Good Man Research Articles

Upaya Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Mengembangkan Sikap Keberagamaan pada Siswa

This study aims to find out how the teacher strategies of the subjects Akidah Akhlak in improving student learning discipline and how the state of student learning discipline in SDIT Rabbi Radhiyyah 01 rejang lebong district. This research uses qualitative approach with field research type. Observation data collection techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, verification/drawing conclusions. The results showed; First, the teacher's strategy of morality in improving student learning discipline by briefing students on the importance of enforcing discipline, teachers setting an example for students in good manners, teachers advising students to be good and teachers to sanction students who violate discipline; Second, the student's learning discipline situation is informed if the student's low interest in learning is due to students lacking introspection, weak student punishment and low support from some parents. In conclusion, the strategies implemented by teachers in improving student discipline by providing examples, advice to be good, as well as weak student discipline conditions caused by students lacking self-introspection, weak student punishment and low support of some parents.
 Keywords: Teacher Strategy, Moral Code Teachers, Learning Discipline

Academic Performance and Cognitive Load in Mobile Learning

<p class="0abstract">The study considers the influence of cognitive load on the achievement of educational goals in the concept of mobile learning. It has been proved that the effectiveness of educational programs in a mobile learning environment is achieved by harmonizing cognitive load and structuring the educational content. The experiment was performed in order to identify pedagogical tools to ensure the effective use of the mental resources of students and to reduce their cognitive load when studying educational materials. The experiment was performed within the course of National education as part of the educational programs of Sechenov First Moscow State University (Russia) and Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University (Kazakhstan). Traditional classroom learning was supplemented with electronic educational resources and a mobile learning program developed based on the Storage ISpring Cloud mobile learning platform with a focus on the study of national values of good manners and education. The experimental groups were offered three different approaches to studying the discipline in a mobile learning environment. The observation of the learning process helped us to identify the key aspects of effective educational practice in a mobile learning environment, namely: high-quality educational content; thematic and temporal structuring of the educational process; distribution of cognitive load in the educational course; introduction of tools to encourage student attention; active participation of students in the educational process; synergy of knowledge accumulation and delivery in the learning environment; thematic social interaction of the members of the educational group. The results of the experiment confirmed the constructive influence of pedagogical tools aimed at the reduction of cognitive load of students on the effectiveness of educational programs in a mobile learning strategy.</p>

Undang-Undang Simbur Cahaya dalam Mengatur Hukum Perkawinan di Kesultanan Palembang

The purpose of writing this article is to find out the Simbur Cahaya Law in regulating marriage law in the Palembang Sultanate. In this paper the author focuses on the Marriage Law in Palembang, because many people in Palembang currently use the marriage law that existed during the Palembang Sultanate. The use of marriage law in the Palembang Sultanate was used to preserve the noble cultural values that have existed since ancient times. The cultural values contained in the marriage law in the Palembang Sultanate are currently dynamic, adjusting to the existing conditions in the Palembang community. This article was compiled using the library research method, which is a method of collecting data by utilizing sources and library materials. The result of the conclusion obtained is that the Simbur Cahaya Law is a law that adapts Islamic and customary law. On the initiative of Ratu Sinuhun, the law was made as a general rule in all the Palembang residences. The law contains regulated public relations including regulations in the field of marriage and single girl, clan, village and farming, clan, and punishment. The marriage ceremony ceremony in the Sultanate of Palembang is explained in the Simbur Cahaya Law in the first chapter which explains the custom of single and married women is in article 1, article 4, article 5, article 12, article 13, and article 14 which explains how ethics in good relations men and women, and marriage. The stages of the traditional wedding ceremony are: 1) before the wedding, namely madik, menyenggung, meminang atau ngelamar, berasan, mutus kato; 2) the implementation of marriage; and 3) after marriage.

