Polymerization Of Glycidyl Methacrylate Research Articles

One-step purification of YLLIP2 isoforms from Candida sp. 99–125 by polyethyleneimine modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith

The extracellular lipase Yarrowia lipolytica (YLLIP2) crude extract was efficiently separated and purified from Candida sp. 99–125 by one-step ion-exchange chromatography on polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized monolithic columns. The preparative conditions for the functionalization of monoliths were optimized, including PEI molecular mass, PEI concentration, modification time and temperature. The monolithic skeleton was prepared in situ by polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with a volume ratio of 8:2. Heptane was used as the porogen. PEI 30 kDa with the concentration of 10% (v/v) was applied for the modification of the monolith at 55 °C for 12 h. Lipase (EC.3.1.1.3) from Candida sp. 99–125 was separated to four isoforms (isoform A, isoform B, isoform C and isoform D). As analyzed on non-denaturing PAGE and MALDI-TOF–MS, the four isoforms are homogenous and have the same molecular mass of approximate 38 kDa. The monoliths can afford direct crude lipase loading without increasing too much back pressure, which explores the great potential of the application of monoliths for one-single step fast separation and purification of complicated proteins.

Adhesion of PE modified by capacitively coupled radio frequency plasma-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate

A graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on the pretreated polyethylene (PE) sheet samples by oxygen capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF) plasma was carried out to improve the adhesive properties of PE. The PE samples were treated with a RF power of 200 W for a treatment time of 40 s and then exposed to an oxygen atmosphere for a saturation time of 10 min. The grafting of the plasma pretreated PE performed in an aqueous GMA solution with the monomer concentration from 20 vol.% to 100 vol.% at a temperature from 20°C to 90°C for a reaction period up to 50 h. The optimum wettability of the graft polymerized PE surface with the concentration of 40 vol.% at the temperature of 70°C and for the time of 24 h was obtained as the static contact angle decreased from 104.2° for the original PE to 67.6° for the graft polymerized. After the graft polymerization, a strong absorption peak of C-O bonding was shown at 1050 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectrum, indicating an introduction of epoxy groups on the graft polymerized surface. Correspondingly, the surface roughness (Ra) increased from 0.137 μm for the original PE to 1.660 μm for the graft polymerized. The maximal lap adhesive strength of the graft polymerized PE samples lapped using a mixture of epoxy resin and curing agent was achieved to about 160 N·cm−2. The fractured surfaces by tearing of the PE sheet matrix were observed on the tensioned PE samples due to the higher adhesive strength than that of the PE matrix.

Magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) particles prepared in the presence of surface‐modified γ‐Fe2O3

AbstractMaghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) colloid has been synthesized by coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric salts in alkaline medium and oxidation. The obtained nanoparticles were complexed with a phosphate macromonomer—penta(propylene glycol) methacrylate phosphate (PPGMAP). Complexes with the weight ratio PPGMAP/γ‐Fe2O3 0.01–10 were investigated using a range of characterization methods. The amount of PPGMAP attached to the particles was about 22 wt %. The size and size distribution of the γ‐Fe2O3 core particles in the dry state was measured by TEM. To complete the TEM images, the hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles including polymer shell and the maghemite core was determined by DLS measurements in toluene. Magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) nanospheres were obtained by Kraton G 1650‐stabilized and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile‐initiated polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in toluene or toluene/cyclohexane mixture in the presence of PPGMAP‐coated γ‐Fe2O3 colloid. The effect of Kraton G 1650 concentration on the morphology, PGMA nanosphere size and polydispersity was investigated. The particles were characterized also by both thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4982–4994, 2009

Surface functionalization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes through surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate

AbstractHerein, we report the fabrication of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymeric conjugates of shortened multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (sMWCNT). The synthesis method involves the attachment of initiator on the surface of nanotubes followed by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of GMA from the initiator‐bound sMWCNT surface. This is achieved by the procedure consisting of three important steps: introduction of amino groups onto the sMWCNT and attachment of polymerization initiator, 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropinonyl bromide, and polymerization of GMA. The structure and properties of the resultant polymeric conjugates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. The FT‐IR analysis of polymeric conjugates shows infrared (IR) peaks characteristic of GMA. AFM, TEM and SEM images clearly show the formation of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)(PGMA) polymer on sMWCNT surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Heterogeneous emulsion graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate on a wood matrix

The studies allowed developing an accessible method of synthesis of a highly permeable α-oxide copolymer of wood by emulsion graft copolymerization with the reactive monomer glycidyl methacrylate and establishing the optimum conditions for conducting the process. In modification of a natural polymer with GMA with a concentration of 10% for 60 min at 80 °C in the presence of the Fe 2+ —H 2 O 2 initiating redox system with a 2.52 mg/g iron ion content of 0.017%, almost quantitative conversion of the monomer and a high degree of grafting efficacy was attained. The mass fraction of PGMA in the fibre phase is 88-90% and the EN is 19-21%.

