The ability to accurately monitor human motions such as hand-gestures is essential for establishing human-machine interface (HMI) systems for application in cutting-edge technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and the internet of things. In this study, we developed self-powered and single-electrode piezoelectric motion sensors (PMSs) to precisely monitor hand-gestures. The sensors are based on semiconductor InN nanowires (NWs) and graphene as the response medium and channel of carrier movement, respectively. Compared to motion sensors with a double-electrode configuration, the single-electrode device offers notable advantages, including structural simplicity, elimination of the shielding effect of the top electrode, and a reduced risk of failure resulting from short-circuiting. Systematic analysis of the self-powered PMSs by varying the degree of strain, relative humidity, number of bending cycles, and operational time (up to 30 days) indicates that the device performance is sufficient for practical application. A PMS module composed of 14 chips attached to the finger joints of a left hand was able to successfully distinguish hand-gestures corresponding to the volume of an object (softball, baseball, and golf ball). This result demonstrates that single-electrode PMSs with InN NWs could contribute to realizing sophisticated HMI technology.

Sponsorship offers marketing benefits of a brand association and, for some sponsors, a functional congruence with the brand, having a participatory role for the property. A functional congruence exists for golf equipment brands with professional golfers using their golf clubs and golf balls in tournaments. Sponsorship within the golf industry was altered when golfers joined the LIV Golf Tour. This article examines golf equipment brands’ commercials aired during PGA Tour and LIV Golf tournament broadcasts to test their communication of a sponsorship brand association and functional congruence.

Sometimes, when a golfer attempts to putt a golf ball, it appears to enter the hole, only to re-emerge almost immediately, having undergone an angle of turn around the hole rim that can exceed . We consider the problem from the point of view of mechanics. We show analytically that there are at least two distinct types of lip out: the rim lip out, where the centre of mass of the golf ball does not fall below the level of the green, and the hole lip out where it does. At the heart of both lip outs is a family of degenerate saddle equilibria of the dynamics on the rim (the golf balls of death). When perturbed one way, the golf ball executes a rim lip out. When perturbed another way, the golf ball enters the hole, only to re-emerge (provided it does not touch the base of the hole) if it is spinning about an axis perpendicular to the wall of the hole.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Neurological injuries from recreational golfing, although infrequent, can occur through various mechanisms including impacts with golf equipment and vehicles, leading to head and spine injuries that necessitate careful evaluation and management.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained single-institution database for patients with golf-related neurological injuries. Statistical analysis compared mean ages, sex, length of hospital stays (length of stay (LOS), injury severity scores (ISSs), and mechanisms of injury (MOI) using analysis of variance, χ2, and correlation tests.RESULTS:Twenty-nine total cases (72.4% male) were identified between 2006 and 2024 with an average age of 17.7 years. Median Glasgow Coma Scale at presentation was 15 (range 8-15). The median LOS was 1 day (range 0-17). There was a moderately positive correlation between LOS and age (r = 0.41). MOI were classified as patient vs golf ball (GB, 17.2%), patient vs golf club (GC, 58.6%), and golf vehicle related injury (GV, 24.1%). This resulted in 28 head injuries (96.6%) and 2 spine injuries (6.9%). The most common injuries included skull fractures (79.3%), cerebral contusions (34.5%), and subdural hematoma (34.5%), with 5 patients requiring neurosurgical management (17.2%). One patient (GV injury) died during his hospital stay. The mean LOS demonstrated a significant difference among MOI (F-ratio = 5.37[>3.38]). The mean ISS was 3.6 in patient vs GB injuries, 3.7 in patient vs GC injuries, and 13.7 in GV related injuries, with a statistically significant difference between ISS and MOI (F-ratio = 6.17, 95% CI: 1.2-6.6, P = .006). Post-hoc analysis showed that ISS was significantly higher in patients with GV related injuries compared with patients injured by GB and GC (95% CI: 0.2 to 5.4, P = .037, and 95% CI: 1.2-6.6, P = .006, respectively).CONCLUSION:Although neurological injuries from golfing accidents are usually treated conservatively, recognizing skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhage is crucial. Golf is generally a safe sport from a neurological perspective; however, a notable number of patients still present with traumatic neurological injuries.

