Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Values Research Articles

Comparison of Different Antibiotic Alternatives for Safe Broiler Production

The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in broiler feed, once widespread, is now recognized as risky due to antibiotic resistance and residue concerns in meat. To mitigate these risks, the goal of this study was to compare different alternative additives like organic acids, neem, enzymes, and probiotics for producing a safe broiler. A total of 360 Cobb-500-day-old broiler chicks were indiscriminately assigned into six treatment groups, i.e., Control (T1), Basal feed + Antibiotic (T2), Basal feed + Organic acid (T3), Basal feed + Enzyme (T4), Basal feed + Probiotic (T5), and Basal feed + Medicinal plant (T6) having four replications of 15 birds in each. During the experiment, significant differences (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the experimental groups were observed only in the 5th week. At the end of the study, the highest BW, BWG, and FCR were found in organic acid, followed by the enzyme, antibiotic, probiotic, neem, and control group. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in BW, BWG, and FI among the dietary groups during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in meat yield (drumstick meat, thigh meat, wing weight, and breast meat), bone development, and dressing parameters were observed among the dietary groups. Supplementation of different additives significantly (P < 0.05) affects cholesterol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase content, whereas HDL, LDL, triglyceride, GPT, and creatinine were not affected among the groups. The neem and organic acid groups had the lowest cholesterol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values, respectively, compared to the others. It can be concluded that supplementing organic acid, probiotics, enzymes, and neem enhanced the growth performance, carcass quality, and blood biochemical profiles of the broilers, potentially serving as antibiotic alternatives. Mainly, the organic acid gives the best results among all the antibiotic alternatives.

Optimisation of a carambola pomace fibre fortified mix fruit beverage powder, its characterization and in vivo study

Abstract Carambola pomace rich mix fruit juice beverage powder was optimized and developed by spray drying using response surface methodology. Maltodextrin concentration and inlet temperature were taken as two independent variables. The response variables were moisture content, yield, solubility, bulk density, and hygroscopicity. The actual values for the response variables for the optimum conditions i.e. inlet temperature of 175 °C and 25% maltodextrin concentration were in tandem with that of the predicted values. The final product contained 9.29% of total dietary fibre and had intermediate cohesiveness and relatively good flowability property. The beverage powder size range was distributed in the range of 0.90–1.50 µM and 43.50–102.00 µM. In vivo study of the fibre rich beverage powder showed lowered cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values. Maximum decrease was obtained in Group II. The caecal matter showed presence of short chain fatty acids which are desirable for maintaining colon health. The proposed optimisation model through RSM could be used for the development of a functional mix fruit beverage powder fortified with fibre rich fraction of carambola pomace and the obtained functional beverage powder showed functional effects under in vivo test conditions.

Plasmon-activated water effectively relieves hepatic oxidative damage resulting from chronic sleep deprivation.

The role of the hepato-protective agent plasmon-activated water (PAW) as an innovative anti-oxidant during chronic sleep deprivation (SD) is realized in this study. PAW possesses reduced hydrogen-bonded structure, higher chemical potential and significant anti-oxidative properties. In vitro tests using rat liver cell line (Clone-9) have demonstrated that PAW is non-cytotoxic and does not change the cellular migration capacity. The in vivo experiment on SD rats suffering from intense oxidative damage to the liver, an extremely common phenomenon in the present-time with deleterious effects on metabolic function, is performed by feeding PAW to replace deionized (DI) water. Experimental results indicate that PAW markedly reduces oxidative stress with enhanced bioenergetics in hepatocytes. PAW also effectively restores hepatocytic trans-membrane ion homeostasis, preserves membranous structures, and successfully improves liver function and metabolic activity. In addition, the hepato-protective effects of PAW are evidently demonstrated by the reduced values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the recovery of total protein and albumin levels. With clear evidences of PAW for protecting liver from SD-induced injury, delivering PAW as a powerful hepato-protective agent should be worthy of trailblazing new clinical trials in a healthier, more natural, and more convenient way.

Evaluation of haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters of growing rabbits fed Amaranthus dubius.

