Economic Development Goals Research Articles

Anatomy of Brain Drain: A Painful Reality

Brain drain, the migration of skilled and educated labour, is a painful reality for developing countries like Nepal. The causes of brain drain can be attributed to various pull and push factors, including limited job opportunities, better standards of living, higher salaries, access to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in developed countries. The development of the industrial sector in a country is hindered by a shortage of qualified and skilled workers, which slows down overall development. The editorial perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the brain drain phenomenon, including its causes, effects, and possible solutions. The editorial perspective highlighted the need for appropriate policy responses to address the issue and convert brain drain into wisdom gain. The role of management in managing brain drain is crucial for the country's sustainable economic development and growth. Management can contribute to addressing the issue by developing and implementing policies to attract and retain skilled professionals, investing in research and development, implementing returnee programs, addressing societal factors, and collaborating with the government and other stakeholders. The painful reality of brain drain in Nepal demands urgent attention and action from policymakers, academics, and other stakeholders. By taking appropriate measures to address the root causes of brain drain, Nepal can harness the knowledge and expertise of its skilled professionals and achieve its sustainable economic development goals. Keywords: Brain drain into wisdom gain, Cause, Impact, Effect, Management

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS THE GOAL OF THE FUNCTIONING OF RURAL AREAS

Introduction. Achieving stable economic growth was one of the main goals of any state in the 20th century. The mindless desire at any cost to demonstrate to the world the growth of the gross domestic product, it is not supported by the introduction of new technologies and care for the environment, almost led to a global collapse. Suddenly it turned out that nature is not able to satisfy the growing needs of humanity. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the fundamental provisions of economic theory, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on theoretical and methodological issues of regulating the social and economic development of rural areas, as well as the achievements of world science in solving the problems of their balanced development. The author used general scientific and special research methods to solve the tasks: historical and economic – to analyse the genesis of theories and practice of regulation, study of the processes of economic and social transformation of rural areas during integration transformations, assessment of risks and positive consequences of agro-European integration; abstract and logical method – for substantiating and concretizing the main provisions of the concept of social and economic development of rural areas; when clarifying and comparing the economic essence of the “sustainable development” category; comparative analysis – to determine trends and regularities of foreign and domestic experience of rural development. The results. The theoretical approach and interpretation of the concept of “rural territory” from the standpoint of sustainable development, as a formalized structure of society – a local community engaged in economic development to improve the quality of life of its residents, has been clarified. The quality of life of the population of rural areas can be characterized by the degree of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs of citizens. From these positions, the sustainable development of rural areas is more a means of achieving a decent quality of life than a goal of the local community. At the same time, the quality of life is a criterion for the sustainability of the social development of rural areas. Actually, the goal of economic development is to ensure the well-being of the local community. Discussion. The post-war period of revitalization of rural areas of Ukraine will make adjustments to the theoretical foundations of their sustainable development. First of all, the task of European reference points for the development of rural areas with highly developed social infrastructure, innovative agricultural production will arise. Keywords: rural territories, sustainable development, rural area, population, environment.

Developing a regulatory model for product quality assurance in Nigeria’s local industries

This paper presents a comprehensive regulatory model for enhancing product quality assurance within Nigeria's local industries. As Nigeria's industrial sector continues to expand, the need for robust quality assurance mechanisms has become increasingly critical. Current challenges include inconsistent quality standards, inadequate enforcement of regulations, and limited industry compliance, which undermine product reliability and consumer trust. This study proposes a regulatory framework designed to address these issues by integrating international best practices with localized strategies. The proposed model emphasizes three core components: regulatory standards, enforcement mechanisms, and industry collaboration. First, the model advocates for the establishment of clear, standardized quality benchmarks tailored to the unique needs of local industries. By adopting globally recognized standards and adapting them to local contexts, the model aims to enhance the consistency and reliability of products manufactured in Nigeria. Second, the model outlines a multi-tiered enforcement strategy, including regular inspections, certification processes, and penalties for non-compliance. It suggests leveraging technological advancements, such as digital tracking systems and automated quality checks, to improve monitoring efficiency and reduce the potential for corruption. Third, the model highlights the importance of fostering collaboration between regulatory bodies, industry stakeholders, and consumer organizations. By promoting dialogue and cooperation, the model seeks to create a supportive ecosystem where best practices are shared, and feedback mechanisms are established to continuously refine quality standards. The regulatory model presented herein is designed to be dynamic and adaptable, capable of evolving in response to emerging industry trends and technological advancements. It aims to not only address current quality assurance challenges but also to set a foundation for sustained industrial growth and consumer protection. By implementing this model, Nigeria's local industries can achieve higher standards of product quality, enhance consumer confidence, and contribute to the broader goal of economic development.

