Good Colour Strength Research Articles

Environmentally Friendly Coloration of Polyamide Fabrics with the Use of Natural Dyes: A Study Including Results of Industrial Scale Applications

In recent years, it is seen that there have been many publications on natural dyes in literature. In the studies carried out, one or more plants were taken and the color and fastness obtained with them in the presence of different mordants were examined. Beyond that, functionalities such as odor, antibacterial activity, and UV protection that natural dyes impart to the fabric were examined. However, the important thing that the literature needs is to represent also the results related to the industrial scale production since industry shows high interest to be able to use natural dyes. In this study, seven plant dyes have been used for the coloration of polyamide fabric. The studies have been conducted both on an industrial scale and at the laboratory scale. Based on the statistical analyses, four dyes with the highest color strength and fastness properties including catechu, madder, mulberry leaf, and pomegranate peel were selected for more studies on industrial scale. The results confirmed the good color strength and satisfactory fastness properties against repeated washing, rubbing, water, and perspiration for all selected dyes. The samples dyed with those dyes exhibited excellent protection against UV radiation. The results obtained in this study showed the potential of the selected natural dyes in eco-friendly industrial dyeing of nylon fabric with acceptable fastness properties.

Dyeing jute-cotton blended fabric with natural dyes: A chemical-free approach of LPGD plasma technology using O2 and N2 gases

In response to growing environmental concerns in the textile industry, this study investigates the effects of a low-pressure glow discharge (LPGD) plasma with oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) gases on the dyeing process of jute-cotton (JC) blended fabrics, using coffee extract as a natural dye source. The hydrophilic properties of all the JC blended fabric samples were enhanced due to plasma treatments. The contact angles of the samples were significantly decreased from 131° to 52° (O2) and 55° (N2) after 20 minutes of plasma treatment. Compositional analysis revealed new functional groups e.g., CO and N−H, on the fabric's surface after plasma treatment. Surface morphology analysis indicated that the surface roughness of the treated fabric was increased with plasma treatment time. The improvement of the wicking properties of the fabric with contact time was also observed. All the plasma-treated fabric samples exhibited good colour strength (k/s), wash fastness, and rubbing fastness. After plasma treatment with O2 gas for 20 minutes, the k/s value had increased from 3.6 to 4.9. Washing and rubbing (dry) color fasting ratings were enhanced from 1 to 3 and 2–4, respectively, following a 20-minute plasma treatment with O2 gas. Although both O2 and N2 plasma treatment showed a significant impact on the dyeing properties of JC blended fabric, O2 gas provided better results compared to N2 gas plasma treatment.

Optimizing cyanine dye properties for enhanced dyeing and inkjet printing on diverse Substrates: Photophysical and colorimetric investigations

Cyanine-based cationic dyes with different substituents in the donor unit were easily synthesized using readily available starting materials. The prepared dye molecules were spectroscopically characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and HR-Mass, and their thermal stability was measured by TGA, DSC, and XRD. Based on the TGA and DSC measurements, it was concluded that all the dyes are thermally stable up to 200 °C. Also, powder XRD was studied for all dyes to identify the explicit crystallinity and morphological nature of the dyes. A dye dispersion solution was prepared for the proper dyeing of modacrylic fabric and the dyed fabric showed good color strength K/S for dyes R1, R2, and R6 and fragile color strength for R3, R4,and R5. These dyes are also used for printing on substrates like paper and fabric using ink-jet printing. These dyes were also used for transferability printing applications on various fabrics.

Valorisation of Napier grass through fibre extraction and coloration by natural dye from Rubia tinctorum

AbstractAgricultural biomass is a well‐known renewable resource with a strong possibility of recycling. The current work focuses on extracting, preparing and colouring Napier grass fibre (NGF) with a colourant extracted from Rubia tinctorum (RT) (which is generally known as madder). NGF that had been water‐retted was alkaline scoured and bleached using hydrogen peroxide to increase the material's whiteness index and water absorption capacity without degrading its breaking strength. After being mordanted with tannic acid, the bleached NGF was coloured with an aqueous extract of the colourant extracted from RT. The Box–Behnken response surface methodology design model was employed to optimise the dyeing concentration, temperature and time. The dyed fibre showed good colour strength (K/S) and adequate wash, rub and light fastness. Adopting the findings from the current study would increase the efficient utilisation of biomass for use in textiles, which is unnecessarily wasted.