Optimization of application procedure for fixation of monocationic salt onto cotton with antibacterial activity

A novel application procedure for imparting antibacterial properties onto cotton is described. The modified cotton was obtained by polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane monocationic salt (MS) derivative in the presence of the free radical initiators sodium bisulfite and potassium persulfate. Out of the four application protocols tested, use of an exhaustion procedure to fix MS onto cotton gave optimal results. Dyeing of the modified cotton with C.I. Direct Blue 225 did not require salt, thereby indirectly confirming fixation of the cationic MS. Antibacterial activity was completely retained after three washing cycles when tested with Klebsiella pneumoniae but to a lesser extent against Staphylococcus aureus. The mechanical properties of the modified cotton were unaltered.

Palladium(0) nanoparticles encapsulated in diamine-modified glycidyl methacrylate polymer (GMA-CHDA) applied as catalyst of Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction

Cyclohexyldiamine-modified glycidyl methacrylate polymer (GMA-CHDA) in the form of gel-type beads was used to encapsulate Pd(0) nanoparticles 4–15 nm in diameter and applied as a new, reusable catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 2- and 4-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid. It was found that the precatalyst preparation methodology strongly influenced its catalytic activity. The best results (100% yield of the product) were obtained when GMA-CHDA was first treated with hydrazine (reducing agent for Pd(II)) and next with PdCl2 solution. The new catalyst acts heterogeneously, and the post-reaction solution after catalyst separation is not catalytically active, suggesting that there is no leaching.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Polymers from the Polymerization of Glycidyl Methacrylate and Styrene Using Cp2TiCl as a Catalyst

Hyperbranched poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) and poly(GMA-co-styrene) have been synthesized by the self-condensing vinyl polymerization of GMA and the copolymerization of GMA and St. Cp 2 Ti(III)Cl catalyzed the epoxy groups to produce initiating radicals and Cu(II)X 2 (X = Br or Cl) was used for control of the polymerization. The resultant polymers were characterized by GPC and 1 H NMR, and the molecular weights, the molecular weight distribution and the degree of branching were determined. The branching structure of the polymers was further confirmed by a hydrolysis test. Hyperbranched star polymers with HPGMA as the core and PSt as the arms were synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization of St using HPGMA as a macroinitiator. The resultant products were analyzed by GPC and 1 H NMR. Their morphology in solution was investigated by TEM. The hyperbranched polymers were modified by various acids and amines, and the variation in solution properties was investigated.

Synthesis of magnetic chelating resins functionalized with tetraethylenepentamine for adsorption of molybdate anions from aqueous solutions

Magnetic resins were synthesized through polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of divinylbenzene (DVB) or N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as hydrophobic or hydrophilic crosslinker, respectively and in presence of suspended magnetite particles. The resins containing (DVB or MBA) as crosslinker were immobilized with tetraethylenepentamine (TEP) to give the amino resins, GMA/DVB/TEP (R1-en) and GMA/MBA/TEP (R2-en), respectively. The uptake behavior of the two resins was studied towards molybdate anions and uptake capacities of 4.24 and 6.18 mmol/g [as (Mo(VI)] were obtained using (R1-en) and (R2-en). Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model pointing the influence of the textural properties of the resin on the rate of adsorption. Thermodynamic data indicated an endothermic adsorption process. The uptake of Mo(VI) and regeneration of the resins were also studied using the column method. Regeneration efficiency up to 90–96% was reached using ammonia buffer.

Surface functionalization of Si3N4 nanoparticles by graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and styrene

To improve dispersibility and interfacial interaction of nano-Si3N4 particles in epoxy-based composites, graft of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and styrene (St)/GMA onto the nanoparticles' surface was carried out in terms of emulsion polymerization method. The grafting polymers proved to be chemically attached to the nanoparticles via the double bonds introduced during the coupling agent pretreatment. The factors affecting the graft parameters, such as monomer concentration, initiator consumption, reaction time, etc., were investigated. It was shown that higher concentrations of monomer and initiator are favorable for the graft polymerization. When St/GMA was employed as the grafting monomer, the nanoparticles were found to play the role of polymerization loci. The grafted nanoparticles exhibit greatly improved dispersibility in cured epoxy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 992–999, 2006

