Glucose Levels In Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Antihyperglycemic Activity of Micromeria graeca Aqueous Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Micromeria graeca on blood glucose levels and lipid parameters in an experimental model of diabetes. Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb is a medicinal plant used in Morocco for the treatment of several pathologies including diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the aqueous extract of Micromeria graeca (M. graeca) aerial parts (AEMG) under physiological (normal rats) and pathological (STZ-induced diabetic rats) conditions. Additionally, we analyzed the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. The effects of the acute and sub-chronic administration of AEMG (20 mg/kg) on blood glucose levels and lipid profiles were evaluated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, the phytochemical analysis was carried with standard tests and estimation of total phenolics compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was realized by the DPPH method. Single oral administration of M. graeca aqueous extract decreased blood glucose levels 4 and 6 hours (p<0.01) after treatment in diabetic rats. In accordance, the repeated oral administration of M. graeca showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats since the second day to the end of the period experiment (p<0.0001). In addition, two weeks of treatment with M. graeca reduced total cholesterol levels (p<0.05) with a significant increase of HDL-c level (p<0.01) in diabetic rats. Moreover, M. graeca scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner (IC50=0.48 mg/ml), whereas IC50 was 0.55 mg/ml for BHT. Phytochemical analysis showed the richness of Micromeria graeca on polyphenols (281.94±4.61 mg GAE/1 g), flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, sterols, sesquiterpenes, and terpenoids. AEMG exhibits antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities in STZ-induced diabetic rats and a potent antioxidant capacity.

Antidiabetic and Hypolipidaemic Action of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)-Enriched Probiotic Fermented Milk: An in vivo Rat Study.

SUMMARYResearch backgroundDiabetes is a chronic multi-system disease having long term consequences to the health of people suffering from it. This study investigates the role of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)-enriched probiotic fermented milk in alleviating the diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Experimental approachThe probiotic strain used in the study was Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463. Study comprised six groups each containing 6 Sprague Dawley rats: two controls (nondiabetic and diabetic), and four diabetic groups fed finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk, probiotic fermented milk, finger millet flour or metformin (standard drug). Samples were administered orally for four weeks, and parameters associated with diabetic disorders were studied.Results and conclusionsOral administration of finger millet-enriched milk significantly (p<0.001) decreased (64.26%) the fasting blood glucose level of diabetic rats compared to metformin (56.43%) and diabetic groups receiving the probiotic fermented milk (18.88%) and finger millet flour (47.14%) after four weeks of treatment. The finger millet-enriched milk significantly ameliorated the diabetic symptoms polyphagia and polydipsia and improved body mass. In diabetic control group, body mass was reduced up to 15.60% at the end of experiment, while in the group receiving the probiotic fermented milk, body mass significantly (p<0.0001) increased by about 5-30%. Significant (p<0.0001) reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride levels in the groups treated with finger millet flour, finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk and probiotic fermented milk was observed compared to diabetic control rats. The probiotic fermented milk enriched with finger millet caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein levels (p<0.0001) and insignificant increase in high-density lipoprotein level. A reversal of altered activities of hepatic marker enzymes aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase was observed in the group receiving the probiotic milk enriched with finger millet. Histological observations of pancreatic tissues and liver showed that the enriched milk prevents more severe changes in the acinar cells and ameliorated the inflammation and alteration in the liver structure to some extent. Therefore, the finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk can be a potential functional food in the management of diabetes.Novelty and scientific contributionThis is the only paper reporting about the antidiabetic potential of finger millet-enriched milk fermented using probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 and Streptococcus thermophilus MTCC 5460. It also shows the synergistic antidiabetic effect of milk and finger millet used in combination, thus offering a novel functional food.

Enhanced oral delivery of insulin via the colon-targeted nanocomposite system of organoclay/glycol chitosan/Eudragit\xaeS100

This study aimed to develop a ternary nanocomposite system of organoclay, glycol-chitosan, and Eudragit®S100 as an effective colon targeted drug delivery carrier to enhance the oral absorption of insulin. A nanocomplex of insulin and aminoclay was prepared via spontaneous co-assembly, which was then coated with glycol-chitosan and Eudragit S®100 (EGAC-Ins). The double coated nanocomplex, EGAC-Ins demonstrated a high entrapment efficiency of greater than 90% and a pH-dependent drug release. The conformational stability of insulin entrapped in EGAC-Ins was effectively maintained in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. When compared to a free insulin solution, EGAC-Ins enhanced drug permeability by approximately sevenfold in Caco-2 cells and enhanced colonic drug absorption in rats. Accordingly, oral EGAC-Ins significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats while the hypoglycemic effect of an oral insulin solution was negligible. In conclusion, EGAC-Ins should be a promising colonic delivery system for improving the oral absorption of insulin.

