the IMSCS (75% and 98%). Hence, it is suggested that the sieve size of 2.7 mm may be considered as grading sieve size for seed processing in Black gram seeds of cv. ADT 6 and VBN 10 and 3.0 mm may be used as grading screen (Bottom screen) for VBN 8 and VBN 11 for getting good quality seeds with higher seed germination, physical purity and pure live seeds.

Change in Cultivation of Bajra in Haryana and Rajasthan

Background: Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) is the main coarse cereal crop grown mainly in Africa and Asia. In India, it is mainly grown in Rajasthan and Haryana. It is cultivated in the dry and warm climatic regions. It is a Kharif crop that is grown at the start of the season’s first monsoon. Objective: This study aimed to explore the change in the cultivation of bajra in two states, Haryana and Rajasthan. Cultivation means how the crop is grown in any particular area and what steps are taken to improve the growth of crops. Methods: In this study, different aspects like area, productivity, and yield were studied from 2018 to 2020, and data were compiled for all these factors in both states with the help of various literature research. Results: This study demonstrated that the growth trends in the area under cultivation, productivity, and yield of bajra increased from 2018 to 2020 due to stability in yield, price (MRP), and insured marketing. All the results and data were obtained from different published sources in these two states. Conclusion: This review gives a brief account of the changes in the cultivation of bajra in two different states, Haryana and Rajasthan. The expansion of the area of bajra is due to the use of good quality seeds, the use of hybrids, and the adaption of good agricultural practices, and it is also the reason for an increase in production and yield.

Performance of little millet (Panicum flexuosum) based cropping system for rainfed agro ecosystems: A path to sustainable crop diversification

An experiment was conducted during 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Centre of Excellence in Millets, (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu), Athiyandal, Tiruvanamalai, Tamil Nadu. to study the performance of little millet (Panicum flexuosum Retz.) based cropping system for rainfed agro ecosystems for north-eastern part of Tamil Nadu. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) comprised of 9 treatments, viz. T1, Little millet + Redgram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] (4:1)-Moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal]; T2, Little millet + Redgram (4:1)-Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]; T3, Little millet + Redgram (4:1)-Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.]; T4, Little millet + Redgram (6:2)-Moth bean; T5, Little millet + Redgram (6:2)-Blackgram; T6, Little millet + Redgram (6:2)-Horsegram; T7, Little millet + Redgram (8:2)- Mothbean; T8, Little millet + Redgram (8:2)-Blackgram; T9, Little millet + Redgram (8:2)- Horsegram, with three replications. The good quality seeds of little millet (CO 4), redgram (Paiyur 2), horsegram (Paiyur 2), blackgram (VBN 3) and mothbean [TMV (Mb) 1] were used. The result shows that the higher yield for little millet and intercropped redgram was recorded in T9 (985 and 362 kg/ha) followed by T7 (853 and 356 kg/ha) and T8 (834 and 337 kg/ ha). The 8:2 row ratio exhibited the highest little millet equivalent yield when compared to 6:2 and 4:1 row ratio. The highest economic return and benefit cost (B:C) ratio was observed in T9 with gross return of ₹60,962/ha, net returns of ₹35,362/ha and B:C ratio (2.38). This was followed by T7 which had gross returns of ₹51,314/ha, net returns of ₹25,989/ha and B:C ratio (2.10).

Production of G0 potato seeds from in vitro cultured plantlets

Good quality seeds are needed to produce potato tubers that have high quantity and quality. Seed availability needs to be supported by propagation techniques through in vitro culture. The purpose of this technical note is to provide information regarding the production stages of G0 potato seeds from in vitro cultured plantlets. Data searches were carried out from January 23 to February 24 2023 at CV. Bumi Agro Technology, Kertawangi Village, Cisarua District, Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Data was obtained from observations, field practice, discussions and interviews, as well as literature studies. The results of the data search obtained information on the production stages of G0 potato seeds, which consist of : management of plantlets originating from the IPB PPSHB Laboratory, acclimatization, transplanting, mini cuttings, land preparation, transplanting mini cuttings, maintenance including fertilizing, watering, replanting, controlling plant pest organisms, as well as harvesting and post-harvest. The results of these stages produce G0 potato seeds which are ready to be planted to produce G1 potato tubers or used as a source of explants in in vitro culture.