Homogeneous reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and ring-opening reaction of the pendant oxirane ring

The homogeneous reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse ATRP) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was carried out in bulk, using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator and N, N- n-butyldithiocarbamate copper (Cu(SC(S)N(C 4H 9) 2) 2) as the catalyst. The polymerization showed typical controlled/‘living’ polymerization behavior, i.e. first-order kinetics, well-controlled molecular weight ( M n) and narrow molecular weight distribution ( M w/ M n). 1H NMR and IR spectra showed that the pendant epoxy groups in PGMA polymer remained intact throughout the polymerization of GMA. A phosphorated PGMA (PPGMA) polymer was obtained by phosphonation reaction of the pendant epoxy groups in PGMA with diphenylphosphinic chloride (DPPC). Thermal behavior of the PPGMA was studied by TG and DTG. A major DTG peak at 340 °C was observed for the PPGMA.

Preparation and characterization of a novel thermally stable unsaturated poly(ester-imide) based on 1,4-bis[2′-trifluoromethyl-4′-(4″-carboxylic acid)trimellitimido phenoxy]benzene

A novel thermally stable unsaturated poly(ester-imide) (UPEI-50) was prepared by thermal polycondensation of a diimidodicarboxylic acid monomer, 1,4-bis[2′-trifluoromethyl-4′-(4″-carboxylic acid)trimellitimido phenoxy]benzene (BTTB), maleic anhydride and 1,2-propylene glycol. The poly(ester-imide) resin obtained was found to be easily dissolved in glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) to give a homogeneous resin composition with low viscosity, which was then thermally cured into thermosetting poly(ester-imide)/glycidyl polymethacrylate polymer composite (UPEI-50/GMA). Effects of curing processing parameters such as the curing temperature and curing time, the reactive monomer concentration and the initiator amount etc. on curing reaction were systematically investigated. Experimental results indicated that the thermally cured UPEI-50/GMA polymer composite exhibited outstanding thermal stability, mechanical and electrical insulating properties.

Studies on the uptake behavior of a magnetic Co 3O 4-containing resin for Ni(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II) from their aqueous solutions

A magnetic chelating resin was obtained from polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in the presence of divinylbenzene as a crosslinker and finely divided magnetic particles of Co 3O 4. The resin obtained was investigated by means of XRD, IR, magnetic susceptibility and DTA/TGA thermal analysis. The measurements showed that the particles of Co 3O 4 became completely coated with a film of the resin. The embedded metal oxide particles impart magnetic properties to the resin in addition to increasing the chelating active sites on the surface. The resin obtained was modified with amine functionality and evaluated towards the uptake of Hg 2+, Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ from their aqueous solutions. Various factors affecting the uptake behaviour such as contact time, pH and initial concentration of the metal ions were investigated. Uptake values of 2.10, 2.00 and 1.10 mmol/g were recorded for Hg 2+, Cu 2+ and Ni 2+, respectively. The adsorption results were found to fit Langmuir model. The modified resin displays higher uptake capacity compared to the metal oxide-free resin. The loaded resin with metal ions was regenerated to efficiency of 97.5% using 1 M H 2SO 4.

Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization of Glycidyl Methacrylate onto Nonwoven Polypropylene

The influence of the major grafting parameters (irradiation dose, reaction time, and inhibitor concentration) on graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate from its 10% solution in methanol onto nonwoven polypropylene upon irradiation with an electron accelerator in air was studied.

Covalently Connecting Nanoparticles with Epoxy Matrix and its Effect on the Improvement of Tribological Performance of the Composites

Graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto nano-SiC particles by means of soapless emulsion polymerization results in composite particles consisting of SiC core and polymeric shell, in which polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) is bonded to the nanoparticles by the double bonds introduced during the pretreatment with a coupling agent. Compared with untreated nano-SiC particles, the grafted versions exhibit improved dispersibility. Besides, they are able to establish chemical bonding between the fillers and matrix through the reaction between the epoxide groups and the curing agent when being compounded with epoxy. As a result of these advantages, the epoxy composites filled with PGMA grafted nano-SiC particles possess rather high sliding wear resistance and low frictional coefficient at low filler loading, which cannot be observed in untreated SiC nanoparticles/epoxy system.