Glutamine: Fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) inhibitory activity of the anthocyanins present in black rice bran: a probable mechanism for the anti diabetic effect

Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which plays an important role in type 2 diabetes. GFAT controls the flux of glucose into the hexosamine pathway and catalyzes the formation of glucosamine 6-phosphate. Recent findings indicate that the flux through the hexosamine pathway, regulated by GFAT, is responsible for the development of diabetic vascular diseases, particularly diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this enzyme is a therapeutic target for control of type 2 diabetes and the complications caused by the disease. Black rice bran contains many bioactive compounds and previous studies have shown that the black rice bran extract (BRBE) can decrease glucose levels in diabetic rats. Among the phenolic compounds, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (COG) is the major anthocyanin in black rice. To elucidate the mechanism of antidiabetic effect of BRBE, the present study was designed to evaluate molecular interactions existing between six bioactive compounds extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) viz. Cyanadin-3-O-Glucoside (COG), 6´-O-Feruloylsucrose (FLS), p-Coumaric acid (pCmA), Syringic acid (SYA), Sinapic acid (SPA) and Protocatechuic acid (PCA) with GFAT enzyme. The results indicated that of all the compounds extracted from black rice, COG and FLS show greater binding affinity than the native ligand glucose-6-phosphate. The other components of black rice also show a comparable binding affinity with the receptor. Thus the compounds extracted from black rice may produce significant antidiabetic effect by binding with GFAT.

Loranthus micranthus nanoparticles abates streptozotocin-instigated testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats: Involvement of glucose metabolism enzymes, oxido-inflammatory stress, steroidogenic enzymes/protein and Nrf2 pathway.

Loranthus micranthus (African mistletoe)-Loranthaceae family, is used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating male infertility and lowering diabetic blood sugar levels. We investigated possible mechanism(s) involved in mitigation of L.micranthus leaves nanoparticles (LMLNPs) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced testicular alterations. Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in male rats following 2weeks feeding with fructose and single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Control (nondiabetic) and (diabetic) rats received buffer only. Diabetic rats were treated with metformin or LMLNPs (two different doses) for 28days. Hormonal profile, oxido-inflammatory stress parameters, glucose metabolism and steroidogenic enzymes/regulatory protein (StAR) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein in testes and sperm parameters were evaluated. Metformin and LMLNPs treatment significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats. Furthermore, LMLNPs enhanced glucose metabolism and testicular steroidogenic enzymes/protein, increased reproductive hormone levels and sperm functional parameters in diabetic rats. Additionally, LMLNPs suppressed testicular oxido-inflammatory stress biomarkers and inhibited lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats while augmenting Nrf2 pathway. Conclusively, LMLNPs potently reversed adverse effects of T2DM testicular dysfunction of rats. Use of LMLNPs in abating diabetic consequences proves an acceptable alternative to traditional crude extract preparations, as a result of better packaging and preservation.

In vivo antidiabetic evaluation of nanoparticles encompass dual bioflavonoid

Out of all the illness, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is that the leading cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. The overall international incidence of Diabetes mellitus is a rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 as a result of various genetic level, fashionable life vogue factors like fatness, nutrition physical inactivity, ageing &amp; stress. Hence hyperglycemic circumstance of diabetes patient is untreatable; however, the blood sugar level is controlled by daily administration of a dose of medicinal drug and medicine. At this juncture the isolates of the plant are used, within the gift study to use and make sure the possible medicinal drug and inhibitor activity mistreatment numerous in vivo models. Throughout this study, the associate initiative has been taken to check the activity of novelized preparation in addition to a pure drug to determine the efficiency of preparation. The work additionally designed to comprise a comparative illustration of activity of pure bioflavonoid, single loaded isolate nanoparticles and dual loaded nanoparticles. Therefore the primary aim of the analysis is to arrange Apigenin (Ap NP), Hesperidin (Hs NP) associated Apigenin -Hesperidin (Ap-Hs NP) twin loaded flavonol compound nanoparticles to beat the restrictions of Apigenin and Hesperidin synergistically augment of the therapeutic worth. Efficacy antidiabetic study was observed slightly decrease blood glucose level in diabetic rats treated with pure compound and with Ap and Hs loaded polymeric nanoparticles as compared to diabetic control rats.