Standardization of the accelerated aging test methodology for snap bean seed to differentiate batches by physiological quality

ABSTRACT Seed quality is extremely important for the entire production chain, given that good quality seeds contribute to obtaining vigorous and productive plants. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of batches through vigor tests to complement the results obtained from the standard germination test. Because snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is propagated through seed, this work was undertaken to standardize the methodology of accelerated aging test for snap bean seed compared to the standard germination test to differentiate batches in terms of physiological quality. The study utilized the cvs “Top Seed” and “Feltrin,” with 48, 72 or 96 h exposure periods and temperatures ranging from 15 to 40°C. There were four replications of 50 seeds for each condition. During the germination test, the percentage of first germination count and total germination were analyzed, and the vigor was expressed as a percentage during the accelerated aging test. The accelerated aging test for snap bean seed should be conducted at a temperature of 41°C, with an exposure period of 72 h, considering that this methodology allows differentiating seed batches in terms of physiological quality, contributing to decision-making in the seed production chain. The accelerated aging test was more efficient than the standard germination test in differentiating batches of snap bean seed, proving to be a possible alternative to evaluating the physiological quality of batches of snap bean seed.

Rice farmers' preferences for seed quality, packaging, and source: A study from northern Bangladesh.

The use of quality seeds is crucial to improve rice yield, food security, and farmers' livelihoods. The large informal seed system, limited access to quality seeds, and low seed replacement rate challenge increasing rice yield. Despite robust government initiatives to support the seed system, progress has been slow. Besides, the need for farmers' behavioural change, enhanced coordination, and communication at the local level has not received adequate attention. We investigate rice farmers' preferences for quality seed, packet sizes, types, and sources, and assess the impact of utilizing good quality seed. We collected quantitative data from 1196 rice farmers in northern Bangladesh in 2019. To identify major factors influencing farmers' preferences regarding quality seed, packet sizes, packet types, and seed sources, we employed ordered logit and multinomial logit models. Additionally, we used the propensity score matching procedure to assess the impact of good quality and formal seed sources on the rice yield. The findings revealed that farmers strongly prefer using seeds from formal sources despite limited accessibility. Of the total farmers, 34% use public source seeds, 33% use private source seeds, and the rest rely on their own saved seeds. The use of good quality seeds increased rice yields from the base yield by 0.07-0.28 t/ha. We found about a 48% gap in accessing good-quality seeds, indicating significant potential for scaling up the seed systems. Farmers using formal seed sources yielded 0.03-0.15 t/ha more than informal seed users. Farmers strongly prefer 5 kg packets due to their cost-effectiveness, easy storage, and handling convenience. Additionally, farmers prefer polycoated jute sacks for their versatility, multi-purpose applications, and resistance to pests. The econometric model results showed that farmers' preferences were significantly influenced by gender, farm type, crop yield, seed price, market distance, various stakeholders' advice, and seed supply systems' constraints. The government should implement policies and programs to strengthen a well-connected seed network in rural areas, promoting inclusivity, and enhancing rice productivity. Besides, farmers' needs and preferences should be considered in designing and implementing seed-related initiatives to foster sustainable agricultural development.