Design and Implementation of Traceability System Based on Blockchain

The fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee included poverty alleviation and rural revitalization as the main goals of economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Moreover, it has created a new situation of digital sales of poverty alleviation and helps agricultural products such as "agriculture + e-commerce" and "agriculture + live streaming", and the traceability of agricultural products has attracted much attention. Com14bining the current social environment background and the investigation and understanding of the existing agricultural product sales mode of poverty alleviation, we found that the existing sales model chain and the traditional traceability system model have many shortcomings, such as unclear information sources and easy tampering. Based on this design, the idea of constructing a traceability system based on blockchain is proposed, and the required technical and economic feasibility is analyzed to confirm the realization of the idea. It is intended to meet the needs of agricultural product information management, poverty alleviation farmer information management, product traceability, etc. And through the web page and mobile terminal information interaction, the realization of agricultural products at any time, mobile, portable query. The final system test can ensure the normal operation of functions and the security, credibility, and transparency of information, provide new ideas and solutions for the field of targeted poverty alleviation, and help rural revitalization.

China’s long-term goals: a historic leap towards the economic power and a society of universal prosperity

The article analyses results of the 13th Five Year Plan of the PRC social and economic development (2016–2020), forecasted indices of the 14th Five Year Plan and approximated indices for 2035. In spite of COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 China managed to reach evident economic successes. The GDP volume was 101.6 trillion yuan in 2020 and exceeded the target of 2020 in comparison with 2000, which should have been four times more. By 2021 – the centenary of the CPC Chinese leadership eliminated poverty 10 years earlier than the UN planned for the whole world – 2030 and built society of small prosperity. In 2021 – the first year of the 14th Five Year Plan thr GDP growth rates was 8,1% per year and the GDP was 114.6 trillion yuan in 2021. The author of the article came to the conclusion, that if China fulfill its programs for the 14th Five Year Plan and keep the GDP growth rates 5,5–6,0% per annum by 2035, it would be possible for China to chase the USA by the GDP volume in US dollars by exchange rate. The results of the first year of the 14th Five Year Plan prove us, that the PRC could fulfill its goals of social and economic development as earlier by 2000 and 2020.

Visualizing the sustainable development goals and natural resource utilization for green economic recovery after COVID-19 pandemic

After the COVID-19 outbreak, this study examines the influence of modifications in China's Sustainable Growth Goals (SDGs) and economic development goals on Chinese enterprises' energy conservation and emissions reduction behavior. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 epidemic has erupted, displacing the flimsy traditional techniques. As a result, the post-COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes the need for a long-term sustainable development method compatible with the local and regional environmental systems. The main objective of this study is used as a roadmap to steer the post-COVID-19 pandemic on a sustainable green path by emphasizing sustainable energy strategies to connect in SDG-related efforts. The investigation in this paper begins with examining significant impacts in the energy industry and their impact on progress toward sustainability. The empirical findings that the CO2 emissions reduction objectives in long-term development plans had a considerable impact on energy saving and emissions reduction, lowering energy consumption intensity by 3.33% and carbon emission intensity by 4.23% between 2010 and 2019. Besides, the results and long and short run techniques are built to describe the Sustainable Development Goals interface, with the result revealing that Sustainable Development Goals enhance the green economic recovery performance. Furthermore, this study recommends that the key natural resources and green economic recovery policies to overcome the climate change impacts by COVID-19 pandemic.