ABSTRACTAmong the eight types of development in sponges, the least common and least studied is direct, non‐larval development during viviparity. To supplement our knowledge of this rare type of demosponge development, we present here a description of the embryonic development of four species of the genus Craniella (Demospongiae, order Tetractinellida) from the deep‐sea in the Northeast Atlantic. Craniella development is asynchronous within one sponge. Mature oocytes are polylecithal and isolecithal. Embryonic development occurs in a dense double‐layer follicle: layers of flattened cells and a thick layer of collagen. The cleavage is total, unequal, and asynchronous. It is characterized by collagen layers penetrating inside the embryo and surrounding blastomeres. As a result of cleavage, an oval‐shaped apolar stereoblastula is formed. At the stereoblastula stage, embryonic sclerocytes secrete the first megascleres, long thin oxeas, radially positioned. Later, the embryo is divided into the peripheral, intermediate, and central zones. In the intermediate zone, choanocyte chambers, lacunes, and canals of the aquiferous system are formed. The fully formed juveniles have a subspherical to flattened shape with cone‐shaped outgrowths on the surface. Unlike the adults, juveniles lack cortical microxeas and have characteristic anamonaenes spicules. The juveniles exit the mother's body through the exhalant canals of the aquiferous system.Trial Registration: Not applicable

Whopper of a stick insect weighs as much as a golf ball

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play a critical role in a wide range of applications, from surveillance to air mobility. However, aerodynamic challenges often compromise their performance, particularly wake-induced drag, which limits their efficiency and endurance. This paper reviews some significant research efforts dedicated to understanding wake behaviour in UAVs and the various strategies developed to mitigate its effects. The review focuses on advanced aerodynamic enhancements, including vortex generators, dimples, shark skin-inspired structures, and ducted-rotor configuration, offering unique mechanisms for reducing wake formation and associated drag. Vortex generators are discussed for their ability to energize the boundary layer, effectively delaying flow separation and reducing turbulence behind the UAV, which minimizes drag. Dimples, modelled after the surface of golf balls, are shown to alter flow patterns around the UAV, leading to a smoother airflow and substantial drag reduction. Furthermore, shark skin structures, inspired by the micro-patterned denticles on shark skin, have been demonstrated to improve both drag and lift enhancement by manipulating boundary layers and generating beneficial vortices. Integrating these bio-inspired and engineered solutions into the design offers a promising pathway to significantly enhance aerodynamic performance. By reducing wake-induced drag, these technologies can improve endurance, higher efficiency, and greater operational capabilities of UAVs. This paper provides a comprehensive foundation for future research and innovation in UAV aerodynamics, encouraging the adoption of these advanced design strategies to overcome the challenges of wake behaviour and maximize UAV performance.

This study aimed to analyze the patterns, mechanisms, and demographic characteristics of golf-related craniofacial injuries in South Korea to improve understanding and inform injury prevention strategies. A retrospective review of 173 patients treated at Chonnam National University Hospital from 2014 to 2023 was conducted. The majority of patients were male (57.8%), with a mean age of 43.7±18.1 years. Facial lacerations (47.2%) were the most common injury, followed by facial bone fractures (15.2%) and orbital injuries (13.9%). Golf balls (49.1%) and clubs (41.6%) were the leading causes of trauma. Injuries were most prevalent in individuals aged 50 to 59 and 40 to 49 years, collectively accounting for 51.5% of cases. Although seasonal variation was not statistically significant, injuries were more frequent in summer than in winter. A significant correlation was found between the number of golf course visitors and injury incidence (P=0.0014, r=0.8603), suggesting that the rising popularity of golf may contribute to increased injury rates. Despite being considered a low-intensity sport, golf poses a risk of severe craniofacial trauma, particularly among amateur players. This study highlights the need for safety measures, including education on proper equipment use and protective gear. Further large-scale research is warranted to develop targeted injury prevention strategies and enhance golfer safety.

Introduction: Insulin dysregulation in diabetes mellitus (DM) contributes to peripheral circulation disturbances, which can be quantified using the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI). Regular foot exercise is essential for enhancing blood flow and preventing vascular complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foot exercise using a golf ball on ABI in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM). Methods: A quantitative, one-group pre and post-test design was employed. A total of 137 T2DM patients, aged 36–59 years, were recruited from four primary health centers in Surabaya, Indonesia. All participants had fasting blood glucose levels above 126 mg/dL in the preceding month. The intervention comprised foot exercises using a golf ball performed twice daily for 5 minutes over 14 consecutive days. ABI measurements were obtained before and after the intervention, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 137 participants (mean age 53.4 ± 5.3 years, 69% female) completed the 14‑day intervention. The median ABI significantly increased from 0.94 (IQR: 0.3) pre‑intervention to 1.08 (IQR: 0.2) post‑intervention (p < 0.001), indicating improved peripheral arterial function. Binary logistic regression showed that participants had greater odds of achieving a normal post‑intervention ABI (OR 14.9; 95% CI, 3.3–66.4; p < 0.001) after intervention. Gender‑stratified analyses confirmed significant ABI improvements in both males and females (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A 14-day foot exercise regimen using a golf ball effectively improved ABI in T2DM patients, suggesting a potential reduction in the risk of peripheral arterial disease..