EVALUASI KUALITAS BIBIT PALA (Myristica fragrans Hout) DI DESA RUMAHKAY KECAMATAN AMALATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Hout) is a plantation crop that has high economic value. Good growth of nutmeg must be started from using good seeds and to get good seeds, the seeding technique must use good quality seeds and good shade. The people of Rumahkay Village use different shelters for seeding nutmeg seedlings, for this reason it is necessary to evaluate which type of shade is better. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the type of shade on the growth of nutmeg seedlings, to determine which type of shade is the best. This research was carried out from August 2022 to September 2022 in Rumahkay Village, Amalatu District, West Seram Regency. This experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 8 levels of shade treatment (N0=no shade; N1=zeng; N2= plastic; N3= paranet; N4=roof house; N5= sago leaves; N6= mosquito net and N7= banner) which was repeated 4 times. Parameters measured were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and total leaf area. The results of the analysis show that the type of shade treatment has a significant and not significant effect on all observation parameters. The results of the Fisher LSD 95% test showed that the shade type N3 (70% paranet) produced the best nutmeg seeds compared to other types of shade.

Enrichment Moina sp. with fish meal improved growth performance of Colossoma macropomum larvae

Colossoma macropomum is freshwater fish which has a great demand in Indonesia. However, cultivation of C. macropomum is still developing. C. macropomum cultivation requires a good quality seeds to support the success of aquaculture. The exhausted egg yolks of C. macopomum larvae require appropriate and high-nutrient feed intake through enrichment of feed with the addition of natural feed nutrients (Moina sp.). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of additional Moina sp. enriched with fish meal on the survival and growth of C. macropomum. This study was structured using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with 3 replications, namely: treatment A (Moina sp. without enriched with fish meal), treatment B (Moina sp. enriched with fish meal 4 gr/L), treatment C (Moina sp. enriched with fish meal 6 gr/L), and treatment D (Moina sp. enriched with 8 gr/L fish meal). The results showed that the additional of Moina sp. enriched with fish meal had a significant effect on the absolute length growth, absolute weight growth, and specific growth rate but had no significant effect on survival of C. macropomum. The highest value was obtained in treatment C (Moina sp. enriched with fish meal 6 gr/L) with the absolute length growth of 0.46 cm, absolute weight growth of 0.010 gr, and specific growth rate of 3.184%/day.

Innovative methods of agrobiological control over perenial grass seed production technology

Purpose. Plant production largely depends on the ability to obtain good quality seeds. Factors that lead to a change in the strategy of forage crop seeding in conditions of the Ukrainian market are the need for further intensification of the feed production industry, which is a prerequisite for the successful development of animal husbandry. In this regard, the main goal of forage crop seeding is to ensure sufficient production of leguminous and cereal grass seeds to improve and expand the areas of cultural pastures and hayfields, to optimize the structure of forage crop sown areas in field and meadow feed production, reclamation of eroded lands, creation of gardens and parks lawns with high aesthetic indicators, as well as for the export of seeds of perennial grasses. Methods. Field, laboratory, visual, measuring, weight, quantitative, test sheaf method, mathematical, statistical. Results. The data of long-term studies on the formation of high yields of leguminous and cereal grasses seeds are highlighted. It has been established that seed yield largely depends on technological factors, in particular, on the fertilization system in crop rotation, harvesting dates, crop preservation, biological characteristics of seed plants of these species. The exclusion of at least one of the operations provided by the technology leads to a significant decrease in the seed productivity of perennial grasses. Conclusions. In order to increase the volume of seed production of perennial leguminous and cereal grasses with high sowing and yield properties of the new generation varieties, innovative energy-saving technologies for their cultivation have been developed based on biologization of the production process, optimization of the mineral nutrition system, the use of chelated fertilizers and growth regulating preparations in the corresponding periods of the development of seed grass stands, which provides a 18-210% increase in seed productivity of perennial grasses, improves the sowing properties of seeds (growth strength, germination ability, weight of 1000 seeds) by 4-12%.