Alacrity: a new model for venture acceleration

As research on venture accelerators develops, different models have emerged in the literature. These focus on the goals of the accelerator, which range from creating profit for managers and building support for business platforms to promoting regional economic development, as well as on its organizational form based on its for-profit or non-profit status. This article examines a novel model, the networked venture builder model, which offers an alternative perspective on the acceleration process. Using the example of the Alacrity Global Ecosystem (AGE), this article explores how the venture builder model includes characteristics of multiple accelerator types, which has helped it both rapidly grow new ventures and achieve substantial economic development goals. Synergies between the different aspects of the AGE’s organizational design help it support multiple missions. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders and entrepreneurs within the AGE, this article describes the history of the AGE and its present form, providing new insights into a novel, but increasingly common, accelerator design and laying the basis for further research on its emerging organizational form.

Ecological network analysis of a metabolic urban system based on input–output tables: Model development and case study for the city of Vienna

The rapid economic growth accompanied by health concerns and other global environmental problems in cities and regions has boosted the popularity of the ‘urban metabolism’ topic among academics and policymakers. Currently, 56.2% of the world's population lives in cities, accounting for 80% of the global GDP. It is projected that the current trend for world economic growth complemented by population growth and migration will continue affecting the resource production and consumption in cities and the impact this has on other urban areas. Combining emergy input-output with ecological network analysis allows researchers to study the hierarchy of sectors and functional relationships along all possible metabolic paths of ecological and socio-economic flows exchanging in an urban economy and between the urban economy and its environment. Here, we developed a new model approach that combines emergy input-output tables with ecological network analysis to investigate urban metabolism generally, and applied it to Vienna, Austria. Then, using system-level analyses (flow and contribution analyses) we determined the status of the system components. Finally, the critical components responsible for the status (distribution structure of each industry) and emergy consumption of the other sectors were identified using pairwise control and utility analyses. The results showed that the “agriculture, forestry and fishing” and “mining and quarrying” sectors had the lowest ability to receive financial inputs from the other sectors, reflecting a shortage of agricultural and mining products to meet consumers' demand. Moreover, “agriculture, forestry and fishing” had the highest energy dependence on the other sectors, indicating the lack of self-sufficiency in energy use and the inability of this sector to deliver energy effectively to consuming sectors. This also implies the importance of this sector in achieving the energy efficiency improvement and economic development goals for consumer cities. This work contributes to the existing literature on ecological network analysis via an introduction of the two-step approach that combines the diagnosis of low activity components in the system taken from traditional ecological network analysis with the novel identification of components behind the low activity of the other components. In addition, direct and indirect control, and indirect utility analysis were introduced for the analysis of the impact of the direct energy and indirect pairwise economic control and relational interactions of sectors in cities. Finally, this work explored the inner workings of the service part of the urban economy that reveals the role each tertiary sector plays in the development of primary and secondary sectors of an urban economy. The model developed in this study will provide support for city managers and policymakers to guide resource consumption towards an efficient and sustainable urban metabolic system worldwide.

The Impact of Oil Prices on the Capital Expenditures of the State Budget in Azerbaijan

The article studies the theoretical and practical approaches related to the allocation of oil revenues for public investment. Based on the two-step Engel-Granger procedure for cointegration analysis, the relationship between the ratio of the capital expenditures of the state budget to non-oil GDP and the logarithm of real oil prices in Azerbaijan is investigated. It has been determined that public investment in Azerbaijan is highly dependent on the oil price, and the volatility of the oil price also affects the volatility of these expenditures. So, it was proposed that the capital expenditures of the state budget should be determined based on the goals of economic development, and not depending on changes in oil prices.

The Application of Machine Learning in the Corona Era, With an Emphasis on Economic Concepts and Sustainable Development Goals

