Good Environmental Conditions Research Articles

Does the analysed size fraction of benthic foraminifera influence the ecological quality status and the interpretation of environmental conditions? Indications from two northern Norwegian fjords

The introduction of the European Water Framework Directive has increased the interest in benthic foraminifera as a biomonitoring tool. This prompted the need to standardise the methods used to analyse benthic foraminifera, including which sediment fraction to analyse. In some regions benthic foraminifera produce small (< 125 µm) adult tests, and the current study assessed the effect of analysing the > 63 µm or > 125 µm fraction on determining the Ecological Quality Status (EcoQS) in two fjords in northern Norway. The diversity indices Shannon-Wiener index (H’log2) and Hurlbert’s rarefaction index (ES100), and the multi-metric Norwegian Quality Index (NQI), from both the > 63 µm and > 125 µm fraction resulted in the same or similar EcoQS, reflecting good environmental conditions in both fjords. The same applied to the AZTI’s Marine Biological Index (AMBI), except at one location which had moderate EcoQS. At this location especially, more foraminifera with a tolerant or opportunistic response to organic matter enrichment occurred in the > 63 µm fraction than in the > 125 µm fraction. Hence, the higher H’log2 and ES100 of the > 63 µm fraction can be somewhat misleading as it indicates better environmental conditions, whereas the AMBI indicates more organic matter input. The Stainforthia group and Epistominella vitrea, indicating organic matter enrichment and increased primary productivity were, however, mostly absent in the > 125 µm fraction. Their absence in this fraction could have consequences for monitoring potential anthropogenic pressure factors and identifying long-term changes in environmental conditions when using this fraction. This study suggests the > 125 µm would be mostly sufficient for determining the EcoQS in northern Norway.

Analysis of The Diversity Of Butterfly (Rhopalocera) Based On Environmental Conditions In Muria Kudus Tourism Area Central Java

Mount Muria has abundant natural resources, both flora and fauna, one of which is butterflies. Butterflies as natural pollinators have an important role in the ecosystem. The deterioration of air quality has a negative impact on butterflies because they are quite sensitive to poor air quality and poor lighting. This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and butterflies in the Muria Kudus area, carried out in March and June 2020. Butterfly observations were carried out using the quadratic sample transect method with 3 observation stations and measured environmental factors, among others: temperature, humidity, light intensity, altitude and Pb concentration analysis with AAS. The results of the study found 40 species of butterflies consisting of 6 families, with a moderate diversity index, almost merit index and low dominance. Muria area still has good environmental conditions for butterfly breeding. Relative abundance is negatively correlated with light intensity (rcount = -0,855, rtable = 0,811). Averageness is negatively correlated with heigh (rcount=-0,836, rtable=-0,881). The butterfly species Ypthima nigricans, Orsotriaena medus, and Melanitis leda is a specialist butterfly species and the butterfly species Papilio memnon, Leptosia nina, Chersonesia rahria, Mycalesis horsifieldii, and Yphtima horsifieldii is a generalist species butterfly

A Study on the Relationship of Korea’s CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, and Trade Dependence Using Quantile Regression Analysis

Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship of CO2 emissions, economic growth, and trade dependency in South Korea from 1971 to 2015. Design/Methodology/Approach This study utilized the traditional environmental Kuznets curve(EKC) hypothesis, which included the relationship between income per capita and CO2 emissions. To apply this hypothesis, econometric procedures were adopted by ordinary least squares(OLS) and quantile regression with respect to linear and non-linear models, and Granger causality was utilized to analyze the relationship of the CO2 emission-economic growth-trade dependency nexus. Findings First, the results of OLS analysis indicated that economic growth and energy consumption led to an increase in CO2 emissions, and the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth/trade dependency/export dependency have an inverted U-shape. Second, the quantile regression results showed that the relationship between CO2 emissions and trade dependency/import dependency are the N-shaped within the low level of CO2 emission distributions. Finally, economic growth, trade dependency, energy consumption, and import dependency were Granger caused by CO2 emissions. Research Implications Preceding an carbon zero policy, we need to consider that there are important aspects in CO2 emission reductions, as well as the role of economic growth and trade. In addition, environmental policies need to implement integrated policies in a dimension that does not urge economic prosperity, and ensure good environmental conditions and sustainability at the same time.