Amaranthus dubius is an alternative source of fibre and protein for the feed formulation for growing rabbits, although its effects on their health status are yet unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of three dietary levels (0, 160 and 320g/kg) of A.dubius on haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters of fattening rabbits. One hundred and thirteen New Zealand White rabbits were fed ad libitum from weaning (35days) to slaughter (87days). The health status of the animals was monitored, and mortality was recorded. Before slaughtering, 30 rabbits were randomly selected for haematological and serum biochemical analysis. During slaughter, 18 rabbits were randomly selected for histopathological study in heart, liver, lung and small intestine. The health status of rabbits was good, with no differences among treatments in mortality. Diet and sex did not affect the values of most haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Fibrinogen, glucose and high-density lipoprotein values increased significantly from 0 to 320g/kg A.dubius diets. The white blood cell count and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values decreased significantly from 0 to 320g/kg A.dubius diets. The organs showed histologically well-structured tissues. However, in all experimental groups several samples with lesions were observed, always highly focalized in small tissue areas. The main lesions observed, probably related to conditions of thermal stress affecting the rabbits, were cholesterolosis (heart), steatosis (liver), inflammatory lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (lung) and chronic inflammatory tissue damage (small intestine). In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 320g/kg A.dubius in diet did not jeopardize the health status of growing rabbits. Therefore, A.dubius can become an alternative raw material for the formulation of feeds in tropical and subtropical countries where this plant is widespread.

Evaluation of liver function between indoor and outdoor workers: preliminary results

The aim of our study is to compare liver damage in "outdoor" environment technicians, a category occupationally exposed, and in "indoor" workers. We studied 142 male technicians of the environment exposed to urban pollution and 142 male "indoor" workers not exposed. We compared mean and standard deviation of the following liver parameters: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), gamma-glutamyl-traspeptidasi (γGT) and alkaline phosphatase (PHA), total bilirubin (TB) and direct (DB). We made the two groups comparable for age, length of service, BMI, alcohol consumption and smoking habits, and excluded the workers who presented confounding factors. We found statistically significant differences about the levels of γGT, PHA, GPT and albumin between the "outdoor" workers exposed and the "indoor" control group. In the outdoor group we observed statistically significant values, GPT (51.8 ± 30.6 I.U./l vs. 30 ± 22.3 I.U./l; p = 0.000), γ-GT (42.2 ± 29.4 I.U./l vs. 22.4 ± 20.7 I.U./l; p = 0.000) and PHA (75.7 ± 20.6 I.U./l vs. 59.1 ± 19.6 I.U./l; p= 0.000) compared to the unexposed group. No statistically significant difference emerged between the averages for the values of GOT (25.3 ± 20.7 I.U./l vs. 26 ± 17.7 I.U./l; p = 0.736) in two groups. It clearly emerges that the contaminants may alter the values of liver tests after prolonged exposure.

Effects of Water Temperature Change on the Hematological Responses and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Growing of Red Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus akaara

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to determine the stress response [ethological (operculum movement number (OMN)), hematological (hematocrit and hemoglobin), biochemical (glucose, cortisol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT))] in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara during exposure of different water temperature in winter season. This species (Total length, 18.56±0.34 cm) previously maintained in water temperature of 15°C were transferred to 15, 20 and 25°C. During experimental period (7 days), OMN, hematocrit (Ht), glucose and GOT values were significantly high in 15°C when compared to 20 and 25°C. Hemoglobin value was also increased at 15°C, but no significant differences. There was no differences in cortisol levels among the temperature groups. No fish mortality was observed during the experimental period. From these results, 15°C is likely more stressful to red spotted grouper than 20°C and 25°C. These observations confirm that red spotted grouper adapts better to temperatures between 20 and 25°C during the winter season.

Effects of Water Temperature Change on the Hematological Responses and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Growing of Red Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus akaara.

This study was conducted to determine the stress response [ethological (operculum movement number (OMN)), hematological (hematocrit and hemoglobin), biochemical (glucose, cortisol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT))] in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara during exposure of different water temperature in winter season. This species (Total length, 18.56±0.34 cm) previously maintained in water temperature of 15°C were transferred to 15, 20 and 25°C. During experimental period (7 days), OMN, hematocrit (Ht), glucose and GOT values were significantly high in 15°C when compared to 20 and 25°C. Hemoglobin value was also increased at 15°C, but no significant differences. There was no differences in cortisol levels among the temperature groups. No fish mortality was observed during the experimental period. From these results, 15°C is likely more stressful to red spotted grouper than 20°C and 25°C. These observations confirm that red spotted grouper adapts better to temperatures between 20 and 25°C during the winter season.