Teaching Method of Prophet (SAAS) to His Followers: An Overview

The Prophet (SAAS) was the best guide at all times who knew how to address the hearts and make them think, so he has made a permanent change in their behavior through the best educational methods. The aim and objective of the present research is to draw some salient features of Hadrat Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah (SAAS) in imparting education and good manners to his followers as well as presenting of some aspects of his methodology of gesture and posture to help sure and clear understanding, such as pointing fingers, beckoning with one or both hands, alluding with gravel and stick, drawing sign on the ground, displaying figures, hinting with dolls and various other things. Point out certain important methodology of teaching wisdom and training good manners by means of his own behavior, the Prophetic Sunnah. Discourse on educational principles derived from his fragrant lifestyle. Clarifying the educational methods used by the Prophet (SAAS) in his upbringing to his companions, may Allah be pleased with them, through his own lesson and conduct. Presenting a proposed scenario to benefit from the methods of the Prophet (SAAS) in education.

Editoria;

It is a pleasure to write the editorial for the current volume of Bangladesh Journal of Islamic Thought (BJIT). BJIT being a multilingual journal, the articles of this issue are written in different languages—three in English, one in Bangla and one in Arabic. Mathematics is the very important discipline of knowledge which has a minimal bias and strong sense in ethical orientation. Nor Jannah Hassan et al. in her article titled “Inculcating Islamic Manners through Mathematics Courses for Students with Visual Impairments” highlights the importance of Islamic faith which forms the foundation of good manners through Mathematics courses. The article analyses and discusses Islamic manners towards the Creator, fellow human being and the environment. The findings suggest that the inculcation of Islamic manners in teaching and learning Mathematics, particularly for students with visual impairment, could help to become knowledgeable, skillful, well-mannered, responsible and trustworthy citizens who would thus ultimately contribute to the development of the nation. Nationalism stirred the social and political thinking during the past two centuries over the world and the Islamic world was not an exception to this reality. The article on “Nationalism in the Muslim World and the Identity Crisis: A Sociological Perspective” by Jakir Al Faruki investigates the prevailing condition of the explanation about the socio-political concept of nationhood and nationality in the Muslim world. The article analyzes the concept of nationalism on the ground of sociopolitical reality. It undertakes an effort to clarify the ambiguous understanding about the various dimensions of Nationalism. The study also distinguishs the concepts between Western Nationalism, Muslim Nationalism and Ummah in Islam.

Inculcating Islamic Manners through Mathematics Courses for Students with Visual Impairments

The importance of Islamic faith, which forms the foundation of good manners, is less emphasized in our schools’ curricula at the present. As a result, social illness among adolescents becomes a serious concern. Currently, some Islamic teachings on manners are embedded in a subject called Islamic Religious Education. The Islamic teaching usually emphasizes on the well-being of mankind. This study highlights the needs of Islamic teaching on manners through Mathematics courses. The goals are to (i) promote noble characters among students with visual impairments, (ii) produce quality students to become capable of understanding and doing the Mathematical ideas, and (iii) gain knowledge and apply the Mathematics skills in their daily lives. In Malaysian context, students with visual impairment get access to knowledge depending entirely on the help of their teachers. Therefore, inculcating the Islamic manners to students with visual impairment often requires extra time not only during religious teaching but also in other subjects, especially in Mathematics. Mathematics plays an important role in education. It continues in the 21st-century and beyond. It is also considered as a basic domain for economic and social development in Malaysia. Furthermore, Mathematics based knowledge is treated as a goal in Malaysian Education Development Plan for 2013-2025. Indeed, Mathematics has a minimal bias and the subject has a strong sense in ethical orientation. Therefore, inculcating Islamic manners through Mathematics courses should be addressed. In this study, the qualitative approach was applied.