Hydrogel microspheres immobilized lipase inspired by golf ball surfaces for the deacidification of Antarctic krill oil.

Purpose. A common musculoskeletal disease called flat foot or pes planus is defined by the collapse or flattening of the foot's medial longitudinal arch. This disorder may result in biomechanical changes that impact posture, walking, and general lower limb function. It is common in young adults including college students who may suffer from foot pain, exhaustion, and diminished physical performance as a result of misaligned feet. The aim of the study is to compare the effect of heel cord stretching versus golf ball roll exercise among college students with flat feet. Material & Methods. Thirty-eight people with flat feet were randomly allocated into two groups, each with 19 participants using a computer-generated technique. Group-A received heel cord stretching, while group-B received the golf ball roll exercise. The foot posture index scale and navicular drop test were used to assess before and after the intervention. The significance of changes was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results. The study indicates that both groups exhibited significant improvements following treatment. Moreover, heel cord stretching demonstrated greater significance (p<0.001). Conclusions. According to this study both interventions were effective in improving foot posture and arch height in students with flat feet, with heel cord stretching yielding marginally superior outcomes. No adverse effects were reported, indicating that both techniques are safe for inclusion in flat foot rehabilitation protocols.

Water beads expand by absorption and are used as toys and decorations among other purposes. When ingested, they have been implicated in small bowel obstructions. Laxatives have been administered after ingestion to prevent obstruction. Our primary aim was to evaluate the growth patterns and maximal diameter of various water beads in multiple solutions. Our secondary aim was to identify a liquid capable of shrinking expanded water beads. Water beads (10 standard-size brands; 3 jumbo) were tested for growth and shrinking. Growth was assessed in 9 clinically relevant liquids (eg, tap water, simulated gastric fluid) and shrinkage in 4 (Gastrographin, Omnipaque, honey, and Gatorade). Diameter was measured at intervals for 96 hours. Expanded beads were transferred to shrinking solutions and measured for 24 hours. Standard-size water beads grew to a maximum range of 0.9cm to 1.7cm. Jumbo beads grew to a maximum range of 4.9 to 6.0cm. All brands grew in polyethylene glycol. Gastrographin and honey shrank expanded jumbo beads (mean diameter decrease at 24 h of 31% and 32%, respectively). In vitro growth of water beads demonstrates that standard-size beads do not grow larger than most blueberries and are unlikely obstructive culprits, but jumbo beads can grow larger than a golf ball. Water beads substantially expand in polyethylene glycol, which puts into question its use as a laxative to treat water bead ingestions. Gastrographin and honey shrink water beads; clinical utility should be explored.

Abstract Low-wind-pressure conductor design aims to reduce the impact of wind on transmission lines and improve the stability and safety of the line so that the transmission system can operate more reliably in harsh climatic conditions. This paper is inspired by the golf ball surface pit structure, the surface structure of the conductor design, the design of a Roman column type low wind pressure conductor, and an imitation golf ball type low wind pressure conductor. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on the large eddy simulation (LES) is used to study the aerodynamic characteristics of the new low-wind pressure conductor and the mechanism of wind resistance reduction. The results show that the new low wind pressure conductor can reduce the wind resistance by 15%∼20% compared with the traditional cylindrical conductor due to the surface’s pit structure delaying the flow separation and lowering the differential pressure resistance to achieve the effect of resistance reduction.

Schwannoma is a type of peripheral nerve sheath tumor but can produce a mass effect with increase in size, spontaneous pain, paresthesia and motor weakness being the main complaints. A 60-year-old male patient presented with swelling in the left forearm since the past 8 months and numbness and tingling sensation in the hand for 1 month. Examination revealed a solitary lesion in the ulnar aspect of left proximal forearm with glove and stocking type of neuropathy, wasting of hypothenar eminence and amputation of left 5th digit, with hypopigmented lesions over the forearm and leg. Slit skin smear and biopsy of hypopigmented lesion was done to rule out leprosy. Ultrasonography (USG) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) of left forearm lesion revealed homogenously enhancing lesion involving the proximal portion of left forearm - suggestive of peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Hence the patient was treated with excision and biopsy. Histopathological examination revealed a giant Schwannoma (6×4×3.5 cm) of the ulnar nerve with typical findings of spindle shaped cells few verocay bodies. Despite rare, tumors should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis in such presentations. It is important to remember that Schwannoma, in these cases, is the most common tumor. The simple removal of the tumor after careful dissection is generally enough since the recurrence and malignant transformation rates are low.