Sustainable Dyeing of Wool and Silk with Conocarpus erectus L. Leaf Extract for the Development of Functional Textiles

Natural dyes derived from plants offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes for textile coloration. This study examined the extraction of natural dyes from Conocarpus erectus L. leaves and their application on wool and silk fabrics. Aqueous extraction in an alkaline medium was used to obtain dyes from raw leaves, which were then applied to pre-mordanted silk and wool fabrics by applying the ultrasonic-assisted exhaust dyeing method. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength (K/S) and CIELAB color coordinates. The color fastness (washing, rubbing, and light), ultraviolet protection factor, mosquito repellency, and antibacterial activity were established using standard testing protocols. The surface morphologies of silk and wool were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, the dyed fabrics displayed good color strength and color fastness properties. Moreover, the dyed wool samples revealed satisfactory antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) in both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods, good ultraviolet protection in terms of UPF, and good mosquito repellency against Aedes aegypti. This study for the first time presented the application of a medicinal plant (Conocarpus erectus L.) in the field of textile dyeing and finishing. Hence, the use of Conocarpus erectus L. leaf dyes offers significant results on wool and silk fabrics and contributes to sustainable functional textile production.

Dyeing of some Egyptian cotton varieties using agricultural wastes (peanut outer skin)

Purpose Peanut skins are an agro-waste product with no commercial value. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate peanut skin as a natural dyestuff and to determine if this natural dye could be used in the dyeing of some Egyptian cotton cultivars. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of several steps; dye extraction procedure from peanut skin through aqueous extraction, then dyeing optimized using simultaneous mordanting using alum. Finally, dyed cotton has been subjected to different textile laboratory tests, for example, color measurements and mechanical properties. Color-fastness was determined on Egyptian cotton fabric. The peanut skin as a source of natural dye and the dyed cotton sample were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Findings It was found that the natural dye extracted from peanut skin has an affinity for cotton samples and showed high dyeability with a unique color shade, good color strength and very good fastness. Originality/value The novelty of this paper is the extraction of color from the peanut's outer skin which is discarded as waste such as agro-waste of the agricultural process which can be used as a natural dye in the textile industry and applied to dyeing some Egyptian cotton fibers from different genotypes.

Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Tencel Fabric by Using Natural Dye Extracted from Eucalyptus Leaves

The usage of natural dyes as environmentally suitable dyeing methods has extended during the recent years. The prime focus of this research is on the extraction and purification of natural dyes from eucalyptus leaves. With its numerous applications, eucalyptus leaves are highly valued for their diverse application, particularly as a rich source of natural colours. Quercetin is the primary colouring component in eucalyptus leaves. It has been utilized as a food dye with strong antioxidant properties and as an antioxidant. The goal of this research is to dye Tencel fabric using eucalyptus leaf-derived natural dye. The dye was extracted by using an ultrasonic extraction technique. Different ratios of the two mordants copper sulfate and ferrous sulphate were applied. Dyeing was carried out with different temperatures and concentrations and the pre-mordanting method was used for mordanting. The dyed Tencel fabric displayed a good colour strength of (K/S = 4.72), CIELAB values, and good to excellent light fastness (5), wash (4-5), perspiration (4-5), and rubbing (dry and wet = 4-5) fastness properties.

Plant extracted natural fluorescent protein C-phycocyanin doped in PVA nanofibers for advanced apparel application

Natural dyes are gaining a great deal of attention due to their eco-friendly and sustainable properties for advanced apparel applications. However, the reproducibility and accessibility of various colors using natural dyes remain challenging. In this study, plant-extracted fluorescent protein C-phycocyanin (CP) is used as a natural dye source and doped in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers via electrospinning for advanced apparel applications. The prepared nanofibers show a smooth and bead-free surface morphology. The FTIR results confirmed the formation of PVA nanofibers followed by a major peak at 3304 cm−1 due to the stretching of hydroxyl groups. Subsequently, CP-doping in PVA nanofibers is observed by the N–H deformation peaks at 1541 cm−1; C–N stretching vibrations at 1250 cm−1 and 1092 cm−1; and the C=O stretching vibrations of the carboxyl group at 1722 cm−1, respectively. Thus, CP-doped PVA nanofibers exhibit a good color strength (K/S) of 0.2 having a blue color tune and good color fastness properties. The mechanical strength of PVA nanofibers increased from 6 MPa to 18 MPa, due to crystalline characteristics endowed by the dope dyeing technique. Further, CP-doped PVA nanofibers exhibit homogeneous bright red fluorescence in individual nanofibers. Therefore, the proposed CP-doped PVA nanofibers can be used for flexible advanced apparel and biosensor applications.