The Conception of Indigenous Counseling in La Tadampare Puang Rimaggalatung’s Thought

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="IN">Puang Rimaggalatung was the King of Wajo Arung Matowa IV who was known as a Bugis philosopher and had advice on the </span><span>value</span><span lang="IN"> of local wisdom. There is a potential culture that can be explored, raised and developed into the study of Indonesian counseling from him. The purpose of this research is to determine and to describe the conception of indigenous counseling from Puang Rimaggalatung’s thoughts. The research method used a qualitative approach with the Gadamerian hermeneutic research method. The results showed the conception of indigenous counseling at the level of human nature, the criteria of bugis counselors, ideal and problematic characters, and the counselor's self-position. The conception of human nature lays on the terms <em>ade’ assamaturuseng</em> (negotiation for consensus) and <em>maradeka</em> (independent). In the criteria of bugis counselors, it includes <em>lempu’</em>, <em>ininnawa deceng</em>; <em>masémpoé ati</em>, <em>warani</em>, <em>macca mpinru’</em>. The ideal characters of the counselor are fair, honest and smart, honest and religious, honest and self-introspective, committed, ethical, conscientious and religious. Problematic characters are fraudulent, hard-hearted and maladaptive. The position of the counselor is to have good manners and be a good listener</span></p>

Strategi Guru Mata Pelajaran Akidah Akhlak dalam Meningkatkan Kedisiplinan Belajar Siswa

This study aims to find out how the teacher strategies of the subjects Akidah Akhlak in improving student learning discipline and how the state of student learning discipline in SDIT Rabbi Radhiyyah 01 rejang lebong district. This research uses qualitative approach with field research type. Observation data collection techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, verification/drawing conclusions. The results showed; First, the teacher's strategy of morality in improving student learning discipline by briefing students on the importance of enforcing discipline, teachers setting an example for students in good manners, teachers advising students to be good and teachers to sanction students who violate discipline; Second, the student's learning discipline situation is informed if the student's low interest in learning is due to students lacking introspection, weak student punishment and low support from some parents. In conclusion, the strategies implemented by teachers in improving student discipline by providing examples, advice to be good, as well as weak student discipline conditions caused by students lacking self-introspection, weak student punishment and low support of some parents.
 
 Keywords: Teacher Strategy, Moral Code Teachers, Learning Discipline

Dr. Manners.

Good manners make a difference-in science and elsewhere. This includes our social media etiquette as researchers.