Experimental Study on Wall Temperature and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gravity Heat Pipe by Heat Input Power and Working Materials

ABSTRACT With the rapid development of the coal industry, the possibility of spontaneous combustion of coal in the process of mining, storage and transportation has gradually increased. Coal in the pile state is very easy to lead to the occurrence of coal spontaneous combustion disaster because of the good heat storage environment and ventilation conditions. In order to study the impact regulation on the heat pipe heat dissipation effect under different heat source input power conditions, the working performance of the heat pipe is investigated by using methanol working material and no working material as a contrast. The experiments were conducted to determine the suitable working heat source environment for the gravity heat pipe by comparing and analyzing the wall temperature of the gravity heat pipe under different heat source input power as well as the use of the working material. The results show that the copper-methanol gravity heat pipe can best control the temperature of the heat source location to continue to rise, destroy its heat storage environment, and suppress the self-heating of the coal pile. The heat dissipation effect of the copper-methanol gravity heat pipe at the heat source input power of 75 W. It shows that different working materials have corresponding working environment. This experimental study is conducted to be able to destroy the self-heating environment of coal in the process of piling, which has certain guiding significance for the improvement of coal pile spontaneous combustion prevention technology.

Community-based waste management model in DKI Jakarta

The waste management that has been running in Jakarta today, where the majority still use the collect-transport-dump system, has been changed to a waste management approach that integrates the roles of the community, government and the private sector. This study aims to find a suitable waste management model for the DKI Jakarta Province. The research method used was descriptive analysis and a research and development approach. The informants are respondents consist of government officials related to waste management (Environmental Service), community leaders and local waste management activists. The results of the study show that The community based waste management model has so far proved to work when there is full Local Authority support and success is possible when the members of Local Organizations offering the service are form within the same community. The model has not only addressed the environmental problems resulting from poor waste management but has to a great extent contributed to the establishment of local good environment condition standards. Although the government programs in its infancy the results achieved so far indicate great potential for the improvement of the living environment through processes that are managed by communities.

Automatic Pneumatic Sheet Metal Feeding and Cutting Machine

Abstract: Today in the rapid competition of the industries to get the best quality of the product in the minimum required time is the main aim of industries. To get the best quality and maximum production most advanced machines are used. But there are no facts that use only the advanced machines, to maintain their performance is real requirement of the industries, also to give proper facilities to the workers with good environmental condition and to reduce their efforts is one of the objects to achieve the best quality and high production. Sheet metal is simply a metal formed into thin and flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metal working and can be cut and bent into a variety of different shapes. Countless everyday objects are constructed of the material. Thicknesses can vary significantly, although extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate. Sheet metal also has applications in car bodies, airplane wings, medical tables, roofs for buildings (Architectural) and many other things. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high magnetic permeability, also known as laminated steel cores, has applications in transformers and electric machines. There are three primary procedures in Layout. They are Parallel, Radial, and Triangulation. The major aim to our experiment is to study about pneumatic control system, study about double acting cylinder, study about the advantage of pneumatic hand operated valve and study about high speed blade. We are using scissors for simple sheet metal cutting. It is a manual method so that sheet metals are to be wasted sometimes because of mistakes happened such as wrong dimensions etc., and also even a simple cutting may take long time. We are using a pneumatic system for sheet metal cutting in an easy way. It is operated by a pneumatic hand lever of two ways control valve. Control valve is operated by a compressor. Keywords: Pneumatic, Automation, Sheet Metal, Pneumatic, Valve, Cutting Machine

Does Phonological Complexity Provide a Good Index of Language Disorder in Children With Cochlear Implants?