The aim of this article is to examine the impacts of Coronavirus Disease -19 (Covid-19) vaccines on economic condition and sustainable development goals. In other words, we are going to study the economic condition during Covid19. We have studied the economic costs of pandemic, benefits in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), public finances and employment, investment on vaccines around the world, progress and totally the economic impacts of vaccines and the impacts of emerging markets (EM) on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including no poverty, good health and well-being, zero hunger, reduced inequality etc. The importance of emerging economies in reducing the harmful effects of the Corona has also been noted. We have tried to do experimental results and forecast daily new death cases from Feb-2020 to Aug-2021 in Iran using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm as a case study with econometric models and regression analysis. The findings show that Covid19 has had devastating economic and health effects on the world, and the vaccine can be very helpful in eliminating these effects specially in long-term. We observed that there is inequality in the distribution of Corona vaccines in rich countries compared to poor which EM can decrease the gap between them. The results show that both models (i.e., Artificial intelligence (AI) and econometric models) almost have the same results but AI optimization models can robust the model and prediction. The main contribution of this article is that we have surveyed the impacts of vaccination from socio-economic viewpoint not just report some facts and truth. We have surveyed the impacts of vaccines on sustainable development goals and the role of EM in achieving SDGs. In addition to using the theoretical framework, we have also used quantitative and empirical results that have rarely been seen in other articles.

The Driving Mechanism of Urban Land Expansion from 2005 to 2018: The Case of Yangzhou, China

The driving mechanism of expansion is the basis for policymaking in urban land management and control. In this study, Yangzhou city in China was used as an example. Based on the supply and demand theory of land, a framework was constructed to analyze the driving factors behind urban land expansion. Path analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect factors driving urban land expansion. The results showed the following: (1) Urban land in Yangzhou city expanded 32,831.10 hm2 from 2005 to 2018, mainly in terms of farmland. This rapid expansion arose from the contraction of rural residential areas, threatening ecological spaces such as water bodies. (2) Path analysis indicated that fixed-asset investment, the added value of secondary and tertiary industries, urban population, distance to the city center, and farmland area are the direct factors driving urban land expansion. Land finance, technology input, and transportation ability indirectly influence urban land by affecting other driving factors. (3) Increasing the level of urban land-use intensification, properly adjusting economic development goals, reasonably controlling the population, exploring the retention of construction land in city centers, and optimizing farmland and basic farmland plans need to be considered in the management and control of urban land expansion. Furthermore, to guide the orderly expansion of urban land, improving land management systems, promoting scientific and technological progress, and scientifically designing transportation land are necessary strategies.

Tax benefits as a factor of threat to Ukraine's tax security in the context of losses of income part of local budgets

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of tax benefits as factors of threat to the tax security of Ukraine in the context of losses of revenue part of local budgets. The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has exacerbated the problem, which is due to the existence of an urgent need to develop a modern strategy of state financial and tax policy of Ukraine, which would correspond to the realities of today in ensuring national interests in the field of taxation and contributing to the realization of the goals of balanced financial and economic development, as well as in the field of tax safety in the face of financial decentralization. The war gave impetus to read, consider, interpret, and finally understand the text of the Tax Code of Ukraine in the context of the modern fracture, which occurred in the justice of the Ukrainian community, and therefore it was time to rethink the current tax legislation. Reading this Code, which has more than a 10-year experience of its existence and the 172 edition of its legal norms, it seems that its normative provisions seemed to be stuck in the Soviet mentality of paternalism. Among the main inappropriate features of this marker, especially in line with the Law of Ukraine dated 21.04.2022 No. 2215-IX, are tax benefits, which in the conditions of martial law and post-war restoration become a significant factor that threatens the tax security of Ukraine, After all, they are losses of revenue part of local budgets. In this article, the author substantiates that in the context of martial law and post -war restoration of Ukraine, the tax benefit does not contribute and will not contribute to the balance of budgets and maximizing tax revenues, and the tax benefit, as a factor of loss in the establishment of tax, since the application of tax benefits violates the principles of generality of taxation; equality of all payers before the law; fiscal sufficiency, neutrality of taxation and balance of budget.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Dan Upah Minimum Provinsi Terhadap Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan Provinsi-Provinsi Di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2011-2020

Equitable distribution and improvement of welfare are the goals of economic development in a country. High economic growth must always be accompanied by an even distribution of income, otherwise it will cause new problems, that is income distribution of income. This study aims to analyze the effect of economic growth, the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Provincial Minimum Wage (PMW) on the income distribution inequality in the provinces in Java in 2011-2020. This research uses quantitative methods. The type of data used is secondary sourced from the Central Statistics Agency. The data used is panel data from six provinces in Java. The analytical tool used is the panel data regression method using Stata 16 software. The results of the study state that economic growth has no effect on inequality in income distribution. The Human Development Index (HDI) has no negative and significant effect on income distribution inequality and the Provincial Minimum Wage (PMW) has a negative effect on income distribution inequality.

