Good Internal Consistency Research Articles

Research on the construction of digital resilient campus under the background of new education infrastructure

Based on the background of the national education new infrastructure strategy, this study proposes the concept of "digital resilient campus" to address the problems of network interruption, data governance failure, and teaching service obstruction in universities during emergencies, and constructs a measurement scale covering three dimensions: network infrastructure, data governance, and teaching services. The study formed 30 initial items, and after reliability, validity, and discrimination tests, the final scale showed good internal consistency, stability, content and structural validity, and significant discrimination. The validation of predictive validity further proves that scale scores can effectively predict the response capability of campus system failures. The research conclusion indicates that this scale can serve as an evaluation tool for the digital resilience level of universities, as well as provide quantitative basis for planning new infrastructure investment, improving governance mechanisms, and optimizing teaching services. It has important practical significance for promoting the stable operation of the education system.

Validation of the Indonesian version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MEDI-Q): A reliability study.

Validation of the Indonesian version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MEDI-Q): A reliability study.

Effects of the COVID-19 crisis on work-life balance, mental health, and perceived health status among Hungarian defense employees: a cross-sectional study

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted profoundly on the mental and physical health of defense personnel, due to their involvement in the enforcement of COVID-19 measures and confined work environments. This cross-sectional study assessed the effects of the pandemic on work-life balance, mental health, and perceived health status among Hungarian defense employees. Data was collected from 300 employees of a Hungarian defense company using an online questionnaire that included demographics, work-related observations, mental health scales (DASS), and perceived health status (SF-12). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that work type, flexibility, and workload remained stable before, during, and after the pandemic. Compensation satisfaction (p = 0.025) showed a slight increase post-COVID-19, while organizational support did not significantly change (p > 0.05). Work-life balance significantly decreased during the pandemic (p = 0.012), and the mental health indicators stress (p = 0.005), anxiety (p < 0.001), and depression (p < 0.001) increased significantly. Reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alpha) demonstrated good internal consistency across the scales. These findings underscore the significant negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of defense employees, reinforcing the need for sustained support mechanisms to promote both physical and mental well-being in this workforce.

A Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale

Background: Moral injury (MI) refers to the psychological and functional consequences of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), involving perceived violations of deeply held moral beliefs. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale (K-MIOS) and to examine its applicability in Korean populations.Methods: A total of 546 Korean adults who had experienced at least one PMIE completed an online survey. The sample was randomly split into two groups (n=273 each) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using correlation analyses with related psychological constructs. Signal detection analysis was performed to identify the optimal cutoff score indicating clinically significant and potentially targetable MI.Results: EFA and CFA supported a two-factor structure for the K-MIOS, with good internal consistency. The K-MIOS showed significant positive correlations with PMIE exposure, MI, post-traumatic cognitions and emotions, post-traumatic stress symptoms, general psychological distress, and psychosocial dysfunction, supporting its construct validity. Signal detection analysis identified a cutoff score of 27 as optimally efficient for identifying individuals with clinically significant MI.Conclusions: The K-MIOS showed robust psychometric properties and is suitable for assessing MI in Korean adults. This study provides initial evidence for a screening threshold, that may help identify individuals at clinical risk for MI.

Construct Validity and Reliability of the Continuing Bonds Scale in a Sample of Bereaved Costa Rican Men.

There is a dearth of research investigating grief as continuing bonds in men, and the psychometric properties of the Continuing Bonds Scale have not been specifically evaluated in male populations. To evaluate the psychometric properties of construct validity and reliability of the Continuing Bonds Scale in bereaved Costa Rican men. A methodological study was conducted. A sample of 170 participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire. Variables included sociodemographic characteristics, mediators of mourning and continuing bonds measured by the Continuing Bonds Scale. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient were performed. Factor analysis confirmed the distribution of items into two factors: internalised and externalised continuing bonds. The total variance explained was 53.03%. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor solution. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient indicated good internal consistency (α = 0.898). The results suggest that the Continuing Bonds Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the ongoing internal relationship between the bereaved person and the deceased in bereaved Costa Rican men, allowing for appropriate research and clinical use. Mental health nurses can utilise the Continuing Bonds Scale to assess men's continuing bonds expressions and develop individualised care plans to support their adaptation to loss. Given the frequent interaction between mental health nurses and bereaved individuals, the availability of contextually appropriate instruments is essential for improving professional practice. The Continuing Bonds Scale can enhance the effectiveness of mental health interventions by clarifying the real needs of bereaved individuals from diverse societies and cultures. Furthermore, NANDA-I has proposed diagnoses on adaptive and maladaptive grieving. These diagnoses align with recent perspectives that integrate the natural occurrence of continuing bonds into the grieving process. By challenging traditional grief models, these nursing diagnoses position mental health nurses within a more compassionate framework that is sensitive to continuing bonds expressions.