Purpose Phonological complexity is known to be a good index of developmental language disorder (DLD) in normal-hearing children, who have major difficulties on some complex structures. Some deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) present a profile that evokes DLD, with persistent linguistic difficulties despite good audiological and environmental conditions. However, teasing apart what is related to auditory deficit or to language disorder remains complex. Method We compared the performance of three groups of school-age children, 33 children with CI, 22 with DLD, and 24 with typical development, on a nonword repetition (NWR) task based on phonological complexity. Children with CI were studied regarding their linguistic profile, categorized in four subgroups ranging from excellent to very poor performance. Influence of syllable length and phonological structures on the results of all the children were explored. Results The NWR task correctly distinguished children with DLD from typically developing children, and also children with CI with the poorest linguistic performance from other children with CI. However, most complex phonological structures did not reliably identify children with CI displaying a profile similar to that of children with DLD because these structures were difficult for all of the children with CI. The simplest phonological structures were better at detecting persistent language difficulties in children with CI, as they were challenging only for the children with the poorest language outcomes. Conclusions The most complex phonological structures are not good indices of language disorder in children with CI. Phonological complexity represents a gradient of difficulty that affects normal-hearing and deaf children differently.

Population structure of lamp shells (Brachiopoda: Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801) in Aceh Northern Shore, Indonesia

This study aimed to determine the population structure of Lingula sp. in the Aceh northern shore. This research uses purposive sampling method where the sampling locations at Ujong Pancu beach, Kuala Cangkoi beach, Syiah Kuala beach and Alue Naga beach. Sampling was carried out using a quadratic transect (1x1 m) with three stations at each location. The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. Overall, the abundance of L. anatina was quite high at each location, especially at Kuala Cangkoi beach (2.43 ind/m2), while the lowest abundance was found at Ujong Pancu beach (1,11 ind/m2). In addition, it was also found that L. anatina had a similarity distribution on the Aceh northern shore. The existence of L. anatina on the Aceh northern shore is very dependent on good environmental conditions, in general, the quality of the waters of Aceh northern shore is still within the tolerance limits of these biota. Therefore, population structure of L. anatina is stable, so that this biota resource must continue to be considered and managed properly.

Education for Parents of Children with Gadget Addiction

Background: Inappropriate and excessive use of gadgets can cause addiction and interfere with physical, psychological, and emotional health, increase social isolation, and negatively affect development, especially in children. The resulting impact will be greatly influenced by the role of parents, family and the environment. Purpose: This study aims to understand what education can be provided to parents of children with gadget addiction, along with how parents can choose toys and alternative games for children to reduce this gadget addiction. Methods: The design used in this article was a narrative review that involved collecting and analyzing journals using the keywords "addiction", "children", "education", "parent" and "gadget"; this obtained 10 journal articles from PubMed, two journal articles from ScienceDirect, 14 journal articles from Google Scholar published between 2015–2020, three books, and one collection of survey data from the web. Results: There were several strategies that could be applied in managing the use of gadgets by children. The authoritative type of parenting style, good parent-child relationships, parent-child attachment and family environment conditions could also affect the use of gadgets and its impact on children. Parents could additionally provide toys and alternative games suitable for the children’s age, developmental ability and safety needs. Conclusion: Parents are expected to understand how to manage children with gadget addiction and how they can choose toys and alternative games for children to reduce gadget addiction.

