Siniperca Scherzeri Research Articles

Evaluation of the Movement Pattern of Siniperca scherzeri Using the Radio Telemetry in the Middle Part of the Geum-River where Wiers were Constructed Recently

Evaluation of the Movement Pattern of Siniperca scherzeri Using the Radio Telemetry in the Middle Part of the Geum-River where Wiers were Constructed Recently

Analysis of Prey of Mandarin Fish and Large Mouth Bass and Distribution of Fish Population in Lake Paro, Korea

We quantified temporal and spatial changes in the habitat for fish populations, the distribution of mandarin fish(Siniperca scherzeri) and an introduced species, largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides) in Lake Paro and inflowing streams. The number of fish species identified in Lake Paro and the tributary streams included 10 families, 24 species and 10 families 30 species, respectively. The dominant fish species in Lake Paro were Zacco platypus, Hemibarbus labeo, Squalidus gracilis majimae, S. scherzeri and Tridentiger brevispinis, Z. platypus, Z. koreanus, and S. gracilis majimae in the inflowing streams. Although the habitat segregation for S. scherzeri and M. salmoides occurs, these two species showed the use of the fishes of the family Gobiidae as an important prey item based on IRI analysis. S. scherzeri and M. salmoides preyed mainly on T. brevispinis(67.4 %) and R. brunneus(84.0 %), respectively. The species preyed on by S. scherzeri and M. salmoides were benthic fishes that inhabit shallow water depths around the lake and have little swimming ability.

Effect of Live, Frozen and Artificial Feeds on Digestive Enzymes, Aminotransferase, Histology of Liver and Intestine in Mandarin Fish Hybrid (Siniperca chuatsi ♀× Siniperca scherzeri♂)

To partially or entirely replace the use of live foods for mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi ♀× Siniperca scherzeri♂) with frozen or artificial feeds, a detailed understanding of their digestive physiology and the influence of these replacements is needed. The experiment was conducted in a recirculation system for 10 weeks. At termination of the feeding trial, protease activity in the alimentary tract and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the livers of fish fed frozen feed were significantly higher than those fed artificial feeds. Fish fed artificial feed had the highest AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum activity in serum which suggests that the liver was damaged to some extent. These results were further confirmed by histology of the liver. Fish fed the artificial feed had serious hepatocyte vacuolization and disorganization. The mucosal epithelium of intestine in fish fed frozen and artificial feed had poorly developed enterocytes with a shortening of the microvilli, decreased absorptive vacuoles and hyperplasia of the lamina propia. n In addition to tissue damage there was a reduction in the ability of fish to digest frozen and artificial feed. The results of this study indicate that the mandarin fish hybrid readily feeds on frozen and artificial feeds. However, a more appropriate artificial feed for this species is needed to improve the digestive function and histology of the digestive tract.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of consecutive breeding generations of golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner) using microsatellite markers.

In this study, 12 polymorphic microsatellites were inves-tigated to determine the genetic diversity and structure of 5 consecu-tive selected populations of golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner). The total numbers of alleles, average heterozyosity, and average polymorphism information content showed that the genetic diversity of these breeding populations was decreasing. Additionally, pairwise fixation index FST values among populations and Da values in-creased from F1 generation to subsequent generations (FST values from 0.0221-0.1408; Da values from 0.0608-0.1951). Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most genetic variations arise from individuals within populations (about 92.05%), while variation among populations accounted for only 7.95%. The allele frequency of the loci SC75-220 and SC101-222 bp changed regularly in the 5 breeding generations. Their frequencies were gradually increased and showed an enrichment trend, indicating that there may be genetic correlations between these 2 loci and breeding traits. Our study indicated that microsatellite markers are effective for assessing the genetic variability in the golden mandarin fish breeding program.