Six patients with pneumonitis related to blended Chinese traditional medicines

We encountered six patients with pneumonitis related to blended chinese traditional medicine (Kampo). The duration of treatment with kampo ranged from 14 to 110 days (mean: 38 days). The most common complaints were dyspnea, fever, and dry coughing. Fine crackles were heard at the bases of both lungs. Abnormal laboratory findings included high values of C-reactive protein and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase in all patients, lactate dehydrogenase in 5 patients, and eosinophil count in 1 patient. Chest X-ray films and CT films revealed diffuse reticulo-nodular interstitial shadows with consolidation in both lung fields in 3 patients and pleural effusion in 1 patient. Bronchoalveolar lavage was done in 4 patients; examination of the lavage fluid showed lymphocyte alveolitis, either pure or associated with neutrophilia and eosinophilia in 3 patients. Inverted CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios were found in 3 patients. Transbronchial lung biopsy was done in 4 patients and specimens from 3 of those 4 showed organizing pneumonitis with thickening of alveolar septa. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were positive in 4 patients. Discontinuation of the drug (2 patients) or administration of corticosteroids (4 patients) was followed by rapid improvement. Patients being treated with kampo preparations should be observed for signs and symptoms of drug-induced pneumonitis.

Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities

The elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) rate among people with intellectual disabilities (ID) is unknown and have not been sufficiently studies. The present paper aims to provide the profile of GOT and GPT, and their associated relationship with other biochemical levels of children or adolescents with ID. A cross-sectional design was conducted in three Taiwanese public special schools to analyze annual health examination chart of students with ID. There were 1041 aged 3–21 years children and adolescents with ID participated in the study. The results show elevated rate of GOT and GPT were 3.7% and 7.2%, the study indicates the elevated GPT in children and adolescents with ID is higher than the general school aged children in Taiwan. In multiple linear regression models show that the factors of BMI, HBsAg, TC and UA can significantly explain the GOT value ( R 2 = 0.275). Those factors of gender, BMI, HBsAg, TC and UA can significantly explain 44.4% variation of GPT value ( R 2 = 0.444). To prevent the further liver disease burden in people with ID, the study highlights that the health care professionals should assess liver functions of this group of people, and to inform their caregivers the importance of implement regular liver health check-up.

Clinical features of patients with typhoid fever and drug resistance of the causative isolates in western Iran

Typhoid fever is an important infectious disease in developing countries, including Iran. In this survey, all patients hospitalized in teaching hospitals of Hamedan during 1995-2005 were investigated. A total of 162 patients with typhoid fever were studied. Of all patients, 106 were male (65.4%). The most prevalent symptoms were fever (93.2%), chills (76.5%), anorexia (72.2%) and headache (71%). Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were present in 43.8% and 13.6%, respectively. Salmonella typhi strains were identified in 144 patients (88.9%) and S. paratyphi A strains were found in 12 (7.4%). In others, S. paratyphi B and C were detected. Serum glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase values were higher than normal in 77.5% of cases and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase values were higher than normal in 62.5%. The highest sensitivity rate was for ceftizoxime, 91.4% and the lowest rate was for ampicillin, 16.3%.

미더덕 추출액을 섭취한 무지개 송어 혈액성상의 변화

Effects of muscle fluid concentrates from Styela clava on fish diets were investigated in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fed on one of the isonitrogenous(48%) and isolipic(20%) feed containing 5 to 20% of muscle fluid concentrates for 8 weeks. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, glucose, total bililubin, triglyceride and glutamic pyruvate transaminase of the rainbow trout which were fed on the diets varied, but no specific trend became apparent. However, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase value was significantly higher than that of normal fishes. Therefore, concentrated ascidian fluid which is normally discarded, can be combined with commercial diets for the normal growth of rainbow trout.

Clinicopathological Study of Cholelithiasis following Gastric Cancer Surgery

The purpose of this study was to compare liver function tests preoperatively and postoperatively in 2 cohorts of patients, those that developed gallstones after gastrectomy for cancer and those that did not develop gallstones. The cohorts were taken from 698 consecutive patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer between April 1980 and March 1995. In comparison with 698 patients, the gallstone group was characterized by the findings that the incidence of cholelithiasis was significantly higher in totally-gastrectomized patients and patients with upper stomach cancer. Comparison of the perioperative status revealed a significantly higher rate of complications in the gallstone patients. Analysis of the changes in liver function showed significantly higher values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase at time points of 1 and 3 months after surgery in the gallstone patients. The results suggest that the postoperative development of liver dysfunction and complications is associated with the formation of gallstones.