Maturity of a giant: age and size reaction norm for sexual maturity for Atlantic leatherback turtles

AbstractLeatherback marine turtles are the largest extant turtles with some individuals measuring up to 2 m in carapace length. In addition, this species remains in oceanic habitat during much its life, making it difficult to investigate its ontogeny from hatchling to adult stage. Furthermore, distinct chondro‐osseous (cartilage and bone) tissue morphology has led to speculation that sexual maturity may be reached as early as 3 years while others have estimated a minimum of 25 years to reach adulthood. Using a combination of reanalysis of the growth trajectories of juveniles maintained in captivity, and the age–size relationship of individuals in the field, we demonstrate and quantify the indeterminate growth of this species. Using comparisons of female size distribution on nesting beaches and stranded or captured‐at‐sea size distributions adjusted with a new asymmetric sigmoid function, we were able to model the size reaction norm for female sexual maturity. Combining these two models, we show that some females may reach maturity at 14 years in natural conditions, while others will take 50 years or more. Sexual maturity may even be reached at 5 years when individuals experience exceptionally good environmental conditions. This extreme plasticity in the age of sexual maturity has been demonstrated in loggerhead turtles in natural conditions and in green turtles in captivity. It may be a general life‐history feature of marine turtles.

LITERATUR REVIEW: HUBUNGAN SANITASI LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA ANAK

Diarrheal diseases are high and often fall into KLB categories in various parts of Indonesia. According to who (2017) data on world diarrhea events still 1.7 billion a year, the cause of death in both children-children. Data on the incidence of diarrheal diseases in Indonesia reach 6 million cases annually, with 36 deaths ata value of CFR 4.76%. Kemenkes RI (2018). The purpose of this study is to identify the environmental sanitation connections with the occurrence of diarrhea in children. The study used a textbook review method based on the journal search process for the full text article from a database on Google scholar, scient direct, ebsco, proquest, and springer. Taken, published in 2015-2020, the journal has a total of 10. According to the results of this study, there are 2 related environmental sanitation links to the incidence of diarrhoea in children, and according to the provision of clean water, there are 7 related journals and according to the disposal of human waste. Good environmental conditions are an important effort to prevent diarrhoea in children.

Assessing the effect of working conditions on routine medical checkup among artisanal goldminers in Ghana

The socio-economic impacts of unforeseen health challenges among mine workers cannot be overemphasized. Due to the nature of artisanal mining in Ghana, workers are responsible for their own health care. This, however, necessitates the need for insight into the dynamics of self-care among artisanal miners. A cross-sectional survey of 500 artisanal gold miners was conducted to explore the relationship between working conditions of artisanal miners and voluntarily going for routine medical checkup, even in the absence of the right support systems, using a nested binary logistic regression. All the working condition variables were robust in predicting routine medical checkup in all three models. In this case, goldminers who reported good health, safety and environmental conditions were more likely to go for routine medical checkup as compared to their co-workers who reported poor health, safety and environmental conditions. Contrariwise, miners who reported good economic conditions were less likely to go for routine medical checkup as compared to their counterparts who reported poor economic conditions. Also, routine medical checkup was less likely among artisanal miners who did not protect themselves at work and had experienced work related health challenges. For the compositional factors, miners who had senior high school education were more likely to go for routine medical checkup as compared to those with no formal education. Likewise, older miners were more probable to go for routine medical checkup as compared to their younger counterparts. At the contextual level, miners who worked on shift regime and miners who worked in non-production departments were more likely to go for routine medical checkup. The outcome of this study provides insight into the dynamics of self-care amongst artisanal miners and how best to possibly improve it in an attempt to maintain a healthy workforce and its cascading effects. To increase consciousness of self-health care in artisanal mining, there is the need for a national dialogue on how to improve the working conditions of artisanal miners in Ghana.