هدی القرآن الکریم فی السمو بالنفس الإنسانیة سورة الحجرات أنموذجاً

هدي القرآن الکريم في السمو بالنفس الإنسانية - سورة الحجرات أنموذجا منال بنت عبد العزيز المالک تخصص التفسير وعلوم القرآن، قسم الدراسات الإسلامية، کلية الآداب، جامعة الأميرة نورة بنت عبد الرحمن، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الإلکتروني: khalid.m123@hotmail.com ملخص البحث يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على ماهية السمو والنفس الإنسانية، وأهمية السمو بالنفس في علاقة الإنسان مع ربه ومع نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم ومع الناس، والتعرف على المعوقات التي تحول بين النفس وسموها، وکيف عالجها الإسلام. وقد سلکت فيه المنهج الاستقرائي الاستنباطي مع الالتزام بأصول البحث العلمي. ومما توصلت إليه من هدي القرآن الکريم في السمو من خلال دراسة سورة الحجرات، أننا مع قصرها وقلة عدد آياتها نلمس سمو المنهج القرآني في سياسة النفوس وتربيتها وإصلاحها بعبارات تلين القلوب القاسية وترد النفوس الجامحة. وقد تربى في ضوئها أصحاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، حيث نهتهم عن التقدم على الله ورسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم، ورفع أصواتهم فوق صوت النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام، وأمرتهم بالصبر والتثبت والإصلاح بين الناس والعدل والابتعاد عن السخرية وسوء الظن، وبينت أن للناس حرياتهم وحرماتهم وکراماتهم التي لا يجوز أن تنتهک أو تمس بأي حال. أما أبرز التوصيات فتتمثل في ضرورة التزود بالعلم الشرعي وطاعة الله ورسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم، فهو السبيل للتقوى. وتربية الأبناء على العناية بتوجيهات القرآن الکريم وهداياته، ومحاسبة النفس ومخالفتها والإنکار عليها؛ لأنها أمارة بالسوء. والمحافظة على حرمات الأنفس والبيوت والأسرار والعورات.، تطهير النفس من الأخلاق الرذيلة، وتحليتها بالأخلاق الحميدة. الکلمات المفتاحية: هدي القرآن الکريم، السمو، النفس الإنسانية، الحجرات. The Guidance of the Holy Qur'an towards Promoting the Human Psyche (Surat Al- Hujirat as a Model) By: Manal Bint Abdulaziz Al-malek Majored in Interpretation and Qur'anic Sciences Department of Islamic Studies Faculty of Arts Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail: khalid.m123@hotmail.com Abstract The objective of this research is to identify the essence of promoting the human psyche and its importance regarding the relationship in between the human being, his God and the His messenger, Peace be upon him, and the other people. The research is also keen on recognizing the obstacles that prevent the human psyche from promotion and how they are tackled by Islam. Hence, the research applies the inductive and deductive approaches complying with the basic principles of the scientific research. Tracing the guidance of the Holy Qur'an throughout Surat Al- Hujirat, despite its small number of verses, one can easily touch the supreme approach of the Holy Qur'an to bring up, promote and reform the human psyche in phrases which has a powerful meaning that could influence the ruthless hearts and the impetuous psyche. The companions of prophet Muhammad peace be upon them were brought up in accordance with this guidance as it forbids leading ahead of Allah and His messenger peace upon him or raising their voices louder than that of the prophet peace be upon him. The guidance of the Holy Qur'an has also encouraged the companions of prophet Muhammad to be patient, make sure as well as mending relationships between people, seek justice, keep away from irony or mistrust. It has also highlighted the fact that people are all free, consecrated and dignified. These rights can never be violated in any circumstance. One of the most outstanding recommendations of this research is the necessity of acquiring juristic science, obeying the orders of Allah and His messenger which constitute an entrance to piety, bringing up children in accordance with the orders and guidance of the Holy Qur'an. Besides, there should be an examination of conscience, disobeying its temptation because they always incite evil. One should also preserve the inviolable selves, homes, secrets and the private parts. In conclusion, the psyche should be purified from vice and seek, in turn, good manners.