Modification of cellular immune responses in experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice by maitake (Grifola frondosa)

Immune response to liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis. Experimental hepatitis could thus be prepared in C57BL/6 mice by injection of liver-specific protein in a syngeneic liver homogenate with Freund's complete adjuvant. In hepatitic mice treated with maitake (Grifola frondosa) fruit bodies, the values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) values increased temporarily by 2.24–2.79 times and decreased rapidly thereafter. However, in the mice given normal feed, both values increased constantly. Thus, we examined T cell activities both in the exacerbation and remission stages of hepatitis. We suggest that the activation of CD8+ cells is more potentiated than that of CD4+ cells by administration of maitake or the D-Fraction-glucan (β-1,6 glucan having β-1,3 branches), which can enhance immuno-competent cells at the exacerbation stage. However, at the remission stage, marked potentiation of CD8+ cell activity was not observed. These results suggest that depressed suppressor T cell activity is revived by the X-Fraction-glucan (β-1,6 glucan having α-1,4 branched glucan), while the cytotoxic T cell activity, which is activated by the D-Fraction, is restricted, thereby creating a smooth shift from the exacerbation stage to the remission stage.

Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase Activity: A Potential End-Point-Temperature Indicator for Imported Cooked Beef

Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in thermally processed beef samples were determined with a diagnostic test kit (no. 505P, Transaminases ALT/GPT and AST/GOT, Sigma Chemical Co.) procedure for possible use as indicators of cooking end-point temperatures (EPTs) between 71.1 and 82.2°C. GOT activity in the beef samples decreased curvilinearly with increasing EPTs. Activity was 3,450, 120, and 6 Sigma-Frankel units/ml (SFUs/ml) at 71.1, 75.6, and 82.2°C, respectively; a reduction of 99.8%. GOT values at 78.9,79.4, and 80.0°C, the critical range of EPTs in evaluating beef logs imported from South America, were 31, 17, and 14 SFUs/ml, respectively. Values within this range of temperatures differed significantly (P < 0.05); we suggest that residual GOT activity may be used as an EPT indicator for imported cooked beef products.

Residual glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity in thermally processed poultry and poultry products as an indicator of end‐point temperatures

AbstractGlutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in chicken and turkey thigh and breast meat samples, thermally processed at 60–84°C in a model heat‐treating system, were evaluated for use as indicators of end‐point cooking temperatures (EPT). Wings, breasts, thighs and legs from commercially cooked, whole, roasted chickens and commercially processed products containing chicken and turkey meat were analyzed also to determine if residual GOT activities would indicate compliance with recent FDA/FSIS EPT recommendations. Activities of samples processed in the model system decreased logarithmically with increasing temperatures. GOT activities were higher (P &lt; 0·05) in thigh meat than breast meat in both chicken and turkey samples; activities were higher in turkey than chicken. GOT values for chicken thigh and breast meat at 74°C, the FDA/FSIS recommended EPT for use by food handlers and retailers, were 735 and 164 Sigma‐Frankel units ml−1 (SFU ml−1), respectively. Values for turkey thigh and breast meat at this temperature were 1080 and 450 SFU ml−1, respectively. The range of activities was 7–13 SFU ml−1 in commercially prepared chicken products and 27–161 SFU ml−1 in turkey products. Analysis of these products showed adequate cooking and compliance with FDA/FSIS recommended EPT for retail sale. These data indicate that residual GOT activity in processed poultry has potential for use as an indicator of EPT.

A Case Study on Cyclosporine A in a Patient with Acute Hepatitis.