Where you lead, I will follow: Developing a new measure for studying parasocial involvement with influencers

Parasocial involvement with influencers (PII) on social media has rapidly increased in recent years. Currently, little is known about the impact of this development, as psychometrically evaluated measurement instruments capturing nuances of PII are lacking. Building on theory and qualitative findings, we developed the 39-item Parasocial Influencer Involvement Scale (PIInS), which shows good internal consistency. It comprises seven subscales empirically substantiated by factor analysis and captures different dimensions of parasocial influencer involvement, such as gratification, self-soothing, identification and loyalty, comparison, self-expansion, social influence, and emotional bonding. A first validation study in a convenience sample of n = 484 individuals participating in an online survey provided preliminary evidence for construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a second study with n = 443 participants largely confirmed the structure of the scale found in Study 1. The PIInS was negatively associated with attachment security, relational identity centrality, and self-expansion. Also, parasocial involvement with influencers was positively linked with social identity centrality and empathy in parasocial processing. A multiple regression analysis revealed that attachment anxiety, empathy during parasocial interactions, social identity centrality, and the absence of relational identity centrality had the strongest predictive value for parasocial influencer involvement. These findings point toward potential psychological mechanisms and related risks of parasocial involvement with influencers and emphasize the need for prevention and further research.

Development and Validation of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire – Biology

This study was aimed at developing and validating a scale that measures the emotions of secondary school students toward Biology. Before selecting a particular subject, it is very important to measure student’s emotions toward that subject. The emotions were measured in two academic contexts: class-related and learning-related situations. The participants were 840 (410 male and 430 female) secondary school students aged 13–15 years from various schools in the Uttar Pradesh State of India. Two separate scales were constructed. Scale 1 measures secondary school students’ emotions in class-related situations, and scale 2 measures emotions in test-related situations. The psychometric properties of both scales have been tested by factor analysis. Correlation analysis confirms good convergent validity, and Cronbach’s alpha reveals a good internal consistency of the scale. The validity and reliability values show that the tool has all the necessary psychometric properties and can be used for measuring secondary school students’ emotions toward Biology.

The development and validation of the extended active-passive social media use scale

Mixed findings regarding the relationship between social media (SM) use and mental health have left the research field at somewhat of a crossroads, with one significant requirement being a comprehensive tool to measure SM use. In an effort to advance relevant research, this study extends the common ‘active-passive model’ of SM use to develop and validate a comprehensive scale. This scale will measure complex SM behaviors, focusing on subtypes of active and passive use. A 29-item Extended Active-Passive Use Scale (E-APUS) developed for adolescents and young adults was validated using a total sample of individuals (N = 4,372) from four independent Chinese samples. An exploratory factor analysis with N1 = 305 and a confirmatory factor analysis with N2 = 289 revealed six dimensions characterizing engagement on SM. These dimensions include targeted-warm use, non-targeted-warm use, cold use, browsing high self-relevance success stories, browsing low self-relevance success stories, and browsing failure stories. The study confirmed measurement invariance (N3 = 3,524) across genders and educational stage groups (i.e., adolescents vs. young adults) through (multi-group) confirmatory factor analyses. Convergent validity of the E-APUS scale was established with active-passive SM use measures, and criterion validity was supported using indicators of subjective well-being. However, discriminant validity was comparatively lower for personality factors. The E-APUS scale exhibited good internal consistency and high test-retest reliability (N4 = 254) over a 2-week period. Summarily, the E-APUS emerges as an effective, valid, and reliable tool for measuring SM use.