أبو بکر الصدیق - رضی الله عنه - دراسة قرآنیة موضوعیة

أبو بکر الصديق - رضي الله عنه - دراسة قرآنية موضوعية خلود بنت عبد الله بن عبد الله الجماز. تخصص التفسير وعلوم القرآن قسم الدراسات الإسلامية کلية الآداب في جامعة الأميرة نوره بنت عبد الرحمن، الرياض، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الإلکتروني:ahmed06@ hotmail.com الملخـــص أثنى الله سبحانه وتعالى على صحابة رسوله في مواضع کثيرة من القرآن الکريم، ومن هؤلاء الصحابة أفضلهم وأعلاهم منزلة أبو بکر الصديق - رضي الله عنه - وقد نزلت في شأنه أربع آيات في القرآن الکريم أثنى سبحانه عليه ووصفه بأعظم الصفات والأخلاق، فرغبت أن يکون موضوع بحثي عنه وعنونته بعنوان: أبو بکر الصديق - رضي الله عنه - دراسة قرآنية موضوعية، وهدفي في البحث إبراز فضل أبي بکر الصديق - رضي الله عنه - وصفاته ومناقبه والاقتداء به والدفاع عنه. وقد سلکت المنهج الاستقرائي الموضوعي. فمن صفاته الإيمانية الإيمان والتصديق وقد وصفه الله بالتقوى في أکثر من موضع في کتابه الکريم ووصفه بالصدق وأجمعت الأمة على تسميته صديقا. وقد وصفه الله أيضا بالکرم والعطاء وأهل الفضل کما أشار القرآن الکريم إلى اتصافه بالعفو والصفح کما ورد في سورة النور. ويکفيه شرفا ورفعة أن سماه الله سبحانه صاحبا للرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم فالوفاء في الصحبة من شيم الکرام. وقد دأب الرافضة على الطعن في صحابة رسول الله واتخذوا ذلک عقيدة وعبادة وقاموا بتأويل نصوص القرآن الکريم وأولوا آيات الله بحسب أهوائهم وقد نال أبو بکر الصديق من ذلک نصيبا وافرا، وقد شهد الله سبحانه لصحابة رسوله بالفضل والثناء، ولا يحتاج أحد منهم مع تعديل الله له إلى تعديل أحد من الخلق.فحب الصحابة دين وإيمان وبغضهم کفر وطغيان فيجب مدارسة سيرتهم لتمنحنا وتمنح أجيالنا الإحساس بالعزة وتورثنا الشعور بالقوة وتهدينا إلى التمسک بالقيم والمثل والأخلاق. Bakr Seddik- May Allah be pleased with him- An Objective Qur'anic Study By: Kholoud Bint Abdallah bin Abdallah Al-Jamaz Majored in Interpretation and Qur'anic Sciences Department of Islamic Studies Faculty of Arts Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia E-mail: ahmed06@ hotmail.com Abstract Allah, glory be to Him, praised companions of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, in many instances in Holy Qur'an. One of those companions, best and most exalted of them all, was Abu Bakr Seddik- May Allah be pleased with him. Four verses of Holy Qur'an have been revealed relevant to him. Allah, glory be to Him, has praised Abu Bakr and described him in best and greatest attributes and manners. Therefore, this research is entitled Abu- Bakr Seddik- May Allah be pleased with him- An Objective Qur'anic Study. The objective of this research is to highlight merits of Abu Bakr Seddik, May Allah be pleased with him, as well as his attributes and his exemplary character as a paragon for late posterity. The research follows inductive approach. One of faithful attributes of Abu Bakr is his piousness and his being truthful as revealed by Allah in more than one instance in Holy Qur'an. Accordingly, whole nation identified him as Seddik the truthful. In addition, Allah has described him as being generous and graceful. Moreover, it has been revealed in Holy Qur'an, in Surate An-nour, that Abu Bakr was a tolerable and forgiving person. The greatest honor, Ab Bakr ever had, was being identified by Allah, glory be to Him, as companion of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. Thus, Abu Bakr was renowned for his generosity and loyalty. Diligently, Rafidah (the dissenters or rejectionists) were keen on raising doubts around companions of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. They even turned those doubts into a creed and a kind of worship in which they interpreted verses of Qur'an according to their whims. Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, has been severely dealt with in creed of Rafidah. Allah, glory be to Him, has attributed praise and grace to Prophet Muhammad and his companion. Therefore, neither of them needs testimony after that of Allah and Holy Qur'an. Loving companions of Prophet Muhammad, peace upon him, is an act of faith and belief while their hatred is, in turn, a kind of infidelity and despotism. In conclusion, life histories of those companions should be studied by our late posterity to give them a sense of glory and a feeling of being powerful as well as being committed to values, ideals and good manners of our religion.

“A Good Man for Structure”

Abstract In the Pat Hobby stories, F. Scott Fitzgerald crafts a comic rendition of what the public came to take him for: a washed-up drunk. Scholars have not recognized the autobiographical dimensions in both the character and the stories, or, more significantly, Fitzgerald’s own feelings of guilt and self-recrimination in framing a richly comic, if bitter, portrayal of the movie industry. This article details how Fitzgerald drew from his own experiences and other writings to cover the same emotional terrain as his 1936 “Crack-Up” series of confessional essays, first published in Esquire, replacing their self-pity and bombastic language with the redemption of humor.

El zoon politikon y las aporías de la virtud en la Política de Aristóteles

Este artículo analiza las aporías relativas al intento de conciliar en la Política la virtud ética del hombre bueno con la virtud política del buen ciudadano. Mientras la primera se caracteriza por el saber mandar en el ámbito doméstico sobre seres antropológicamente inferiores, la segunda se identifica con el saber obedecer al mando político ejercido en la polis entre individuos iguales y libres. Por consiguiente, este artículo pretende dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿de qué modo Aristóteles justifica que un individuo legitimado por naturaleza a mandar en el oikos acabe por verse obligado a obedecer en tanto que ciudadano de la polis?