Synthesis and spectral properties of novel cationic fazo dyes and calix[4]arene macromolecule: Application studies towards the cationic dyeing and dye effluent water purification technology

Herein, we synthesized three novel pyridone based cationic azo dyes and calix[4]arene macromolecule. All the synthesized molecules are characterized and confirmed by NMR, IR, and HRMS analysis. The structural optimization, vibrational frequencies, HOMO and LUMO energy calculations were obtained from Gaussian 09 program package on the B3LYP level using 6–311 G basis set. Theoretical vibrational frequencies are good agreement with experimental values. FT-IR and NMR results confirm that pyridone cationic dyes exist in hydrazone tautomeric form. Dyeing experiments were performed with these dyes on modacrylic fabrics in an aqueous medium. All three dyes displayed good color strength in acidic pH. The binding interactions between the fiber and dyes have been proposed. Calix[4]arene macromolecule is used to extract these dyes from the wastewater. The removal efficiency of calix[4]arene is over 95% observed for all three cationic azo dyes. The excellent adsorption capacity was maintained up to three cycles. These results suggest that calix[4]arene based macromolecule is an attractive candidate for removing cationic dyes from the wastewater due to easy synthesis and low cost.

Inorganic ferrite brown; transformation towards a versatile pigment for energy efficient constructions

The present work demonstrates a multifunctional brown inorganic ferrite pigment series, which is free of highly toxic elements, via solid-state ceramic method. Partial replacement of chromophore Fe3+ by Al3+ in the pigment composition (ZnFe1.9Al0.1O4) brought structural distortion in its octahedral geometry that further induced compressive stress inside the crystal unit cell. The introduction of even 5 mol% of Al3+ ions incorporated in place of Fe3+ could able to promote the pigment reflectance profile 25 units higher compared to parent system, particularly with significant colour improvement. Acrylic coating of the pigment on Al substrate was equally well in displaying good colour strength and temperature shielding ability (∼2 °C) with respect to ZnFe2O4. The pigment stands out with its promising anticorrosive performance over the commercial toxic candidates, chromates and phosphates, exhibiting excellent Rct = 4.1 × 109 Ωcm2. The durability of 20 wt% pigment loaded epoxy coating on steel activates through combined action of Zn(OH)2 and FeOOH film mechanism. Since, the pigment exhibits intense colour, high NIR solar reflectance and robust corrosion resistance properties, their use as a high-performance multifunctional pigment is indispensable.

Valorization of Corn Husk Waste for Textile Applications

ABSTRACT Agriculture biomass is a widely known renewable source that has a high possibility of recycling. The present investigation deals with the extraction, pre-treatment, dyeing, and characterization of natural fiber obtained from agricultural residues of corn husk. Water retted corn husk fibers were subjected to two steps of scouring and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. The process effectively reduced non-cellulosic impurities, increased cellulose content to almost 79%, enhanced water absorption (431.5%), and increased fiber whiteness (54) with minimal impact on breaking tenacity (17.17 CN/tex). Natural dyeing was performed by using dye extracted from Sappan wood, and it was observed that fiber dyed without mordant exhibits a good color strength (K/S) of 13.21. Optimum dyeing conditions were determined by the response surface methodology, where K/S was kept as the main response. Modern spectroscopic characterization techniques were used for confirmatory analysis. The optimized recipe for natural dyeing is a 20% liquid dye concentration at 70°C for 1 hour, which achieved a K/S of 10.2–10.5 with adequate wash and light fastness properties in the range of 3–4 and 7–8, respectively. The current study will pave the way for the efficient textile application of this abundant but unnecessarily wasted biomass.

Alkanna tinctoria-based sustainable alkanin natural colorant for eco-dyeing of wool.