Modeling golf ball roll with a variable coefficient of friction

골프공 패키지 디자인의 시각적 요소와 소비자 선호도에 관한 연구

Abstract Investigating the motion characteristics of cavitation bubbles in an ultrasonic field is important for industries such as ultrasonic cleaning and ultrasonic therapy. This paper investigated the oscillation and migration characteristics of a single cavitation bubble in a 20 kHz ultrasonic field. Peristaltic pump syringe injection tests were performed at different locations in a 20 kHz ultrasonic field, and a high-speed camera was used to observe the bubble motion characteristics. The bubble was found to resonate with the ultrasonic waves at a higher order mode, changing from spherical shape to honeycomb and golf ball shapes. Also, we found that the ultrasonic waves may prevent the buoyancy of the bubble. Through revealing the motion characteristics of the bubble in the ultrasonic field, we may control the bubble motion by ultrasonic, and strengthen the bubble cavitation effect.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are clinically heterogeneous T-cell lymphomas that arise in the skin and are characterized by their clinical and pathological features. The pathogenesis of CTCL is not fully understood. The incidence of CTCL increases significantly with age, with a median age at diagnosis at about 55 years of age and a four-fold increase in incidence appreciated in patients over 70. A 53 year old woman presented with complaints of reddish spots and lumps on her left forearm and back which spread to her chest, stomach and legs. On examination, a lump the size of a golf ball was found on the left forearm and back as well as reddish spots that felt itchy and painful. Histopathological examination with HE staining showed proliferation of lymphoid follicles without a germinal center and monotonous cells of small to medium size partially surrounding the tubular glands in the dermis layer. Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive for CD 45 as well as CD 3 and negative for CD 20. A case of CTCL has been reported in a 53-year-old woman. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry are important to diagnose this disease.

Accurately predicting the distance an object will travel to its destination is very important in various sports. Acceleration sensors as a means of real-time monitoring are gaining increasing attention in sports. Due to the low energy output and power density of Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs), recent efforts have focused on developing various acceleration sensors. However, these sensors suffer from significant drawbacks, including large size, high complexity, high power input requirements, and high cost. Here, we described a portable and cost-effective real-time refreshable strategy design comprising a series of individually addressable and controllable units based on TENGs embedded in a flexible substrate. This results in a highly sensitive, low-cost, and self-powered acceleration sensor. Putting, which accounts for nearly half of all strokes played, is obviously an important component of the golf game. The developed acceleration sensor has an accuracy controlled within 5%. The initial velocity and acceleration of the forward movement of a rolling golf ball after it is hit by a putter can be displayed, and the stopping distance is quickly calculated and predicted in about 7 s. This research demonstrates the application of the portable TENG-based acceleration sensor while paving the way for designing portable, cost-effective, scalable, and harmless ubiquitous self-powered acceleration sensors.

Abstract Golf ball sponges are small, sometimes inconspicuous, sponges. They can be found across a range of habitats varying from perturbed and pristine coral reefs to harbours and marine lakes and from the deep sea to shallow waters. They can be difficult to distinguish in the field and have presented some problems with taxonomists lumping and splitting species due to the difficulty in defining clear species boundaries. In the present study, we sampled golf ball sponges from Indo‐Pacific and Caribbean locations and used 16S gene amplicon sequencing to study their prokaryotic communities. We show that golf ball sponges harbour a wide variety of prokaryotic communities. Among the most prevalent operational taxonomic units (OTUs), several belonged to a range of taxa, including the bacterial AqS1 and EC94 groups, which have been associated with genes known to facilitate interactions between hosts and microbes. Certain host taxa were enriched with OTUs classified to the SAR202 clade of Chloroflexi. Our findings show that prokaryotic dissimilarity varied as a function of space (geographical distance) and host dissimilitude. The importance of space and host dissimilitude, however, varied depending on the data transformation with host dissimilitude a more important predictor of untransformed data whereas space was a more important predictor of log‐transformed data. Given that log‐transformation downscales the influence of abundant taxa, we interpret these results by the tendency of closely related host organisms to host similar sets of abundant symbiotic microorganisms; distantly sampled specimens, in contrast, tend to harbour less abundant prokaryotic microorganisms found in the surrounding environment (e.g., seawater or sediment).