Reading La Barka within the Perspective of Feminist Stylistics

This article presents a feminist stylistic analysis of religion in Nh. Dini’s novel La Barka. Proposed by Sara Mills in 1995, feminist stylistics aims to uncover gender bias in both written and spoken (literary) texts; feminist stylistics differs from other stylistic analyses in that it studies the context of text production and the context of text reception so as to reveal hidden sexist ideologies. (Literary) text production includes seven (7) factors, i.e. general language/ discourse constraints, textual antecedents, literary conventions, current literary trends, affiliations, publishing practices and sociohistorical factors. (Literary) text reception covers five (5) factors, which are intended audience, actual audience, implied reader, sociohistorical factors, and actual reader/s. Feminist stylistic reading of La Barka suggests that stereotypes of good women, as were prescribed by Indonesian New Order ideology and patriarchal Javanese traditions, do exist in the novel. Yet, there are also stereotypes of a good man; gentle, honest, assertive, independent, persistent, and tough are characters of good men, husbands, and fathers. Dini, however, does not just echo commonly accepted prescriptions of good women and men. She questions patriarchy, and religion is one social structure that she questions. Religion is sexist in that it does not properly educate women; it educates women in those skills necessary for housekeeping only. Also, religion does not accommodate women’s voices and needs, for all religious leaders are men, who are unwilling to seriously address women’s needs. Then Dini questions the hypocritical and uncritical attitudes of many religious believers; they observe religious rituals willingly and regularly but do not actualize the values in life.

Masculinities in Africa beyond crisis: complexity, fluidity, and intersectionality

Rapidly changing and divergent everyday realities on the African continent call for a more differentiated examination of the complex experiences and representations of men than is offered by the discourse on the ‘crisis of masculinity’, which depicts men as being criminal, violent, dominant, and irresponsible. By contrast, this introduction to the themed section ‘Masculinities in Africa beyond Crisis: Complexity, Fluidity, and Intersectionality’ aims to engage critically with the concept of hegemonic masculinity and argues that multiple images of masculinities co-exist in Africa and beyond. To comprehend new discourses and practices around masculinities, we must consider the question of how masculinities emerge. Discourses and practices relating to masculinities and manhood are situationally and relationally adopted, contested, transformed, and reconfigured. In this special issue, we closely analyse individual’s daily efforts ‘to be “good men”, as well as “good at” being men’ (Inhorn and Isidoros 2018, 2) in times of political, social, and economic transformations. We aim at examining how ideas and practices of masculinities shape individual and collective agency on social, economic, political, and cultural levels. Paying attention to the historical, geographical, and cultural diversities of masculinities in African countries, we discuss how images of masculinities evolve and become manifest in everyday life and analyse how these imaginations circulate within translocal and transnational spaces. We thereby pay close attention to how gender intersects with other identities, such as age, class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality.

La Nativité dans La Passion d’Arras d’Eustache Marcadé : mise en scène et mise en image au XVe siècle

The Arras Mystery Play, a play in verse structured in 4 days, presents, through the death and resurrection of Jesus, the essence of christianity to the audience whom it intends to instruct. Written before 1414 by the ecclesiastical Eustache Marcadé, the text is kept in one of the most important illuminated manuscripts of the Medieval European theatre, used for silent devotion. One of the play’s central episodes is the Nativity of Christ, event that is staged through text and image montage. The presence of the two midwives in the stable of Bethlehem, apparently useless because Mary didn’t need help to gave birth to her child, is essential in the text. The extraordinary birth of Jesus is emphasized thanks to Salomée’s disbelief: she didn’t believe in the miracle of Mary’s virginity. Her doubt reinforces the truth of this mystery and it presents itself like a reception lesson: the good manners of believing and seeing the Incarnation mystery are revealed to the readers.