Global blue economy governance – A methodological approach to investigating blue economy implementation

The proliferation of the blue economy in political discourse has gained traction in recent years, however, there remains no standardized definition. The triple bottom line goals of economic development, social equity, and environmental conservation are at the center of the blue economy vision. Yet the ambiguities surrounding the term have resulted in considerable variation in how the blue economy is implemented and what is prioritized. This paper takes a global snapshot of current approaches to national level blue economy governance. In doing so this paper provides the first global assessment of blue economy implementation approaches, through the development of a global blue economy database. Using the best available information from policy documents, media releases and other publicly available online information, we comparatively analyzed each country’s governance strategy to assess the level of blue economy development in coastal states around the world. Throughout this paper we outline the novel methodological approach we took in order to develop a tool for analyzing national level blue economy implementation on the global scale. This approach will allow for ongoing and continued analysis of blue economy operationalization as the concept continues to evolve.

The environmental, economic, and social influences of government subsidies on express delivery packaging supply chain.

The rapid development of e-commerce and the prosperity of express delivery has brought great convenience to people's life. However, the environmental and social problems caused by express delivery packaging (EDP) have not been well understood yet. It has become an important issue to coordinate the economic, environmental, and social development goals of the government for the sustainable development of the EDP. This paper adopted the system dynamics (SD) method to simulate three subsystems in the express delivery packaging supply chain (EDPSC), i.e., the manufacturer subsystem, the consumer subsystem, and the recycler subsystem. Particularly, the impact of government subsidies on the EDPSC from three dimensions of economy, environment, and society was discussed in this paper. The results showed that (1) CO2 emissions in the end-of-life stage of EDPSC account for about 83.9-91.8%, and incineration as the main carbon emission source of end-of-life reduce by 10-19% compared with no government subsidy. (2) The profit of recyclers is most affected by government subsidies, and incineration power generation is one of the main economic sources for recyclers. As the recycling rate of EDP increased from 2 to 32%, the income from incineration power generation decreased from about 25-40% to 15-25% of the total income. (3) The implementation of government subsidies is beneficial to improve social welfare, which has the biggest impact on consumers' surplus. (4) The comprehensive scenario subsidy is better than the single scenario subsidy, but it will bring a serious cost burden to the government. In the single scenario, the target of government subsidy depends on the level of government subsidy, which is subsidized to consumers at low and medium levels and recyclers at high levels. Therefore, our results can be used to help governments make decisions and also serve as a methodological reference for supply chains in other industries.

The Effect of Government Intervention on Self Innovation of Strategic Emerging Enterprises based on the Role of Financial Intermediary

The implementation of government intervention and financial support can solve the problem of insufficient investment in independent innovation of enterprises, improve the ability of independent innovation of strategic emerging industries, and achieve the goal of high-quality economic development. However, due to the inconsistency between the government's macro-control objectives and the interest objectives of financial institutions, government intervention and financial support are uncoordinated. Under this background, this paper studies the impact of government intervention and financial support on the independent innovation of strategic emerging industry enterprises. The results show that: (1) Government intervention can stimulate enterprises to increase investment in independent innovation. (2) Government intervention and financial support affect the allocation of financial resources in enterprise innovation activities. (3) Long term bank loans inhibit enterprises' independent innovation and development, and reduce enterprises' investment in independent innovation.