An assessment of economic profitability of black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) production in Assam, India

Medicinal plants play a prominent role in the health sector of an emerging economy like India. Apart from providing healthcare, medicinal plants are hugely responsible for providing livelihood and employment opportunities for the people who cultivate those. Being a hotspot for different medicinal and aromatic plants, the farmers of North East India, particularly in Assam, in recent years have started cultivating a new medicinal crop, black rice, owing to its medicinal value and high consumer demand. This study was conducted to examine the profitability scenario of black rice in Assam and to understand its different costs and returns. Primary data were collected from 150 respondents of Assam adopting the cultivation with the help of a semi-structured interview schedule during the month of November 2020 to January 2021. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative data, and a cost-benefit analysis was used to measure the profitability of the cultivation. The return over cost results shows that INR one invested in black rice will give a return of INR 2.15. The net returns indicate that the projected returns are much higher than the anticipated costs. The present study suggests that the government should encourage farmers and train those interested in starting cultivation. At the same time, different development agencies should take measures to provide credit and good quality seeds to the farmers and educate them regarding the importance and demand of the crop in the market.

Effect of planting media modification on growth and seed potential of two vanilla varieties

The discontinuous availability of good-quality seeds had become the main problem in vanilla development. One of the limiting factors is the retarded growth of tendrils, which are used as plant propagation materials. The growth of vanilla vines using recommended cultivation techniques only produces one internode/month. Therefore it is necessary to modify the cultivation techniques to accelerate vanilla seeds production. Modifying the seed propagation media is one of the possible adjustments. This research aims to analyze the effect of planting media modification on vanilla growth and seed potency. The study used a randomized block design of 2 factors with four replications. The first factor is variety, namely Vania 1 and Vania 2, while the second factor is the type of planting media, namely media 1 (compost: burnt husks: cow manure (1:1:1)), media 2 (soil: compost: burnt husks: cow manure (1:1:1:1) ), media 3 (recommended cultivation (soil: cow manure (1:1)). The parameters observed were plant growth (tendrils length, number of internodes, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width), cutting potential (seeds) and chlorophyll content. The results showed that the growth of Vania 1 was the same as that of Vania 2 and media composition without soil (media 1) resulted in the highest cutting potential compared to other media.

Leaf Vegetable Cultivation in Cameroon: An Overview of the Situation in Njombe and Surrounding Areas

Over the past ten years, it has been noted that the demand for leafy vegetables in the coastal area of Cameroon is increasing, particularly in the district of Njombe-Penja. Despite this growth in production volumes, there are also more or less severe shortages at certain times of the year. The main causes behind the variations in vegetable production in the Littoral zone are not well known and/or not recorded. In order to sort out the different factors (vegetable varieties, planting period, use of fertilisers and pesticides, soil, etc.) that interact on the production of leafy vegetables in the Littoral zone, it became necessary to conduct a study reviewing the state of leafy vegetable production and marketing activities in the locality of Njombé and its surroundings. This study also aims to better identify the main distribution chains and their vitality related to the markets supplied by vegetable production in the Njombe area. The methodological approach involved random sampling to constitute a population of 100 individuals (farmers, traders, etc.). A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to the target sample. The main results show that 96% of the individuals practising vegetable cropping are uneducated women, aged between 20 and 64 years. The individual areas cultivated are mostly very small to medium (between 64m² and 870 m²). The vast majority of the cultivated land is rented (80%). The most cultivated leafy vegetable varieties are, in order of importance: “Black nightshade” (100%), “African Eggplant” (84%), “green amaranth” (80%), “bush okra” (80%), “Hibiscus” (40%), and “Water leaf” (32%). The seeds used come mainly from local markets (60%). The use of fertilisers and pesticides (doses and application frequencies) is not mastered by the farmers. The major constraints to production are: the difficulty of obtaining good quality seeds (86%), fungal diseases (80%), and attacks by various pests. This study also highlighted the economic potential of this vegetable activity in the locality.