Design, synthesis and anti-diabetic activity of novel 1, 2, 3-triazole-5-carboximidamide derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

The inhibitors of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-4), as a potent stimulator of insulin secretion and an inhibitor of glucagon secretion from the pancreas, have been considered as promising agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, a novel series of 1, 2, 3-triazole-5-carboximidamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and inhibitory activity evaluated against the DPP-4 enzyme. All of the compounds represented inhibitory activity, and among them, compounds 6a, 6b, and 6c showed desirable inhibitory activity of DPP-4 with IC50 values of 14.75 nM, 6.75 nM, and 6.57 nM, respectively. Compound 6a with a dose of 10 mg/kg showed glucose tolerance enhancement during OGTT in NMRI mice. Moreover, chronic treatment of Wistar rats for 14 days with compound 6a showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels of diabetic rats, which was similar to sitagliptin as a standard.

P0995EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOID RICH FRACTION OF HYBANTHUS ENNEASPERMUS IN DIABETIC RATS: IN-SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES FOR SOD, CATALASE, GPX, XANTHINE OXIDASE AND NF-KB

Abstract Background and Aims Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease affected a wide range of population all over the world and leads to development of secondary complications. Enzymes play key role in the development of secondary complication. Method The flavonoid rich fraction was prepared using ethyl acetate. Oral glucose tolerance test normoglycemic effect of flavonoid rich fraction of Hybanthus enneaspermus (EHE) was evaluated at a dose of 45 and 90 mg/kg, p.o. Further effect of EHE on blood glucose, body weight, enzymes such as super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid parameters were estimated out at 45 and 90 mg/kg p.o. per day for 21 days in streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Molecular docking technique was also performed against Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx), xanthine oxidase and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) for selected phytoconstituents. Results EHE contain significant amount of phenolic, tannin, flavonoid and saponin. EHE significantly decreased blood glucose level in diabetic rats. All the tested lipid parameters and enzyme level of SOD, Catalase and Gpx were significantly restored to the normal level in the EHE treated rats. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the body weight in the EHE treated rats. Docking study showed the best binding affinity and interaction of phytoconstituents with xanthine oxidase and NF-κB signified their role in kidney disorders. Conclusion EHE has very impressive profile as an antidiabetic, antioxidant and nephroprotective activity via enzymes modulation and it may prove to be effective treatment for kidney disorders in hyperglycemia.

Antidiabetic activity of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser flower extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

BackgroundVarious parts i.e., stem bark, leaf, root and flower of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser has been extensively used by traditional practitioners to treat all types of diabetes. Our present study investigated the antidiabetic property of the extract from its flower and evaluated its traditional use for diabetes.ResultsPhenolic contents were found to be higher in the methanol soluble fraction (MESF) (228.16 ± 0.32 GAE/g of sample) while flavonoids were greater in quantity in the chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) (291 ± 5.99 QE/g of sample). The MESF showed the highest free radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 30.52 ± 2.40 and 6.26 ± 0.82 μg/mL respectively and both the values were promising when compared to the individual standards. Highest reduction of blood glucose level were observed when the N. cadamba flower extract (NCFE) were given (not in combination with metformin) orally for 2 weeks. NMCE at 500 mg/kg resulted 60.2% (p < 0.05) reduction of blood glucose in the diabetic group, comparable with the effect of standard metformin (68.4%). Gain in body weight were also observed in the test groups indicating an overall improvement of health in the diabetic rats.ConclusionsThe extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) flower is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds attributing to its potent in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory potential. Oral administration of NCFE also resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) dose dependent reduction of blood glucose level in diabetic rats, while no synergistic activity was observed when it was given in combination with metformin. These findings imply the possible pharmacological mechanisms behind the antidiabetic property of NCFE could be: inhibition of α-amylase and delaying the absorption of glucose from the intestine, secondly possessing ‘metformin like’ activity such as increasing cellular uptake and glycolysis of glucose, reducing gluconeogenesis in the liver etc. This study also for the first time provides scientific evidence in favor of the traditional use N. cadamba flower against diabetes and demands future study in order to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for such bioactivities.