松嫩湖群鱼类群落相似性

松嫩湖群鱼类群落相似性

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic EST-SSR and genomic SSR markers in spotted mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachne)

Spotted mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachne) feed solely on live fry of other fish species once the fry start feeding in the wild. In the present study, 26 polymorphic transcriptome-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 14 genomic SSR markers were developed and characterized in S. scherzeri Steindachne by combining a biotin-enrichment protocol and transcriptome of F1 interspecies hybrids between S. chuatsi (♀) and S. scherzeri (♂). These 40 polymorphic SSRs amplified 168 alleles (mean 4.2). The number of alleles, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content per locus were in the range of 2 to 7 (mean 4.3), 0.1111 to 1.000 (mean 0.6718), 0.3118 to 0.8276 (mean 0.6901), and 0.2735 to 0.7902 (mean 0.6298), respectively. Ten of these microsatellite loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.00125) after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests and no significant linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.00006) was observed. The microsatellite markers characterized from S. scherzeri could be a valuable tool in genetic evaluation for conservation and for assessment of the mechanism associated with unique food preference of S. scherzeri from a genetic point of view.

Parentage determination in golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) based on microsatellite DNA markers

Retaining pedigree information and genetic diversity in each generation is essential but difficulty in selective breeding of aquaculture species. In this study, simulations and real data analysis were performed to examine the power of microsatellite markers in parentage determination of golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri). Simulations based on allele frequency data from the population of golden mandarin fish showed that the power of six loci to exclude false parents was higher than 95 % and that of seven loci over 97 %. When marker data from seven loci were combined, the accuracy of assignment to one true parental pair was up to 91.6 % with known parental and filial information. The marker panel tested in mixed families, 89.5 % of progeny was correctly assigned to their parental pairs. The mismatches caused by scoring errors at microsatellites loci were the major reason for the discrepancies between simulations and real data analysis. Taking these results into considerations, it was concluded that microsatellite markers can be used as a tool, alternative to physical tagging, to maintain pedigree information in selection programs of golden mandarin fish.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid of Siniperca scherzeri (♀) × Siniperca chuatsi (♂)

In the present study, the complete mitogenome of the hybrid of Siniperca scherzeri (♀) × Siniperca chuatsi (♂) is determined to be 16,504 bp long and showed a typical vertebrate pattern with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The base composition of heave strand in descending order is C (29.61%), A (28.31%), T (25.61%) and G (16.47%), with a slight AT bias of 53.92%. All the protein-coding genes are initiated by typical ATG codon, except for COX1 gene with the initiation codon GTG. Nine genes end with the complete stop codon TAA or TAG, while the COX1, COX2, ND4 and CYTB genes terminate with an incomplete stop codon T. The complete mitogenome of the hybrid of S. scherzeri (♀) × S. chuatsi (♂) could provide an important data set for the study in mitochondrial inheritance mechanism.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid of Siniperca chuatsi (♀) × Siniperca scherzeri (♂)

In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the hybrid of Siniperca chuatsi (♀) × Siniperca scherzeri (♂). The total length of the hybrid mitogenome is 16,497 bp, with the base composition of 28.61% A, 29.16% C, 16.23% G, and 26.00% T. It contains 2 rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region. The composition and order of these genes are identical to most of other vertebrates. All the protein-coding genes start with ATG, except for COX1 with the initiation codon GTG. Three types of stop codons are used by the coding genes, including complete stop codons (TAA and TAG) and an incomplete stop codon (T). Three conserved domains were observed in the control region. The complete mitogenome of the hybrid of S. chuatsi (♀) × S. scherzeri (♂) could contribute to a better solution of the study in mitochondrial inheritance mechanism.