Conserving Potential and Endangered Species of Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites in Indonesia

Indonesia has around 4000 wood species, and 10% (400) of species are categorized as commercial wood. One species is kayu kuku (Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites), native to Southeast Sulawesi. This species is considered a fancy wood used for sawn timber, veneer, plywood, carving, and furniture. The high demand for wood caused excessive logging and threatened its sustainability. In addition, planting P. mooniana has presented several challenges, including seedling production, viability and germination rate, nursery technology, and silviculture techniques. As a result, the genera of Pericopsis, including P. elata (Europe), P. mooniana (Sri Lanka), and P. angolenses (Africa), have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix. Based on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, P. mooniana is categorized as Vulnerable (A1cd). This conservation status has raised issues regarding its biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability in the near future. This paper aims to review the conservation of potential and endangered species of P. mooniana and highlight some efforts for its species conservation and sustainable use in Indonesia. The method used is a systematic literature review based on P. mooniana’s publication derived from various reputable journal sources and additional literature sources. The results revealed that the future demand for P. mooniana still increases significantly due to its excellent wood characteristics. This high demand should be balanced with both silviculture techniques and conservation efforts. The silviculture of P. mooniana has been improved through seed storage technology, improved viability and germination rates, proper micro and macro propagation, applying hormones, in vitro seed storage, improved nursery technology, and harvesting techniques. P. mooniana conservation can be conducted with both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. In situ conservation is carried out by protecting its mother trees in natural conditions (i.e., Lamedae Nature Reserve) for producing good quality seeds and seedlings. Ex situ conservation is realized by planting seeds and seedlings to produce more wood through rehabilitating and restoring critical forests and lands due to its ability to adapt to marginal land and mitigate climate change. Other actions required for supporting ex situ conservation are preventing illegal logging, regeneration, conservation education, reforestation, agroforestry system applied in private and community lands, and industrial forest plantations.

Capacity Building of Forest Local Community, Tree Seeds Providers and Forestry Extension Workers on Plus Tree Selection Technique in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia

Community forests play significant role in supplying national demand of woods, sustaining local ecosystem and increasing benefit for local community. Tree plantings for both community forests and rehabilitation of degraded forests and lands, however often neglect utilization of good quality seeds, which resulted in low quality of forest plantation. In order to support the procurement of good quality seeds, it is necessary to raise awareness of local community, seeds providers and forest extension workers on the production of good quality seeds through tree selection program. This paper reported the activity to build the capacity of local community, seeds providers and forest extension workers on plus trees selection, as sources of good quality seeds production. The training activity took place two times at Ngancar Village, Kediri Regency, East Java. The participants in each training received lectures in a classroom and hand-in practical work on tree selection techniques in the field. The topics given are considered as important by participants, as evident from the increasing number of participants in the second time of training. Analysis of pre- and post-test conducted showed that the participants knowledge and skill increased by 27,9 % after training, regardless of their ages and educational backgrounds.

Potential processing technologies for utilization of millets: An updated comprehensive review

AbstractMillets are tiny grass‐seeded grains that hold major and minor nutrients and chief bioactive components. They are climate flexible and pest‐resistant grains, enhancing the crop system effectively. Millets are now gaining popularity due to their health‐promoting properties for end users. These nonacid‐forming grains are gluten‐free, stabilize blood sugar, lower cholesterol levels, inhibit human colon tumor growth, combat malnourished diseases, control overweight, and have other health‐promoting benefits. However, many food processing technologies are on hand to process millets into a broad array of value‐added products, but still, the implementation in the food processing industries is skimpy at the commercial level. There are many factors right from the farming stage, like unavailability of good quality seeds, suitable machinery, lack of technical knowledge, and the consumer's misconception of millet's sensory properties, all contribute to low demand in the market. However, considering millet's copious potentialities, the research on these grains is grasping the spotlight in the current era. Therefore, millets would greatly increase demand in the market and create boundless avenues to manufacture millet‐based foods on a commercial scale. Hence, the current article intends to comprehensively review millet processing technologies and bioprocessing approaches, including health benefits. In addition, it also highlighted the recent R & D innovations with millets and millet products in the global market, preservation constraints, and future challenges.Practical ApplicationsMillets are the neglected ancient grains of the world, although they are a treasure trove of nutrients and promote alluring health benefits. The current review analysis fosters various notions to bridge a gap between industrialist and consumers for the high‐level production and consumption of millets in various countries. The compiled information comprises deep insights into major food processing technologies for each millet and listed globally available millet‐based products. In addition, it provides the millet shelf‐life issues, which would be helpful for researchers to tackle these issues with millets in the future. The present study advises increasing the high‐value utilization of millet and millet‐based products at commercial scales. This article attracts scientists, industrialists, researchers, scholars, and budding entrepreneurs. Among all the cereals, millets are superior in the nutritional profile, sustainable production patterns, and friendlier to the farmers, planet, and consumers.