The awareness of sustainability and widespread utilization of green technologies in textile dye houses are revolutionizing not only textile industries but related fields. The current study is concerned with ultrasonic (US)-assisted utilization of extracts of Alkanna tinctoria (a source of natural alkanin dye) for wool dyeing. The extracts are obtained in various media, and both extracts andwool fabrics have been US treated for 15-60min. Dyeing is performed by applying variable parameters and utilizing herbal-based extracts as a source of bio-mordant, hence improving the fastness rating and enhancing color strength. Good color strength and fastness ratings are obtained using irradiated extract at 4 pH when the US-treated wool fabric is dyed at 65°C for 60min before and after chemical and bio-mordanting. For comparative studies, chemical mordants are also employed. In contrast to chemical mordants, the bio-mordants have made the dyeing process more sustainable with good toexcellent fastnessrating.

Synthesis, Application, and Antibacterial Activity of New Direct Dyes based on Chromene Derivatives.

This study aimed at synthesizing, analyzing, and utilizing two new direct dyes based on chromene derivatives as the chromophoric moiety in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton, with good color strength, light fastness, and other desirable features. New direct dyes with antimicrobial activities for Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungus are being developed. These dyes are used on cotton, silk, and wool materials, which have excellent light fastness, washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. All dyeing fabrics were tested for antibacterial activity. As a part of the experiment, parent structure 1 was previously synthesized. Then, diazotization and coupling reactions were used to prepare these dyes. P-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid (C1) and 4-Aminoazobenzene-3,4'-disulfonic acid (C2) were diazotized in hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite and then coupled with compound 1 in a molar ratio of 1:1 at 25 °C until the pH was fixed at 5. Finally, the monoazo and diazo direct dyes (D1 and D2) were prepared. Wool, silk, and cotton materials benefit from the increased antibacterial activities and dyeing qualities (exhaustion and fixing) of synthetic dyes. Furthermore, they offer excellent fastness qualities (light, rubbing, and perspiration).

Anacardic acid isolated from cashew nut shells liquid: A potential precursor for the synthesis of anthraquinone dyes

The strategy for synthesis of anthraquinone based dyes from anacardic acid were developed. Five anthraquinone derivative dyes (1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 7-bromo-1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1,7-hydroxyanthrquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone and indanthrone) were synthesised from anacardic acid isolated from Cashew Nut Shells Liquid (CNSL). The novelty of the strategy is that the dyes have been synthesised from commercially inexpensive and renewable starting materials. The synthesised dyes were characterised by spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, HRMS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The two synthesised anthraquinone dyes (1-hydroxyanthraquinone and 7-bromo-1-hydroxyanthraquinone) were tested on 100% polyester fabric while the synthesised indanthrone dye was tested on 100% cotton fabric. Reflectance spectrophotometer analysis of the dyed fabrics indicated good colour strength and wash fastness properties. This demonstrates that CNSL is a potential precursor in the synthesis of anthraquinone dyes.

An efficient dye-fixation technique with reactive dye for a wash-free process of silk fabrics without water discharge

Coloring textiles with less or without water discharge for sustainable and cleaner production has been a hot topic for a long time due to increasing social, environmental and consumer requirements. In this paper, a new and efficient dye-fixation technique with reactive dye for a wash-free process of silk fabrics without water discharge is presented. Here, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane is employed as the dyeing medium, Reactive Black 5 as the selected dye and sodium carbonate as the alkali. The results show that the dye-fixation rate is higher than 90% and the dyed silk fabrics have good color strength, tensile properties, hand values (including stiffness, softness and smoothness), washing fastness and wet rubbing fastness when adding proper alkali into the dye solution. A probable mechanism was proposed.

Eco-friendly antibacterial dyeing of poly(lactic acid) with prodigiosins suspension produced by Zooshikella ganghwensis

Dyeing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber with natural dyestuffs has attracted a lot of attentions due to the production of the fully eco-friendly textile products. In this study, PLA nonwoven fabric was successfully dyed using microbial prodigiosins as clean disperse dyestuff. Prodigiosins suspension with the mean size 243.6 nm was prepared by the fermentation of Zooshikella ganghwensis in the presence of nonionic surfactant. Meanwhile, the dyeing process to endow PLA nonwoven fabric with purplish red color as well as antibacterial performance was investigated in detail. The results indicated that the PLA nonwoven fabric exhibited good color strength, low strength loss, good bacteriostatic properties against Staphylococcus aureus when it was dyed under dyebath pH of 4–5 at 90 °C for 20 min. Additionally, the dyed PLA nonwoven fabrics showed excellent rubbing fastness and washing fastness. Overall, a clean dyeing process using microbial prodigiosins from renewable sources as functional disperse dyestuff for PLA nonwoven fabric is developed, which is beneficial to realize the further green production of PLA nonwoven fabric.