Perfluorinated alkyl substances in water, sediment, plankton and fish from Korean rivers and lakes: A nationwide survey

Water, sediment, plankton, and blood and liver tissues of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) were collected from six major rivers and lakes in South Korea (including Namhan River, Bukhan River, Nakdong River, Nam River, Yeongsan River and Sangsa Lake) and analyzed for perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was consistently detected at the greatest concentrations in all media surveyed with the maximum concentration in water of 15ngL−1 and in biota of 234ngmL−1 (fish blood). A general ascending order of PFAS concentration of water<sediment<plankton<crucian carp tissues<mandarin fish tissues was found. Except for the Nakdong River and Yeongsan River, the sum PFAS concentrations in water samples were below 10ngL−1. The PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in water did not exceed levels for acute and/or chronic effects in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of long chain perfluorocarboxylates (LCPFCAs) were found in sediment samples. PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) accounted for 94–99% of the total PFASs concentration in fish tissues. The mean ratios of PFAS concentration between fish blood and fish liver were above 2 suggesting higher levels in blood than in liver. Significant positive correlations (r>0.80, p<0.001) were observed between PFOS concentration in blood and liver tissues of both crucian carp and mandarin fish. This result suggests that blood can be used for nonlethal monitoring of PFOS in fish. Overall, the rank order of mean bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of PFOS in biota was; phytoplankton (196L/kg)<zooplankton (3233L/kg)<crucian carp liver (4567L/kg)<crucian carp blood (11,167L/kg)<mandarin liver (24,718L/kg)<mandarin blood (73,612L/kg).

Disease resistance and immune‐relevant gene expression in golden mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner, infected with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus‐like agent

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), family Iridoviridae, genus Megalocytivirus, may cause high mortality rates such as those seen in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. ISKNV has attracted much attention due to the possible environmental threat and economic losses it poses on both cultured and wild populations. We have investigated the pathogenicity of ISKNV-like agent Megalocytivirus, isolated from infected pearl gourami, in golden mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri - a member of the Percichthyidae family - and in another Percichthyidae species, S.chuatsi. Fish were challenged with four different doses of ISKNV-like agent Megalocytivirus (1, 10, 100 or 1000μg per fish) over a 30-day period, and cumulative fish mortalities were calculated for each group. No significant mortality was observed for fish challenged with the lowest dose (1μg per fish) relative to a control group. However, all other challenged groups showed 100% mortality over a 30-day period in proportion to the challenge dose. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure mRNA expression levels for six immune-related genes in golden mandarin fish following ISKNV-like agent challenge. mRNA expression levels for IRF1, Mx, viperin and interleukin 8 significantly increased, while mRNA levels for IRF2 and IRF7 remained constant or declined during the challenge period.

Genetic population structure in Siniperca scherzeri (Perciformes: Siniperca) in China inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci

This study aims to improve the estimates of fine-scale genetic diversity and to compare the population structure of Siniperca scherzeri with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. We first combined mtDNA sequences and seven microsatellite loci to examine the genetic diversity of S. scherzeri in China. Phylogenetic and nested clade analyses revealed two major mtDNA lineages and four subclades. Bayesian multilocus genotype clustering from the microsatellite loci revealed that regional divergence estimates were quantitatively congruent between marker classes. These lineages should be recognized as the basic evolutionary significant units for S. scherzeri in China. Contradict to the previous studies on Coreoperca whiteheadi and Siniperca chuatsi, neither the Nanling–Wuyi Mountain range nor the Qingling–Dabie Mountain range represented a major phylogeographic barrier for S. scherzeri. Our fine-scale analyses of the genetic population structure of S. scherzeri provided insights into the evolutionary processes that shaped the genetic heterogeneity of this fish. This study may serve as a basis for the protection, monitoring and breeding improvement of germplasm resources of this commercially important fish.

Expression and functional analyses of two essential myosin light chains from the fast white muscle of the spotted mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri

Objective: The essential myosin light chains (EMLC) are the major structural and regulatory proteins that control actin-myosin interaction in striated muscles. The purpose of this work is to provide a better understanding about the EMLC properties and their expression pattern during muscle development in the mandarin fish. Material and Methods: The cDNA library was constructed to isolate and characterize MLC sequences. The nucleotide sequences and inferred amino acid sequences were analyzed. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was carried out to investigate the gene expression pattern. To assess their biological function in calcium binding, MLC recombinant proteins were purified to analyze their calcium binding activity in vitro. Results: Two cDNA clones encoding MLC1 and MLC3 were identified from the fast white muscles of the spotted mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri. Sequence analysis revealed that MLC1 and MLC3 in the spotted mandarin were not produced by alternative splicing as reported in avians and rodents but were encoded by two different genes. MLC1 and MLC3 proteins contained two EF-hand domains, which are helix-loop-helix structural domains found in a large family of calcium-binding proteins. Conclusion: These two EMLC genes exhibited a muscle-specific expression. Moreover, the distinct patterns of expression of MLC1 and MLC3 had overlapped during the skeletal muscle development in the early embryonic stage. MLC1 and MLC3 recombinant proteins were able to bind Ca2+ in vitro, which is a typical characteristic of EF-hand superfamily proteins.

Isolation and characterization of twenty-five polymorphic microsatellite markers in Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner and cross-species amplification

The golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner) is one of the commercially important freshwater species mainly distributed in east Asia (Deng et al. 2010). Unfortunately, the wild S. scherzeri population is declining due to overexploitation and environmental pollution in their habitat (Wang et al. 2006; Luo et al. 2011), which could also cause the decline of genetic diversity. Artificial reproduction and selective breeding programmes have been undertaken to meet market demand of S. scherzeri (Yang et al. 2007; Mi et al. 2010), but the genetic diversity of cultured population tends to be lower than wild population, particularly for those under selective breeding (Sunden and Davis 1991; Wang et al. 2012). Understanding of the population structure is important to test hypotheses about diversification and speciation (McDonald 2003) and to find appropriate strategies for the conservation of biodiversity (Cegelski et al. 2003). Molecular markers are an important tool for evaluating levels and patterns of genetic diversity and have been used to study genetic diversity in a number of cultured fish species (Liu and Cordes 2004). Among the various molecular markers, the most informative and polymorphic are microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats), which have been extensively used to evaluate genetic diversity (Serrano et al. 2009; Missohou et al. 2011). However, there is still limited number of available microsatellite markers (SSRs) for S. scherzeri (Yang et al. 2012). Transcriptome assemblies of the F1 interspecies hybrids between S. chuatsi (♀) × S. scherzeri (♂) were generated using Illumina sequencing. In this study, 25 novel polymorphic SSR markers were developed for S. scherzeri from transcriptome of F1 interspecies hybrids. Additionally, cross-

Analysis of the variable sites and phylogenetic studies of complete mitochondrial DNA based on the Siniperca scherzeri (Perciformes: Sinipercidae) from four different areas

In this study, we cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNAs of Chinese mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri populations from four different areas of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River systems in China. In the Yangtze River system, fish samples were taken from three regions, Dongting Lake (DT), Poyang Lake (PL) and Xiangjiang River (XR). In the Pearl River system, fish samples were collected from the Lijiang River (LR). The sizes of their complete mitochondrial genome were 16,502 bp (LR), 16,508 bp (PL), 16,502 bp (XR) and 16,508 bp (DT), respectively. The organization of the S. scherzeri mitochondrial genomes was similar to those reported from other fish mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic analyses using N–J computational algorithms showed that the Sinipercidaes are monophyletic and can be divided into two genera, Siniperca and Coreoperca. The S. scherzeri could be divided into two groups along the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River.

Development and characterization of novel polymorphic microsatellite loci in Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner and Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky)

De novo assemblies of transcriptome sequence of F(1) interspecies hybrids between Mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky) (♀) and Golden mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner (♂) were generated using Illumina sequencing. In the present study, 64 microsatellite primer pairs were designed on basis of the transcriptome data. Those primer pairs were then characterized both in S. scherzeri and S. chuatsi. Thirty-eight polymorphic loci were detected in 37 individuals from a wild S. scherzeri population with 2-10 alleles per locus. The values for observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0000 to 0.8378 and from 0.4235 to 0.8771, respectively. Meanwhile, 36 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in 30 individuals from a wild S. chuatsi population with 2-8 alleles per locus. High cross-species transferability was detected. These markers will facilitate further studies on the conservation genetics, population structure and construction of high-density linkage map. What's more, they will be useful for parental selections in controlled hybridization breeding programs.