The relationship between the pharmacokinetics of Cyclosporine A (CyA) and the hepatic function was studied in a 15-year-old woman with hepatitis. At the early stage of treatment, the values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and total serum bilirubin (t-Bil) were higher than the normal range, suggesting hepatic cell injury and impaired bile formation and/or duct. The blood concentration ratio of CyA metabolites (Met) to CyA was markedly decreased from 1.92 to 0.74 in accordance with the clinical improvement in liver function. In addition a significant positive correlation was demonstrated between the Met/ CyA ratio and GOT (r=0.621, p<0.05), GPT (r=0.678, p<0.02) and t-Bil (r=0.824, p<0.001), while no significant correlation were found in the concentration-to-dosage ratio of CyA and Met. These results suggest the Met/CyA ratio could be a useful indicator for evaluate the clinical response and/or hepatic function. We would like to report this as a typical case that presented on apparent correlation of Met/CyA with liver functions. These results also indicate that the Met level as well as the unchanged CyA level should be evaluated in the hepatitis patient.

Prediction of portal vein invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma: a correlations between portal vein tumor thrombus and biochemical tests.

Hepatocellular carcinoma patients were categorized into three grades according to the extent of portal vein invasion by the tumor. Correlations between the extent of portal vein invasion and values of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and various biochemical tests were examined. The extent of portal vein invasion by the tumor significantly correlated with the values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase: glutamic pyrubic transaminase (GOT:GPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, leucinaminopeptidase (LAP), gamma-glutamic transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and log10AFP. Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the values of LAP, LDH, log10AFP and GOT:GPT to be statistically significant independent indicators of portal vein invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma. The calculated probability for portal vein tumor thrombus, which was derived from the results of a step wise multivariate logistic regression procedure, revealed high accuracy and specificity for predictability. To design effective therapy and to predict the prognosis, it would be beneficial to obtain additional information from this calculated probability in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transaminases in cattle and buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) semen in relation to fertility and seminal characteristics during moderate and colder seasons

Semen from eight (four cattle and four buffalo) bulls was collected and analysed for physical characteristics and transaminase activity. The values of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity were 1567±63 and 368±25 SF units 1 1 SF unit=amount of transaminase required to produce 1 μg of pyruvic acid per ml of semen per hour of incubation at 37°C. in the whole semen and 807±31 and 121±11 SF units in the seminal plasma for cattle and 1359±48 and 279±29 in the whole semen and 635±28 and 94±11 in the seminal plasma for buffalo. Cattle semen had significantly ( P<0.01) higher mass motility, sperm concentration and transaminase activity than did buffalo semen. The enzyme activity was positively correlated with mass motility, sperm concentration and fertility, while only GOT activity was inversely related to the ambient temperature.

Selective reduction of hepatic cytochrome P450 content in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis: A mechanism for impairment of microsomal drug oxidation

Alteration of the components of the mixed-function oxidase system, including cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, cytochrome P450 reductase, and cytochrome b5 reductase, was examined in liver microsomes prepared from needle biopsy samples of 12 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. The rate of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in the microsomes was also measured as the activity of cytochrome P450-dependent drug oxidation. The cytochrome P450 content (0.29 ± 0.05 nmol/mg microsomal protein) in the patients was significantly lower than that in the 11 control subjects (0.41 ± 0.09). The rate of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation was also significantly lower in the patients. However, the cytochrome b5 content and the activities of the reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidecytochrome c reductases did not differ between the two groups. Thus, selective reduction of cytochrome P450 seems to play a major role in the impairment of microsomal drug oxidation during intraheptic cholestasis. Moreover, the reduction of cytochrome P450 was correlated with the serum concentrations of total bilirubin and bile acid but not with the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase value. These observations suggest that the reduction of cytochrome P450 might be related to the severity of cholestasis.

Massive transfusion of perfluorocarbon emulsion (Fluosol-DA) in newborn piglets.

To study massive perfluorocarbon transfusion in neonatal animals, 30 piglets (less than 24 h old) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Fluosol-DA-treated (50 ml/kg), albumin-treated (50 ml/kg), and non-treated controls. Pre- and post-transfusion measurements included blood chemistries and complete blood count (CBC). Post-transfusion histological analysis of tissues was also performed. There was no mortality or respiratory distress in the piglets that received Fluosol transfusion. Fluosol-treated piglets had significantly lower (p less than 0.05) post-transfusion serum calcium and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values than the controls. The Fluosol group also had significantly higher chloride and glucose, but lower calcium and bilirubin levels than the albumin group. However, in no cases were the differences of clinical significance. There were no differences between the experimental groups' pre- and post-transfusion CBC values. Microscopic examination of lung, heart, and spleen samples revealed only the presence of splenic vacuoles which we attributed to perfluorocarbon accumulation.