Effects of immune cell-targeted treatments result from the suppression of neuronal oxidative stress and inflammation in experimental diabetic rats.

In this study, we hypothesized that reduction of immune cell activation as well as their oxidant or inflammatory mediators with minocycline (MCN), liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC), or anti-Ly6G treatments can be neuroprotective approaches in diabetic neuropathy. MCN (40mg/kg) for reduction of microglial activation, LEC (25mg/kg) for of macrophage inhibition, or anti-Ly6G (150μg/kg) for neutrophil suppression injected to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats twice, 3days, and 1week (half dose) after STZ. Animal mass and blood glucose levels were measured; thermal and mechanical sensitivities were tested for in pain sensations. The levels of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL8, and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues of rats. LEC significantly reduced the glucose level of diabetic rats compared with drug control. However, MCN or anti-LY6G did not change the glucose level. While diabetic rats showed a marked decrease in both thermal and mechanical sensations, all treatments alleviated these abnormal sensations. The levels of chemokines and oxidative stress parameters increased in diabetic rats. All drug treatments significantly decreased the CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL8 levels of spinal cord tissues and ameliorated the neuronal oxidative stress compared with control treatments. Present findings suggest that the neuroprotective actions of MCN, LEC, or anti-Ly6G treatments may be due to the modulation of neuronal oxidative stress and/or inflammatory mediators of immune cells in diabetic rats with neuropathy.

Synthesis and Investigation of Antidiabetic Response of New Coumarin Derivatives Against Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Experimental Rats

A new series of coumarin analogs (1a – 1g) were designed and synthesized. The chemical structures of all compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy techniques. The synthesized compounds were investigated for their anti-diabetic activity against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. The albino rats were selected to observe the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg body weight) in normal rats and estimate the blood glucose level after administration of compounds 1e – 1f at 50 and 100 mg/kg, and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg body weight. Antidiabetic activity was studied by estimating the blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The results showed that all the synthesized coumarin analogs 1a – 1g exhibited antidiabetic potential. Compounds 1e – 1f produced eminent antidiabetic effects in STZ induced diabetic rats.

Comparison between the therapeutic effects of differentiated and undifferentiated Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Despite the availability of current therapies, including oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin, for controlling the symptoms caused by high blood glucose, it is difficult to cure diabetes mellitus, especially type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a promising option. However, the therapeutic mechanisms by which MSCs exert their effects, such as whether they can differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) before transplantation, are uncertain. In this study, we used three types of differentiation media over 10 d to generate IPCs from human Wharton's jelly MSCs (hWJ-MSCs). We further transplanted the undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs and differentiated IPCs derived from them into the portal vein of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and recorded the physiological and pathological changes. Using fluorescent staining and C-peptide enzyme-linked immunoassay, we were able to successfully induce the differentiation of hWJ-MSCs into IPCs. Transplantation of both IPCs derived from hWJ-MSCs and undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs had the therapeutic effect of ameliorating blood glucose levels and improving intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests. The transplanted IPCs homed to the pancreas and functionally survived for at least 8 wk after transplantation, whereas the undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs were able to improve the insulitis and ameliorate the serum inflammatory cytokine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Differentiated IPCs can significantly improve blood glucose levels in diabetic rats due to the continuous secretion of insulin by transplanted cells that survive in the islets of diabetic rats. Transplantation of undifferentiated hWJ-MSCs can significantly improve insulitis and re-balance the inflammatory condition in diabetic rats with only a slight improvement in blood glucose levels.

Liver‐Target and Glucose‐Responsive Polymersomes toward Mimicking Endogenous Insulin Secretion with Improved Hepatic Glucose Utilization

AbstractOral insulin therapy that targets the liver and further mimics glucose‐responsive secretion holds promise for correcting defects in glucose metabolism caused by peripheral delivery. This work describes the construction of polymersomes (Pep‐PMS), which are composed of glucose‐responsive polymers decorated with peptides that readily bind to the ganglioside‐monosialic acid (GM1) receptor in the intestinal epithelium. Pep‐PMS are efficiently transported across the intestinal epithelium through GM1‐mediated transcytosis, leading to their abundant accumulation in the liver. Moreover, Pep‐PMS can efficiently encapsulate insulin in euglycemia and release them in hyperglycemia. Under hyperglycemic conditions, the Pep‐PMS dissociate to release the encapsulated insulin in response to glucose oxidase (GOx)‐induced H2O2. Surprisingly, the postprandial blood glucose levels of diabetic rats treated with Pep‐PMS can be maintained even after being challenged by glucose administration. Hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen production are also elevated after treating diabetic rats with Pep‐PMS, which is similar to glucose utilization in normal rats. Oral delivery systems that target the liver and serve as a reservoir for glucose‐responsive insulin secretion may improve the therapeutic effect in people with diabetes.

The effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) dried by different heat treatments on plasma lipid profile and fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia and determine possible changes in these effects due to different heat treatments applied to onion. 32 male Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: the groups C and DC were fed with standard rat diet; the DLO group was fed with rat diet including 5% onion powder dried at -76°C in a lyophilizator, and the DFO group was fed with rat diet including 5% onion powder dried at 80°C in a furnace. Diabetes was induced in DC, DLO and DFO groups by injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). A decreasing tendency was observed in fasting blood glucose (FBG) values of DLO group during the experiment period and it was found that the 6th and 8th weeks values were significantly lower than the 1st and 2nd weeks values (p<0.05). On the other hand, no statistical difference was observed in the FBG values measured at different weeks in the DFO group. Significant differences were also observed among the groups in terms of plasma lipid values. DLO group was determined to have lower levels of triglyceride (p<0.001), LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol and higher levels of HDL cholesterol (p<0.05 for all cases) compared to the DC group whereas no significant difference in these values was found between the DFO and DC groups. Lyophilized onion powder may be protective against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia arising from diabetes. However, the heat treatments applied to onion affect this protective role negatively.

In vivo bioassay of composite flour made of growol and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) sprout flour for determining the hypoglycemic properties

Growol was traditional food that was produced by spontaneous fermentation of cassava in water for 3–5 days. . In preliminary research showed that cowpeas sprout protein had hypoglycemic properties. This research was aimed to determine the hypoglycemic properties through in vivo bioassay of composite flour that was made of growol and cowpeas sprout flour by using normal and diabetic Sprague Dawley male rats. There were two of research treatments, that were rat condition and feed treatment. The first teratments (rat condition) were normal rats and diabetic rats which was induced by alloxan injection, and the second treatments (feed) were standard feed and composite flour feed which was prepared by substitution of corn strach in standard feed with the composite flour. The blood glucose of rats were analysed on 3th, and 18 th days for the treatment and before the treatment as control (0th). The result of this research indicated that the potency of hypoglycemic were shown by decreasing of blood glucose level in diabetic rats with growol treatment. On 18th days treatment, the blood glucose of the diabetic rats with standard feed increased and they were still diabetec. While the blood glucose of diabetic rats with composite feed treatment reduced 20% on 18th days after the treatment, although they are still diabetic. The composite flour might decrease blood glucose for more than 18 days feed treatment. That was indicated that the composite flour that was made of growol and cowpeas sprout flour might be used as functional food for type 2 diabetic therapy

Antidiabetic activity of standardized dried tubers extract of Aconitum napellus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

India has got rich cultural inheritage in the forms of Ayurveda texts which are a rich and ample source of herbs, shrubs, trees and affluent in medicinally active phytoconstituents. Aconitum napellus is used for the cure of many ailments including rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica and gout. The present work attempts to evaluate the physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the tubers of Aconitum napellus along with its antidiabetic activity. The herbal standardization was carried out on the basis of organoleptic properties, physical characteristics and physicochemical properties. The body weight of ACON-I (1.25mg/kg) and ACON-II (2.5mg/kg) was recorded as 190.40 and 209.40g, respectively, compared with 163.00g in diabetic rats at day 28. The body weight of ACON-I and ACON-II was significantly increased compared with diabetic rats (p < 0.01). However, the body weight of ACON-I and ACON-II was decreased significantly (p < 0.01) compared with normal group (222.60g). The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats and ACON-I group were recorded as 277.800 and 152.400mg/dl, respectively, compared with 83.600mg/dl in normal rats (p < 0.01). However, the HbA1c levels of diabetic rats and ACON-I group were recorded as 11.306 and 6.936% Hb, respectively, compared with 4.539% Hb in normal rats. The glucose and HbA1c levels of diabetic and ACON-I groups were significant compared with normal group (p < 0.01). The results of antidiabetic activity showed that the plant can be used as a potent source for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. The results of this work provided the referential information for the identification and standardization of Aconitum napellus along with its role as a hypoglycemic agent.

The antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the Arabian balsam tree “Commiphora gileadensis” in hyperlipidaemic male rats

The leaf and twig aqueous extracts of Arabian balsam tree (Commiphora gileadensis) were tested to protect against alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in hypercholesterolemic male rats. The antioxidants, high density lipoproteins, IgE and α-Amylase were decreased, whereas kidney function indices, liver function enzymes, triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and all immunoglobulins except IgE were increased as a result of alloxan administration. Moreover, the renal, hepatic and pancreatic tissue showed a drastic pathological damage. In G3 and G4, treating the diabetic rats with C. gileadensis leaf and twig extracts, respectively greatly ameliorated all biochemical parameters and the injured tissues and restored them nearly to the normal. In G4, the aqueous extract of C. gileadensis twig was more efficient in treating the diabetic rats than the leaf aqueous extract in G3. Both C. gileadensis leaf and twig aqueous extracts succeeded in adjusting the glucose levels of diabetic rats under hypercholesterolemic condition due to their antioxidant activity.

Effect of leptin on spatial learning, memory and blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar albino rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is known to cause cognitive impairment that can be possibly attributed to deficient levels of leptin in diabetic animals. This study was undertaken to study the effect of administration of leptin on spatial learning, memory and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.Methods: Rats were divided into three groups. The first group was the control group. Diabetes was induced in groups 2 and 3 by streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Group 2 received saline while group 3 received leptin (0.1 mg/kg) subcutaneously for 10 days from 4th day of STZ administration. Behavioural assessment was done in T maze after 21 days of the last injection of leptin. Blood glucose levels were also analysed.Results: The number of correct arm entries decreased while time spent being immobile and time spent to reach the correct arm increased in the diabetic group when compared to the control group and correct arm entries increased while time spent immobile and time spent to reach the correct arm decreased with leptin treatment when compared to the diabetic control rats. Blood glucose levels increased in the diabetic rats while leptin administration reduced blood glucose levels in the group 3.Conclusions: Our study suggests that leptin can improve learning and memory while also producing a slight reduction in the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.

Pharmaceutical hit of anti type 2 Diabetes mellitus on the phenolic extract of Malaka (Phyllanthus emblica L.) flesh

BackgroundEthnobotany knowledge in a community has shaped local wisdom in utilizing plants to treat diseases, such as the use of Malaka (Phyllanthus emblica) flesh to treat type 2 diabetes. This study presented evidence that the phenolic extract of the Malaka flesh could reduce blood sugar levels in the diabetic induced rats.MethodsThe phenolic extract of the P. emblica was administrated to the glucose-induced rats of the Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus for 14 days of treatment where the Metformin was used as a positive control. The data generated were analyzed by the two-way ANOVA Software related to the blood glucose level and by SAS Software related to the histopathological studies at a significant 95% confidence.ResultsThe phenolic extract with concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight could reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. The post hoc Dunnet test showed that the administration of the extract to the rats with a concentration of 100 mg/kg body weight demonstrated a very significant decrease in blood glucose levels and repaired damaged cells better than administering the extract at a concentration of 200 mg/kg weight body.ConclusionThe evidence indicated that the phenolic extract of the Malaka flesh can be utilized as anti type 2 Diabetes mellitus without damaging other organs.

Antihyperglycemic activity of Porphyridium cruentum biomass and extra-cellular polysaccharide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Porphyridium cruentum, known as red microalga, is able to produce extra-cellular polysaccharides (EPs) that have beneficial health effects. In this study, the effect of P. cruentum biomass and EPs with various doses was studied in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats to determine their antihyperglycemic activity and its potential mechanism. The doses of biomass were 600, 1200 and 1800 mg/kg body weight (BW) while the doses of EPs were 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg BW. P. cruentum biomass and EPs could slightly reduce food intake in STZ-diabetic rats as compared with diabetic group. After a 14-day treatment, P. cruentum EPs could decrease blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats while P. cruentum biomass at all doses could not. P. cruentum EPs was as effective as glibenclamide in lowering blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. In addition, P. cruentum EPs could significantly increase (p < 0.05) Langerhans islets areas, the number of β-cells and the height of intestinal villi. Treatment with 450 mg/kg BW of EPs resulted in the most effective antihyperglycemic activity. Thus, P. cruentum has the potential to resolve hyperglycemic and diabetic problems.