The Digital Life Balance Scale: Validation and Gender Invariance Among Urban Russian Adolescents

The advent of Information and Communication Technologies has profoundly shaped daily life, especially for those raised as “digital natives”. This study aimed to validate the Digital Life Balance (DLB) scale within the Russian urban adolescent population. A total of 420 adolescents (186 males and 234 females, M = 16.60 years) participated in the study. The DLB scale was translated and culturally adapted, alongside measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, fear of missing out, and technology addiction. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a unidimensional structure with good internal consistency. Measurement invariance was demonstrated across genders. External validity was supported by positive significant correlations with life satisfaction and self-esteem, and negative correlation with smartphone addiction, gaming addiction, and social media disorder. Findings indicate that a balanced digital life is associated with higher well-being and lower technology addiction and that the adapted DLB scale is a reliable tool for evaluating DLB among urban Russian adolescents.

Development and evaluation of a quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with orbital malignant tumours.

Orbital malignant tumours seriously affect the quality of life of patients; however, there is currently no quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with orbital malignant tumours. To develop and evaluate a quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with orbital malignant tumours. A pool of items was generated through a literature search, expert meeting and patient interview. Pre-survey and scale evaluation were performed, the quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with orbital malignant tumours (QLQ-OT) was modified, and the scale was evaluated by measuring the quality of life of 46 patients with orbital tumours. The effective rate of QLQ-OT was 97.4%, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was >0.6, and the test-retest reliability Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was >0.7, suggesting good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Pearson correlation coefficients were >0.8 between individual domain scores; > 0.6 between items and their own domains in the QLQ-OT; and >0.6 between domains and their corresponding domains in Quality of Life Center Questionnaire, thereby indicating good content, convergent and criterion-related validity. Ten principal components (the initial eigenvalues >1) were abstracted from 38 items of the general by factor analysis, accounting for 81.0% of cumulative variance. QLQ-OT has good compliance, reliability, validity and responsiveness and can be used to measure the quality of life of patients with orbital malignant tumours.

The MacHAND performance assessment (MPA): Development and psychometric testing of the short English version (MPA-S) for the traumatic hand injury population.

The MacHAND performance assessment (MPA): Development and psychometric testing of the short English version (MPA-S) for the traumatic hand injury population.

Adaptation and Validation of the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) for the Portuguese Population: A Study on the Assessment of the Restorative Effect of Environments

The relationship between natural environments and psychological well-being has gained increasing attention in environmental and health sciences. However, there is still a lack of robust quantitative instruments to assess the restorative potential of different environments. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Portuguese version of the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), an instrument based on Attention Restoration Theory that evaluates the perceived restorative qualities of environments. In Study 1, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on data from 410 participants. The results supported a refined 20-item version of the scale, comprising four factors—being away, fascination, compatibility, and legibility—with good internal consistency and acceptable model fit. Measurement invariance analysis confirmed configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender. In Study 2, a separate sample of 212 participants completed the PRS along with additional validated measures: the Sublime Emotion toward Nature Scale (SEN), an aesthetic evaluation of landscapes, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The PRS showed strong convergent and discriminant validity and significantly predicted restorative outcomes. These findings support the psychometric adequacy of the Portuguese PRS and its relevance as a valid tool for assessing perceived restorativeness in both natural and built environments. The scale may inform future research and public policies aimed at designing spaces that promote psychological restoration and mental well-being.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TEST OF THE INDONESIAN VERSION OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEXUAL SELF-CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE

Background: One comprehensive instrument for assessing different facets of sexual self-concept is the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ). Its adaptation into different languages and cultural contexts is essential for cross-cultural research. Objectives: To assess the reliability and validity of the MSSCQ's Indonesian version in gauging sexual self-concept. Design: Observational research with a cross-sectional design. Methods: The study began with a two-stage translation process of the MSSCQ questionnaire into the Indonesian version. Subsequently, validity and reliability tests were conducted on 30 diabetes mellitus outpatients at Tanjungpura University Hospital using purposive sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation with statistical software. Results: All items across the 20 subscales demonstrated validity with r calculated > r table and p-values < 0.05. The Cronbach's Alpha values for all subscales were > 0.70, indicating good internal consistency. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the MSSCQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring sexual self-concept.

Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of vestibular rehabilitation benefit questionnaire

BackgroundVestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) is an evidence-based intervention to improve symptoms related to many vestibular disorders. Following VRT, patient-reported questionnaires can grasp the subjective complaint of the patient, independent of the clinician’s interpretation. This study was conducted to translate and culturally adapt the Vestibular Rehabilitation Benefit Questionnaire (VRBQ) into Arabic for evaluating the effectiveness of VRT on quality of life (QoL) and patient’s psychological aspects among Egyptian and Arabic-speaking adults.MethodsThe original English version of VRBQ was translated into Arabic based on the international guidelines for self-reported measures. The content validity was estimated by seven audio-vestibular professionals to give their comments and opinions. Then, face validity was evaluated to check for any unclear words and phrases. After that, the final Arabic version was completed by 110 patients diagnosed with vestibular disorders to assess its construct validity and reliability. To ascertain construct validity, patients were also evaluated using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and the Vertigo Symptom Scale-Short Form (VSS-SF). Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were used to assess the Arabic VRBQ’s reliability.ResultsThe convergent validity was determined revealing a positive moderate to strong correlation of the Arabic VRBQ total score with the scores of both validation scales using Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r: 0.432 to 0.612, p < 0.001). The discriminant validity of VRBQ was obvious in the positive weak correlations between the VRBQ-QoL subscale and both the DHI physical subscale (r: 0.344, p = 0.006) and the VSS-SF anxiety subscale (r: 0.332, p = 0.001). Regarding reliability, the Arabic VRBQ showed good and acceptable internal consistency in total and subscales scores with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (range: 0.713 to 0.810). Test–retest reliability was excellent for the total score, subscales scores and for each item score as Spearman’s correlation coefficients (range :+ 0.915 to + 0.995, p < 0.001) indicating high stability of the Arabic VRBQ over time.ConclusionThe Arabic version of VRBQ is a valid and reliable tool that can be used for monitoring rehabilitation plans and evaluating rehabilitative outcomes for individuals undergoing vestibular rehabilitation.

Health Anxiety Across Pandemic Waves: Psychometric Assessment and Measurement Invariance of the Infectious Disease Outbreak Anxiety Scale Over Time

The present paper examines the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Infectious Disease Outbreak Anxiety Scale (IDOAS) across three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: the first and second waves (2020 and 2021), and post-pandemic phase (2023/2024). Study 1 assesses the validity and reliability of the IDOAS through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, supporting a three-factor structure (factors: “Disease Outbreak Concerns”, “Impact on Routines and Safety Behaviors”, and “Contamination Concerns”), demonstrating good internal consistency. Study 2 employs a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to investigate measurement invariance across the three samples. Measurement invariance was not established across the three time points of data collection, especially for the post-pandemic phase. Findings reveal significant shifts in how health anxiety is experienced over time. This study emphasizes the evolving nature of COVID-19-related anxiety and underscores the importance of developing tools specifically designed to assess health anxiety related to infectious diseases and fear of contagion for future outbreaks.

The Adaptation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—5th Edition (WISC-V) for Indonesia: A Pilot Study

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is a widely used instrument for assessing cognitive abilities in children. While the latest fifth edition (WISC-V) has been adapted in various countries, Indonesia still relies on the outdated first edition, a practice that raises substantial concerns about the validity of diagnoses, outdated norms, and cultural bias. This study aimed to (1) adapt the WISC-V to the Indonesian linguistic and cultural context (WISC-V-ID), (2) evaluate its psychometric properties in a pilot study with an Indonesian sample, (3) reorder the item sequence of the subtests according to the empirical item difficulty observed in Indonesian children’s responses, and (4) evaluate the factor structure of the WISC-V-ID using confirmatory factor analysis. The adaptation study involved a systematic translation procedure, followed by psychometric evaluation with respect to gender, age groups, and ethnicity, using a sample of 221 Indonesian children aged 6 to 16 years. The WISC-V-ID demonstrated good internal consistency. Analysis of item difficulty revealed discrepancies in item ordering compared to the original WISC-V, suggesting a need for item reordering in future studies. In addition, the second-order five-factor model, based on confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that the data did not adequately fit the model, stressing the need for further investigation. Overall, the WISC-V-ID appears to be a reliable measure of intelligence for Indonesian children, though a comprehensive norming study is necessary for full validation.