Mapping tillage direction and contour farming by object-based analysis of UAV images

Tillage is a primary agricultural task that causes progressive soil movement and, consequently, severe erosion in sloping farmland, with a high impact on crop productivity, soil quality and landscape features. Governments and public administrations acknowledge the need to control tillage operations for a better soil conservation in vulnerable areas, recommending the practice of contour farming. Despite this importance, there is currently no mechanism for the effective and large-scale monitoring of tillage patterns at the field or regional scale. Accordingly, this research combined aerial images taken with unmanned aerial vehicles and object-based image analysis (OBIA) to develop an innovative OBIA4tillage procedure with three main objectives: (i) analysing plowed agricultural fields, identifying and mapping the tillage marks, and automatically computing the main direction of the tillage furrows, (ii) validating the procedure quality in different scenarios by evaluating the accuracy of the results as affected by the sensor used (visible-light vs. multispectral), background soil hue, and ground vegetation density; and (iii) mapping contour farming and non-contour farming areas as indicators of potential low and high soil erosion risk, respectively. Twenty olive parcels from two different locations with a wide range of tree sizes, soil hue, parcel shapes and land slopes were selected as model systems to develop and validate the procedure. The OBIA4tillage procedure produced tillage maps with very high accuracy for both RGB and multispectral images (R2 of 0.99 and 0.93, respectively), as obtained from the linear equation between estimated and ground-truth values. The results were similar in clear and dark soils (R2 of 0.96 in both cases), although there were notable differences between areas of dense ground vegetation or bare soil (R2 of 0.99 in both cases) and areas of medium vegetation cover (R2 of 0.81). The application of contour farming in the study region was moderate at location 1 (42.35% of the study area) but more widespread at location 2 (72.60% of the study area), which revealed the uneven involvement of the local farmers in the challenge of controlling soil erosion risks. The valuable information in the OBIA4tillage outputs can also be used to study tillage events at various spatial and temporal scales, feed soil erosion models and promote good agricultural and environmental conditions measures implemented at the parcel scale.

Multi-criteria Land Suitability Analysis for Agriculture in Semi-Arid Region of Kadapa District, Southern India: Geospatial Approaches

This research proposes an integrated methodology for incorporating RS, GIS and AHP techniques for the assessment of agricultural land suitability. In Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, study is being done on how to best promote agriculture as a source of income to boost the economy of the region. A combined RS, GIS and AHP techniques has been utilized that incorporates organizing AHP hierarchy, criteria specification, pairwise comparison, and criterion map preparation. Land suitability comparison showed that an area of 4.42 km2 (2.62%) is appropriate for irrigation, while an area of 54.39 km2 (32.33%) is appropriate moderately suitable for rainfed agriculture and 95.76 km2 (56.93%) is marginally suitable for agricultural productions. About 13.64 km2 (8.11%) land is currently not suitable for agricultural production. Additionally, the analysis clearly shows the necessity of a decrease in irrigated agricultural land and an increase in dry farm agricultural land. This application of RS, GIS and AHP based agricultural land suitability analysis is helpful in referring agricultural activities to the areas with good physical and environmental conditions, allowing maximum agricultural efficiency in the countryside, increasing non-agricultural uses in areas with low efficiency, and avoiding the construction and environmental pressures on suitable farmland.

PERFORMA AYAM BROILER PADA JARAK INLET YANG BERBEDA DI KANDANG TIPE CLOSED HOUSED

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of zonation in the closed house enclosure on its microclimate conditions and the physical appearance of broilers. This study used 22,000 day old cobb strains broilers divided into four zonation area, i.e., zone 1 = an area 0-30 m from the inlet, zone 2 = 30-60 m from the inlet, zone 3 = 60-90 m from the inlet, and zone 4 = 90-120 m from the inlet. Air temperature and humidity of each zone were recorded daily from day 7 to&#x0D; day 21 st of the rearing period.. On day 28st, a total of 360 chicks were selected randomly from 90 chick each zone for bodyweight and Uniformity. This study shows that the environmental conditions of the enclosure were characterized by a tendency for the temperature to increase in the area away from the inlet, on the contrary, the humidity level decreased. However, the differences in the value of these environmental parameters can still be tolerated by chickens, which are body weight, uniformity and mortality by a fairly normal score. The different zonation in the closed house for broilers was fairly enough to provide a good environmental condition for broilers as observed from broiler performance.