Isolation and Characterization of 46 Novel Polymorphic EST-Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers in Two Sinipercine Fishes (Siniperca) and Cross-Species Amplification

With the development of next generation sequencing technologies, transcriptome level sequence collections are emerging as prominent resources for the discovery of gene-based molecular markers. In this study, we described the isolation and characterization of 46 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for Siniperca chuatsi and Siniperca scherzeri from the transcriptome of their F1 interspecies hybrids. Forty-three of these loci were polymorphic in S. chuatsi, and 20 were polymorphic in S. scherzeri. In S. chuatsi, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.13 to 1.00 and from 0.33 to 0.85, respectively. In S. scherzeri, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 9, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.19 to 1.00 and from 0.28 to 0.88, respectively. We also evaluated the cross-amplification of 46 polymorphic loci in four species of sinipercine fishes: Siniperca kneri, Siniperca undulata, Siniperca obscura, and Coreoperca whiteheadi. The interspecies cross-amplification rate was very high, totaling 94% of the 184 locus/taxon combinations tested. These markers will be a valuable resource for population genetic studies in sinipercine fishes.

Mitochondrial genome of the Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus (Teleostei, Perciformes, and Moronidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus has been determined. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,601 bp and had the gene content of 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes. Except for the eight tRNA and Nd6 genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. The overall base compositions of the heavy strand are 27.27% A, 25.97% T, 29.35% C, and 17.41% G, with an AT content of 53.24%. The DNA sequence of L. japonicus shared 69.3%, 81%, 80.4%, and 79.7% sequence identity with that of Morone saxatilis, Histiopterus typus, Kyphosus cinerascens, and Siniperca scherzeri. Molecular data presented here provide a useful toll for evolutionary as well as population genetic studies.

Nationwide monitoring of mercury in wild and farmed fish from fresh and coastal waters of Korea

Mercury (Hg) concentrations were monitored in wild and cultured fish collected from fresh and coastal waters in the Korean peninsula from April 2006 to August 2008 nationwide. Total Hg concentrations were reported for 5043 fish samples, including 78 species from 133 locations. Significant interspecies variation was noted in the Hg levels. The average Hg concentration in each fish species ranged from 6.31μgkg−1 for mullet (Mugil cephalus) to 200μgkg−1 for mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri). Among the species collected, the maximum concentration of Hg, 1720μgkg−1, was measured in an Amur catfish (Silurus asotus). Only wild freshwater fish exceeded the WHO ingestion standard. Wild freshwater piscivorous fish samples from a large artificial upstream lake contained the highest Hg levels. Hg concentrations were compared between fish groups categorized as wild and farmed fish from freshwater and coastal waters. Although the wild freshwater fish had similar size ranges, their Hg concentrations were higher than those of the other groups. Compared to the feed of farmed marine and freshwater fishes, the prey of wild freshwater fish had a higher Hg concentration, and the total Hg concentrations in freshwater and associated sediment samples were higher than those in coastal water and associated sediment samples. In the freshwater environment, piscivorous fish bioaccumulated two times more Hg than carnivorous and omnivorous fish and four times more than planktivorous fish. The difference in Hg concentrations among trophic groups might have been due to differences in the size of fish, in addition to the variations among different trophic groups. These data will be useful for developing the fish consumption advisory as a management measure to reduce Hg exposure.

Isolation and characterization of fifteen novel microsatellite loci in golden mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) Steindachne

We described the isolation and characterization of 15 new microsatellite loci from golden mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri. The analysis of variability was performed in 34 individuals. Allelic diversity ranged from 2 to 7 alleles per locus, with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.294 to 1.000 and 0.261 to 0.740, respectively. Seven loci deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction, and no significant linkage disequilibrium were found among 15 pairs of loci following the Bonferroni correction. These are the first microsatellite markers characterized from the S. scherzeri. We expect these microsatellite markers to be useful for population genetic studies in this species.