Natural Disasters, Psychosocial Distress, Psychological Flexibility, and Satisfaction with Life

Although common, natural disasters (NDs) remain little studied, and their aggregate psychological impact is unknown. No aggregate measure of ND exposure could be located. This study reports the development and preliminary validation of the Natural Disaster Scale (NDS). In a sample of 131 US adults, disaster exposure was measured for NDs, for childhood and adult human disasters, for psychological flexibility, and for social support. Criteria included general distress, simple and complex PTSD, and life satisfaction. The NDS showed good internal consistency. Eleven of thirteen items loaded on a single factor. After controlling demographic factors, social support, and psychological flexibility, the NDS predicted general distress, simple PTSD, and satisfaction with life. In comparison, adult human adversity/disaster predicted general distress and simple PTSD, while childhood human adversity/disaster predicted complex PTSD and satisfaction with life. Similarly sized effects were found for human and natural disasters, except that only childhood adversity predicted complex PTSD. Demographic factors were insignificant except that age predicted life satisfaction. Because NDs may lead to distress, simple PTSD, and diminished life satisfaction, appraising lifelong exposure to NDs may be important for treatment. Those exposed to NDs may benefit from trauma-informed care. Fostering psychological flexibility, as proposed in the ACT therapy, is suggested as an important treatment focus for addressing the effects of human and natural disasters.

Exploring and Measuring the Multidimensional Structure of Meaning in Life

Objective This study aimed to systematically examine and integrate different perspectives on existing multidimensional meaning in life (MIL) and develop and validate a new multidimensional MIL scale (MMILS). Method A mixed-methods approach was used. Study one involved 111 Chinese college students, and data were analyzed by using directed content analysis. Study two collected four samples (n = 507, n = 369, n = 349, n = 74) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and validity and reliability testing. Results Study one identified MIL as a four-dimensional construct: comprehension, purpose, mattering, and experience appreciation. Study two examined the psychometric properties of the developed MMILS, and the results indicated that the scale comprised 22 items, with the four-factor model demonstrating good fit, internal consistency, and adequate validity. Conclusions MMILS is a reliable and valid tool that can be used to evaluate the MIL of college students in future research.

Construction and Validation of a Questionnaire on Kinky and BDSM Fantasies and Activities in Portuguese Adults

ABSTRACT Sexual practices considered unconventional, including kinky and BDSM dynamics, are integrated within the diversity of human sexuality. However, studies often use ad hoc instruments and/or depend on the self-identification of participants, leading to inconsistent results. Therefore, the present work aimed to fill these gaps through the development and validation of the Kinky and BDSM Fantasies and Activities Inventory (Inventário de Fantasias e Atividades kinky e BDSM; IFAKBDSM). This instrument was developed based on the adaptation of two preexisting instruments and in response to discussions with psychologists and researchers experienced in this area, as well as individuals with kinky practices. Study 1 involved an Exploratory Factor Analysis with 260 Portuguese adults (18–72 years; M = 29), and Study 2 comprised a Confirmatory Factor Analysis with 515 Portuguese adults (18–79 years; M = 30). The preliminary factorial analysis identified four factors consistent with the literature: Domination and Sadism, Submission and Masochism, Voyeurism and Exhibitionism, and Fetishism. The second study confirmed this structure with satisfactory factor weights and fit indices and presented good internal consistency. The final version of the IFAKBDSM comprises two sections: the first one includes 28 items that assess seven dimensions organized into the four aforementioned factors; and the second section encompasses 38 items that focus on kinky practices. Globally, the instrument presented satisfactory psychometric results, proving to be a reliable tool for studying kinky and BDSM practices in Portuguese adults.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Traditional Chinese Short Version of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport After Injury Scale (ACL-RSI-TC).

To support anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) individuals in restoring knee joint function and reaching preinjury levels of activity, it is essential to monitor not only postoperative physical, but also psychological recovery. The study aimed to culturally adapt the short version of Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale into Traditional Chinese (ACL-RSI-TC) and evaluate its psychometric properties among individuals with post ACLR. ACL-RSI-TC was developed using the back translation method. A total of 150 physically active participants (61 males and 89 females, age = 25.22 ± 4.72 years) with 42 ± 36.68 months post-ACLR participated in the validation and reliability assessment of the ACL-RSI-TC. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which measured the internal consistency among ACL-RSI-TC items. Construct validity was determined through factor analysis and correlations between ACL-RSI-TC and both Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK 11). The ACL-RSI-TC scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .84). All back-translated items exhibited factor loadings within an acceptable range (factor loadings = .50 to .79) in factor analysis. ACL-RSI-TC scores demonstrated small to moderate correlations with subscales of KOOS correlations and displayed a negative and moderate correlation with the TSK-11 scores. The ACL-RSI-TC has reasonable reliability and construct validity indices in individuals with ACLR. We recommend clinicians integrate the ACL-RSI-TC into practices to enhance decision-making in rehabilitation and return to sport following ACLR while working with Traditional Chinese users.