One-bath one-step dyeing of polyester/cotton (PC) blends fabric with disperse dyes after acetylation of cotton

Aiming at the classic problem of dyeing of polyester–cotton blended fabric one-bath one-step dyeing of PC blends with disperse dye after surface modification of cotton were studied. Surface modification of cotton was carried out using fibrous acetylation methods. The optimum value for surface modification was obtained with a concentration of acetylation agent 16% and time of reaction 2.5 h, gave a percent acetylation of 34. Surface chemistry and thermal decomposition were studied by using FTIR spectra and TGA. The tear strength crease recovery, pilling and abrasion resistance were evaluated. The experiment result of dyeing showed that the optimum value was obtained with dye concentration above 1% at a temperature of 120 °C warp tensile strength decreased by 12% and weft tensile strength was decreased by 9% from the control half-bleached fabric. Results of this study showed that one-step one bath dyed modified PC blend with disperse dye fabric presents good fastness property and color strength values compared with conventional two-bath dyed fabric.

Extraction of an eco-friendly natural dye from Eleutherine bulbosa (Miller) Urban bulbs, its application as a cotton fabric colorant and chemical characterization

ABSTRACT In recent years, natural dyes are gaining importance in textile dyeing applications as they are renewable and biodegradable. In the present study, we selected Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs as a source of natural colorant for dyeing cotton fabrics. Water was used for the extraction of dye, a step toward eco-friendly dyeing. The dyeing was carried out with different mordants and color fastness properties were determined. Relatively higher color strength values were obtained with Myrobalan fruit extract (Mfe- 4.267) and Pomegranate rind extract (Pre- 2.731) as mordants. With Mfe and Pre good color strength values were retained even after detergent wash (3.103 and 1.865) or light exposure (3.689 and 2.395). A combination of Eleutherine dye with turmeric extract was also experimented. Results showed better color strength values with Mfe (4.304) and Pre (3.120). The color retainability after detergent wash (2.960 and 2.100) or light exposure (4.186 and 2.911) was also good with these mordants. Results revealed that E. bulbosa could be used as a source of an ecofriendly dye for cotton fabrics, and the dye-fixing is most effective with the natural mordant myrobalan. The composition of dye extract was analyzed by LCMS technique, 15 compounds were detected, most of which are quinone derivatives.

Screen printing of cellulose electrospun nanofibres with PDA polymer

Herein, the preparation of print paste formulation containing the PDA (Polydiacetylene) polymer has been investigated for the first time. Screen printing method was employed to apply the prepared print paste on cellulose ENMs, and the Electrospinning method was used to fabricate cellulose acetate ENM followed by its deacetylation to prepare CEL ENMs. Distinct blue colour was developed with 254 nm UV-irradiation of printed CEL ENMs. We achieved good colour strength (K/S = 3.1) on printed ENMs, excellent colourfastness to washing (staining on multifibre: rating 5) and colourfastness to light (blue wool scale: rating 1). We found that the printed CEL ENMs can be effectively used as thermochromic sensor as it induced blue-to-red colour transition at 80 °C. Moreover, it has demonstrated solvatochromic property when incubated in NaOH. Mechanical properties (Tensile strength and wrinkle recovery), chemical structure (ATR-FTIR spectroscopy) as well as surface morphology (SEM analysis) of ENMs were also determined.

Sustainable Isolation and Application of Rose Petals Based Anthocyanin Natural Dye for Coloration of Bio-Mordanted Wool Fabric

ABSTRACT The application of natural dye in the textile industry is gaining popularity because of the increasing awareness of environmental effects, the ecological effects, and the pollution caused by synthetic dyes. Rose flowers, which are one of the best sources of natural dye, have been selected for fabric dyeing due to the presence of anthocyanin pigment. Dyeing of wool is done at optimal conditions such as pH, temperature, time, and salt. It is found that at different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) chemical and bio mordants mediums gave a variety of shades of good color and better fastness properties onto natural fabrics. By using different chemical and bio mordants and their combinations to analyze the color strength and fastness properties could be enhanced. Bio-mordants gave shades with good color strength and acceptable for the universe. The plant extract has therapeutic values like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.