Becky Nurse of Salem, by Sarah Ruhl

Becky Nurse of Salem, by Sarah Ruhl

Metamorphoses in the Law of Contract: Mythological Reflections

A human body grows and changes but remains the same body. The same is true of other organisms, even though some transform dramatically. Metamorphosis is a poetic and mythological conceit of identity, change, and continuity. It applies just as well to the law of contract and helps us understand the power of the contract law canon and the conventional understanding of the legal history of contract. The ideas probably hold true for private law generally, but the focus is on Anglo-American contract law with a foray into Scots private law. Three aspects of mythology and metamorphosis are highlighted. First, the conventional understanding of legal history shapes what the law is. In the story of legal development, we see an implicit notion of progress — with missteps and complications of plot, but with the conviction that eventually the law, like any myth, will work itself out in a way that is right — not necessarily a way that is good but instead a way that fits with society. And in any system based on case law, this conventional understanding of legal development shapes the law itself. Second, the force of this conventional understanding is scarcely lessened by demonstrable falsity. Classic books, lectures, and cases illustrate the idea that historical inaccuracy is an insignificant check on the power of myth. Finally, myths consist not only of explanatory plotlines; they also draw on characters and settings that reflect and inspire the society they serve. Legal myths are no different. Understanding legal mythology requires an attentive ear and a sharp eye for the characters, as well as the storytellers. The reasonable man is not the same as the reasonable person (or is he — a metamorphosis?), and in any case is not the same as the bonus paterfamilias or bon pere de famille—the good father of the family, or good family man, the comparable figure of Roman and civil law. Setting matters as much: the heritage of kings and lords, and judges and Westminster Hall, makes for different offspring than that of Rome and Continental learning, of wise thinkers and treatise authors, of Parliament House and institutional writers. When law is understood as a humanistic and rhetorical discipline, the force of myth, in all its aspects, is only natural.

Tax-based pure punishment and reward in the public goods game

Costly punishment and reward have been regarded as potential means to handle the conundrum of cooperation. However, providing incentives is costly, thus the emergence of costly punishment and reward is a major puzzle in the evolution of cooperation. Recently, it is found that pure punishers, who do not help others but punish free-riders, have an evolutionary advantage. In this work, based on the pure punishment strategy, we further propose tax-based pure punishment and reward strategies in the public goods game respectively by considering that in realistic world the dedicated sanctioning or rewarding agencies can receive a certain amount of revenue tax to penalize evildoers or reward good men. By means of theoretical analysis and numerical calculations, we find that tax-based pure punishment (reward) has an evolutionary advantage over pure punishment (reward) in sustaining cooperation, and tax-based pure reward can lead to higher level of cooperation than tax-based pure punishment.

Civilisation and the Italian school toilet: insights for the cultural history of education

ABSTRACT The term “toilet” conveys different meanings; it may be seen as an isolated place or a public service, a secluded and dirty area or a symbol of civilisation and progress. In the film The Phantom of Liberty (1974), Luis Buñuel presented a formally dressed social group gathering over a meal in toilets around a table, with the eating of food being presented as a private function. In this way he challenged moral and societal standards acquired in the long “civilizing process”, to quote Norbert Elias (Norbert Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation: soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen [Basel: Verlag: Haus Zum Palken, 1939]), demonstrating the toilet’s association with bodily functions and manners but also concomitant with social and sexual behaviour, shame, and repugnance. This article explores conceptual issues regarding the toilet as a key sanitary feature of the school environment, and intersecting aspects of physical and moral education in its pedagogical role. It draws on a select range of primary sources dating between 1827 and 2019, with critical perspectives on their interpretation. Sources are primarily administrative or discursive commentary for the earlier period, but include personal memory, and literary and cinematic representation for more recent times. Rather than presenting a narrative of progression, this collection of sources provokes questions of meaning and significance of toilets in school, mostly in Italy but with some comparative references. It seeks to engage with both an educational “hygienic turn” of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the processes of mass education associated with the acquisition of good manners. The toilet is considered in its transversal connotation (temporal as much as spatial) connected with ideas of rest and privacy. Reflecting the physical, conceptual and educational place of the school toilet in history of education, it touches on hygiene and well-being of pupils, the control of (their) bodies, and the modernisation of school buildings.