Government support for regional economy in the context of modern turbulence

Aim. The presented study aims to analyze the instruments of government support for regional development in the context of political and economic turbulence caused by anti-Russian sanctions.Tasks. Through the example of the Leningrad region, the author describes the directions and effects of the macroeconomic shock caused by external sanctions on regional economy and systematizes measures of government support for the regional economy in the context of political and economic turbulence.Methods. This study uses the methods of retrospective and comparative analysis, analogy and observation, expert assessments, scenario approach, and special methods of regional research.Results. The performed analysis indicates that the impact of the macroeconomic shock caused by anti-Russian sanctions (2022) on the Russian economy is multidirectional. The degree and nature of its impact vary significantly by region and type of economic activity. However, despite its generally negative nature, this impact has not yet become critical. The analysis results show that the regional economy is sufficiently resistant to crisis challenges. At the same time, the negative impact manifested as a general drop in production volumes or a decrease in real wages is gradually increasing. Therefore, the authorities should be proactive in combating crisis phenomena. In the Leningrad region, such measures are taken actively and efficiently. These need to be focused primarily on supporting import substitution programs and reducing the level of import dependence.Conclusions. In the context of unprecedented sanctions, reducing the risks of import dependence is one of the key goals of sustainable economic development. The successful solution of import substitution problems today, i.e. as quickly as possible, is important not only for quickly curbing crisis phenomena and restoring the Russian economy back to normal, but also from the perspective of changing the region's economic specialization. The observed turbulence is causing a structural shift in the economy driven by the macroeconomic shock. It is recommendable to ensure the progressivity of the structural shift in the Leningrad region as it will be much more difficult to do this after the transition process is complete. In the context of the transition to a new technological paradigm in the economy, this will limit the competitiveness of the region.

Exploring the Relationship between Forest Scenic Beauty with Color Index and Ecological Integrity: Case Study of Jiuzhaigou and Giant Panda National Park in Sichuan, China

Aesthetics of natural landscapes and the conservation of forest ecological integrity have received much attention because of the increasing public demand for aesthetic quality and the shift of forest conservation management objectives from single elements to multiple ecosystem services. However, existing research has not adequately addressed the relationship between forest scenic beauty with the color index and ecological integrity. This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the scenic beauty of forests and the vegetation color index using web questionnaires and Python color interpretation, with Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage and Giant Panda National Park in western Sichuan, China, as examples. The relationships between forest scenic beauty with vegetation color and ecological integrity were explored via correlation and linear regression analyses, respectively. The results showed that: (1) The overall scenic beauty of the autumn forests in the study area was at a “medium” level; (2) the scenic beauty of the autumn forest was significantly positively correlated with the saturation and value ratio; and (3) the scenic beauty was not significantly negatively correlated with ecological integrity. This research provides an important reference for the renovation of autumn foliage forests and ecotourism planning. This study also provides a theoretical basis for the transformation of forest conservation management objectives, offering the possibility for nature reserves to achieve the “win-win” management goal of ecological protection and local economic development.

A Landmark in China’s Basic Education Curriculum Reform

Curriculum reforms in basic education have been an essential component of educational reform, playing a crucial role in promoting student holistic development. To secure their national competitiveness, developed countries have made persevering efforts to improve their basic education. In the early 1990s, the United States started to implement the reform in curriculum standards as a major strategy to address those long-standing issues in basic education such as low academic levels of students and inequality in education, which could be impediments to the achievement of the nation’s political, economic, and social development goals. The revised curriculum standards strived to eliminate the prevalent acceptance of “mediocrity” in the education system. Student learning was transformed into a succession of interrelated activities centered on core objectives and students were encouraged to construct new knowledge based on prior experience. As a result, the previous curriculum system that was loaded with repetitive and superficial exercises was abandoned (Chen, 2004).

Norm domestication challenges for local climate actions: A lesson from Arizona,USA

AbstractResearch on norm domestication in multi‐level governance structures is overlooked in urban climate governance and policy literature. This paper conceptualizes multi‐scalar interactions of norm domestication for local climate actions. The city of Phoenix, which operates under the “purple” (blue cities and red legislatures) state of Arizona, is analyzed to illustrate how a local government can take up the climate actions left in the void at the state and federal levels. The empirical findings reveal important temporal politics at the state level that influenced the local government's climate norm domestication. The period of Democratic party leadership diffused climate norms at the state‐level and positioned the local government more as a climate policy‐taker, adopting decisions from the state legislature. Swings in the state‐level executive orders under the subsequent period of Republican leadership, however, forced the local government to seek some common ground for norm domestication, usually related to the nonpartisan goals of economic development. Consequently, local climate actions are subject to depoliticization of climate change from the higher‐level governance structures. Overall, decarbonization targets are not being directed in ways that lead to a broader shift in the socio‐technical system but would support short‐term emission reductions if multiple institutions, both at the state and sub‐state levels, created spaces for collaboration rather than competition.