Integration of Valving and Sensing on a Capillary-Assembled Microchip

A simple integration of both flow control valves and a reaction-based sensing function on a single microchip was performed by using capillary-assembled microchip (CAs-CHIP: Hisamoto, H.; Nakashima, Y.; Kitamura, C.; Funano, S.-i.; Yasuoka, M.; Morishima, K.; Kikutani, Y.; Kitamori, T.; Terabe, S. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 3222-3228.). In contrast to the previously reported on-chip valving systems, where the simple valving functions were integrated, our system can integrate not only valving function but also many other chemical functions to perform a complex chemical operation on a single microchip. Here, an enzymatic reaction-based readout system is employed as an example. A square capillary immobilizing N-isopropylacrylamide polymer monolith (referred to as "valving capillary") is used as a thermoresponsive "valving part" and the immobilizing enzyme-modified glycidyl methacrylate polymer monolith (referred to as "sensing capillary") is used as a "sensing part" of the CAs-CHIP. These capillaries are embedded into a lattice microchannel network fabricated on poly(dimethylsiloxane), which has the same channel dimensions as the outer dimensions of the square capillaries. After bonding, a small Peltier device (2 mm x 2 mm) for temperature control is placed on the embedded valving capillaries to control fluid flow. Using this for heating or cooling, fast operation times of 1.4 and 3.2 s for opening and closing valves, respectively, are successfully achieved. Finally, two valving capillaries are independently controlled to trap sample solution within a bypass channel, where the enzyme-immobilized capillary is embedded, and then enzymatic reaction-based sensing of chemical species is performed as an example. The fundamental characteristics of the valve-integrated microchip are fully investigated, and an application to the analysis of an enzyme substrate by using two independent valving capillaries and a sensing capillary is demonstrated.

Gold(III) recovery using synthetic chelating resins with amine, thio and amine/mercaptan functionalities

Different resins with amine, thio and amine-mercaptan functionalities were synthesized through the polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in presence of divinylbenzene as cross-linker. The resins obtained were tested for the recovery of gold(III) from its acidic media. The amine-mercaptan containing resins were found to be more efficient in the recovery of gold(III) where an uptake value of 2.23 mmol/g was reported. The adsorption data were found to fit with Langmuir isotherm. The uptake of gold(III) and regeneration of the resins were studied using the column method. Elution efficiency up to 90–98% was reached using thiourea.

Synthesis and characterization of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)/Na‐montmorillonite nanocomposites

AbstractPoly(glycidyl methacrylate)/Na–montmorillonite nanocomposites were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate containing dispersed montmorillonite. By changing the concentration of glycidyl methacrylate several polymer–clay nanocomposites were prepared and the resulting nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the properties of the composite were significantly improved. The thermogravimetric analysis results revealed that the degradation temperatures of nanocomposites were higher than that of pure polymer and the thermal degradation rates decreased. Examination of these materials by scanning electron microscopy showed that the clay layers are dispersed homogenously in the polymer matrix and the formation of intercalation nanostructure. Furthermore, adsorptive, moisture regain, and water uptake properties of nanocomposites were also investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1532–1538, 2004

Direct incorporation of gaseous carbon dioxide into solid‐state copolymer containing oxirane and quaternary ammonium halide structure as self‐catalytic function

AbstractWe established a self‐catalyst system for solid phase incorporation of gaseous carbon dioxide into terpolymers prepared by polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, N‐benzyl‐N‐[2‐(methacryrolroxy)ethyl]‐N,N‐dimethylammonium bromide, and methyl methacrylate. Terpolymer composition affected the incorporation behavior where the terpolymer with higher oxirane content exhibited higher efficiency of carbon dioxide incorporation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4941–4947, 2004

Controlled grafting of well-defined epoxide polymers on hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates by surface-initiated ATRP at ambient temperature.

Controlled grafting of well-defined epoxide polymer brushes on the hydrogen-terminated Si(100) substrates (Si-H substrates) was carried out via the surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at room temperature. Thus, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymer brushes were prepared by ATRP from the alpha-bromoester functionalized Si-H surface. Kinetic studies revealed a linear increase in GMA polymer (PGMA) film thickness with reaction time, indicating that chain growth from the surface was a controlled "living" process. The graft polymerization proceeded more rapidly in the dimethylformamide/water (DMF/H(2)O) mixed solvent medium than in DMF, leading to much thicker PGMA growth on the silicon surface in the former medium. The chemical composition of the GMA graft-polymerized silicon (Si-g-PGMA) surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fact that the epoxide functional groups of the grafted PGMA were preserved quantitatively was revealed in the reaction with ethylenediamine. The "living" character of the PGMA chain end was further ascertained by the subsequent growth of a poly(pentafluorostyrene) (PFS) block from the Si-g-PGMA surface, using the PGMA brushes as the macroinitiators.