Factors behind the dynamics of land use evolution: case of Lebanon

sMonitoring and understanding the evolution of land use and land cover is a key factor for many environmental studies as well as for policymakers. Moreover, policymakers are interested in understanding the factors that have a significant impact on land use change. This paper analyses the dynamics of land use change in Lebanon between the years 1984 and 2019 and identifies the main factors behind this process. The use of LandSat satellite images enables the creation of land use maps at several periods and the monitoring of the evolution of built up areas as well as of green areas. Five periods emerge from this analysis, for which it is possible to propose explanatory factors, after an in-depth qualitative analysis. Within the framework of Structural Equation Models, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis is carried out to determine the impacts of several factors related to governance and financial data. Moreover, the urban sprawl is further investigated and explained by cultural, environmental, and infrastructural factors. The main results reveal that the development of built up areas is highly dependent on good funding conditions, whereas banking conditions and weak governance are correlated. The case of Lebanon presents specificities probably linked to historical and cultural considerations that deserve to be studied in future works. In the form of recommendations, new land use policies should be enacted to ensure sustainability in the form of an equilibrium between the urban development, from one side, and the preservation of natural resources and good environmental conditions on the other side. This could comprise the preservation of natural zones; the subsidization of the cultivation profession; and the encouragement of urban densification instead of horizontal sprawl.

The potential of secondary forests to restore biodiversity of the lost forests in semi-deciduous West Africa

In West Africa, more than 80% of the original forest cover has disappeared due to the exponential growth of human populations in a recurrent search for new agricultural land. Once the fertility of the land is exhausted, these areas are abandoned and left to be reforested through natural succession. Despite the widespread presence of secondary forests of various ages in West African landscapes, little is known about the trajectories of recovery and the environmental factors that influence recovery rates. We set up 96 0.2 ha forest plots, along a chronosequence of 1 to 40 years and including 7 controls, on which all trees larger than 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height were inventoried. We modelled the recovery trajectories of four complementary dimensions of biodiversity (richness, diversity, composition, indicators of old-growth forest) in a Bayesian framework. Our results show that the four dimensions of biodiversity recover at different rates, with composition recovering much faster than floristic diversity. Among the local, landscape, and historical factors studied, the number of remnants and proximity to old-growth forests have a positive impact on recovery rates, with, under good environmental conditions, the composition, richness, and diversity being almost completely recovered in less than 25 years. Our results demonstrate the very high resilience of the composition of the semi-deciduous forests of West Africa, but also suggest that the management of these post-forest areas must be differentiated according to the landscape context and the presence of isolated trees, which are the last vestiges of the former forest. In unfavourable conditions, natural dynamics should be assisted by agroforestry practices and local tree planting to allow for a rapid restoration of forest goods and services to local populations.

Taking advantage of natural regeneration potential in secondary forests to recover commercial tree resources in Côte d’Ivoire

In Côte d’Ivoire, more than 80% of the original forest cover has disappeared due to slash-and-burn shifting agricultural practices, uncontrolled logging, and large-scale land conversion for cash crop cultivation. Yet the demand for timber continues to grow and cannot be met by the scarcity of tree plantations. Despite the widespread presence of secondary forests of various ages in Ivorian landscapes, little is known about recovery trajectories of timber resources and the environmental factors that influence recovery rates. We set up 96 0.2 ha forest plots, along a chronosequence of 1 to 40 years and including 7 controls, on which all commercial trees larger than 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height were inventoried. We modelled the recovery trajectories of four complementary indicators of timber resources (basal area, tree density, size of big trees, bole volume) in a Bayesian framework. Our results show that the four indicators recover at different rates, with tree density recovering in less than 15 years while bole volumes need more than a hundred years to recover. Among the local, landscape, and historical factors studied, the number of remnants and proximity to old-growth forests have a positive impact on recovery rates, with, under good environmental conditions, the density, basal area and size of big trees being almost completely recovered in less than 25 years. Our results demonstrate the very high resilience of the timber resource, but also suggest that the landscape management of these post-forest areas must be differentiated according to the landscape context and the presence of isolated trees, which are the last vestiges of the former forest.