Constraints Faced by the Farmers Adopting Paddy-Fish Farming System in Bishnupur District of Manipur

The study attempts to identify the major constraints faced by the farmers adopting Paddy-Fish farming system in Bishnupur district of Manipur. The study was conducted by employing a proportionate sampling system with a total of 110 sample farmers. It comprised of 76 Rotational, 24 Concurrent, 5 each of Paddy and Fish monoculture system farmers. The problems were ranked using the Garrett’s Ranking Technique where each rank given by the farmer was converted into scores through the table of Garrett and Woodworth by classifying into three diff erent categories. the fi ndings revealed that water shortage was the most importance problem in all four systems followed by lack of suffi cient funds. Other problems include fl ooding, high cost of fi ngerlings, lack of proper drainage system, lack of good quality seeds and fi ngerlings; high price of chemicals and fertilizers were the major problems

Integrasi Sistem Kendali Lengan Robot pada Preparasi Mikrokapsul Brachytherapy

HDR brachytherapy uses Ir-192 wrapped in microcapsules (seeds). Ir-192 requires high precision during the preparation process to produce good-quality seeds. The technological innovation of four DoF robot arms using LabVIEW and Arduino MEGA is equipped with an endoscope camera monitoring system to maximize preparation and minimize radiation exposure. The endoscope camera helps identify and observe seeds picked up by the vacuum gripper. The system starts by taking the seeds on the conveyor and placing them at the chuck. The robotic arm's test for accuracy and precision employs quantitative analysis. The linear motion angle test results in precision of 99.3% and accuracy of 100%; the base had 98.4% precision and 98.4% accuracy; Link 1 had 96.2% precision and 97.2% accuracy; and Link 2 had 72.4% precision and 71.5% accuracy. The average error of the inverse kinematics test was obtained: linear motion 0%, base 8.1%, Link 1 8.2%, and Link 2 9.8%. The average error of forward kinematics testing for positions a and z 0%, position x 25.1%, and position y 18.9%. The average success result for the seed collection test was 87%, the monitoring test result was 80%, and the seed placement test was 86%. The overall system test results yielded 80% for monitoring, picking, and placing seeds, with an average system accumulation time of 83.6 seconds.

Drivers of Adoption Intensity of BRRI Released Modern Aus Rice Varieties: Evidence from Smallholders Farmers in Jamalpur District of Bangladesh

This study was conducted to determine factors influencing the intensity of BRRI cultivar adoption in the Aus season on farm households in the Jamalpur district. The data were collected through structured questionnaires from 200 randomly selected rice farmers from three upazilas in the Jamalpur district. The study employed descriptive statistics and Tobit-censored regression to determine the adoption and the intensity of the adoption. In addition, ten FGDs and expert panel interviews were conducted to verify the collected data. The results show that 88.04% of the area in Jamalpur district was cultivated with rice varieties developed by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), with an average yield of 3.85 t/ha during the Aus season. The findings of the Tobit censored regression indicate that schooling, distance to the local market, distance to UAO, training, price variation, taste and preference, number of cultivated varieties, and yield variability were the significant factors of the intensity of BRRI variety adoption in the Aus season. The study's results suggested that breeders should also emphasise farmers' choices while developing varieties. In addition to developing new rice varieties, BRRI, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Bangladesh Agricultural Corporation (BADC), and other seed-producing organisations need to work together to provide the farmers with good-quality seeds of BRRI varieties, which will increase the country's total production and thus help to ensure food safety.