Study on habitat suitability and environmental variable thresholds of rare waterbirds

The conservation level of rare waterbirds reflects the quality of the regional ecological environment and wetlands, and suitable habitat patches and good environmental conditions are bases to support the activities of rare species in habitats. Establishing these conditions is also an important goal of habitat landscape and functional restoration. However, lack of these conditions limits population protection and habitat restoration of rare species. Based on the random forest (RF) algorithm and threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN), this paper performed habitat suitability assessment and environmental variable threshold analysis of rare waterbird species in Yancheng coastal wetlands. The results showed that the suitable area proportion of three waterbird species at different habitat sites was less than 20%. The unsuitable area proportions of red-crowned cranes and oriental storks at the CA habitat site were the highest, reaching 86.73% and 85.17%, respectively. In addition, analysis of the importance of environmental variables showed that the main influencing variables affecting the suitable habitat distribution of the three rare waterbirds were habitat type (T_hab), habitat area (A_hab), vegetation coverage (P_fvc), distance to farmland (D_far), distance to reeds (D_ree), ponds density (Ponds), distance to water surface (D_wat) and distance to main roads or seawalls (D_swa). These variables covered the type, area, coverage and distance indicators. With the exception of D_far, Ponds and D_swa, rare waterbirds had response thresholds to each environmental indicator, and these results supported the restoration of landscape structure and function of each habitat site. This study emphasized the importance of foods, water resources and hidden conditions for habitat selection in rare waterbirds. Finally, we proposed the maintenance and restoration patterns of the landscape structure and function of rare waterbird habitats, which are available for other coastal tidal wetlands.

Temporal morphometric analyses of Pila globosa in India for its use in aquaculture and food industry

BackgroundAlthough the apple snail Pila globosa is used as indicator species for human consumption locally and as fish feed, research on it in general is very scanty. It is used in food industry, in aquaculture as fish bait and used as food in many regions of India and many other countries, but research on it has been started in the 1970s. Only 40 articles are available on this organism in PubMed indicating an urgent need of basic research on it especially work on its spatiotemporal morphometry Therefore, sampling of P. globosa was done from different parts of India in different seasons (summer, winter and rainy), and different morphometric studies were performed on this organism to draw baseline information. Analysis was conducted to study morphometry, the relationship between shell length and the weight and relative condition factor of Indian apple snail Pila globosa collected from five zones (east, west, north, south and centre) of India during 2018–2019 year.ResultsThe shell length (SL) (46.5 ± 13.33), shell width (SW) (40.22±11.5 mm), spire length (SPL) (2.99±0.15 mm), base length (BL) (12.53±2.94 mm), aperture length (AL) (21.95±4.36 mm), aperture width (AW) (2.74±0.47 mm) and shell weight (WT) (31.08±13.76 g) were observed to be varied among the individual sampled across India. Different relationships for SL/SW (Log SW=0.9889 Log SL + 0.9444), SL/SPL (Log SPL = 0.1452 Log SL+0.3815), SL/BL (Log BL=0.7789 Log SL+0.5814), SL/AL (Log AL= 0.6518 Log SL+0.9111) and SL/AW (Log AW=0.4475 Log SL+0.1422) were observed by considering shell length as basic index. The relationship between shell length and shell weight was found to be Log WT=2.0263 Log SL+0.1098. The relative condition factor revealed uninterrupted and good environmental condition observed for apple snails. A negative allometric growth pattern was observed from the length–weight relationship.ConclusionThe environments of apple snail in India are not contaminated, and the results can be used as baseline data in aquaculture for model analysis and can be used as a reference for drawing relationship among different morphometric indices of P. globosa in India, as there is no such information available on it. The data can also be used for mass scale production of P. globosa for consumption by human and use in aquatic industries as fish feed.