Glucose Concentration Profiles Research Articles

Telomere length in young and middle-aged patients: relationship with cardiovascular risk factors

Aim. To evaluate the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and cardiovascular risk factors in young and middle-aged patients without cardiovascular disease (CVD).Material and methods. This cross-sectional study involved 450 patients aged 30 [21;42] years. Risk factors and possible exclusion criteria was assessed through questionnaires and anthropometric examination. In all subjects, glucose concentration and lipid profile were assessed using the CardioChekPA express analyzer (USA, 2017), followed by calculation of integral metabolic indices: visceral adiposity index (VAI), body fat percentage, body adiposity index (BAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP). LTL was measured in whole blood samples using fluorimetry (Qubit 4 Singapore 2020) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QIAamp Blood Mini Kit, German 2022). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10 program.Results. The prevalence of the studied risk factors in the main group corresponded to the general population. According to the correlation analysis, LTL was associated with age (r=-0,26; p<0,05), smoking (r=-0,35; p<0,05), obesity (r=-0,19; p>0,05), neck circumference (NC) (r=-0,53; p<0,05), diastolic blood pressure (r=-0,31; p<0,05), cholesterol (r=-0,64; p<0,05), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (r=0,59; p<0,05) and low-density lipoproteins (r=-0,52; p<0,05), triglycerides (r=-0,46; p<0,05), glucose (r=-0,33; p<0,05), LAP (r=-0,4; p<0,05), VAI (r=-0,57; p<0,05) and BAI (r=-0,32; p<0,05). According to the multivariate regression analysis, LTL was associated with age (B=-0,04, Std. Err. of B=0,02, p=0,03), smoking (B=-0,87, Std. Err. of B=0,26, p=0,001), NC (B=-0,23, Std. Err. of B=0,07, p=0,001), total cholesterol levels (B=-0,37, Std. Err. of B=0,87, p<0,001), HDL (B=0,59, Std. Err. of B=0,24, p=0,018), LAP (B=-0,01, Std. Err. of B=0,02, p<0,011), VAI (B=-0,37, Std. Err. of B=0,16, p=0,025).Conclusion. LTL is interconnected with cardiovascular risk factors, which determines the significance of their participation in CVD development and biological aging in young and middle-aged people.

Quality evaluation of therapeutic noodle from water yam, millet and wheat composite flour and its effect on lipid profile and blood glucose concentration using albino rats

This study investigated the development and sensory qualities of therapeutic noodle from wheat, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and water yam composite flour and the effect of feeding the product on lipid profile and blood glucose concentration using alloxan induced albino rats. The therapeutic noodle was produced using different ratios of flour blends of wheat, millet and water yam. Sensory analysis was carried out based on color, taste, aroma, slipperiness and overall acceptability on the basis of a 9-point hedonic scale. The therapeutic noodle samples competed well with the commercial noodle (control) sample as they were all rated above average (>5.0) with noodle sample (WMF5) having a very high score of 8.40 in the overall acceptability. Alloxan induced male albino rats were fed the formulated therapeutic noodle for 21 days and assessed for their resultant body weight, blood glucose concentration and lipid profiles. The total cholesterol levels of all diabetic albino rats fed the formulated therapeutic noodle were reduced to within the normal range of below 200mg/dl ideal for adults after the 21days. The therapeutic noodles also helped to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the high blood glucose concentration of the diabetic rats to below 200mg/dl while diabetic rats fed control diet (100:0) had the highest concentration of blood glucose (485mg/dl). Due to the high anti-diabetic properties of the therapeutic noodles, it can be recommended as a functional food source for the treatment of overweight, obesity, and diabetes.

Effects of metformin alone or in combination with vitamin C and E on serum glucose concentration and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin alone or in combination with vitamin C and E on fasting serum glucose (FSG) concentration and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred and three newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients participated in this study. They were divided into 3 groups according to treatment. The first group involved 32 patients were kept on metformin therapy alone. The second group involved 37 patients were kept on combination of metformin and vitamin C and vitamin E . Whereas the third group involved 34 patients were have no drug therapy but kept on diet restriction. The duration of treatment was for 2 months . Another group consisted of 35 healthy subjects participated in the study as a control group. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by Quetelet index (Weight/Height2). Fasting serum blood samples were used for measuring serum glucose concentrations and lipid profile using special commercial kits. Serum LDL-c concentration was calculated by Friedewald equation and atherogenic Index was calculated as TC /HDL-c . The results found that there were a significant elevation in weight, BMI, FSG, Tc ,TGS, LDL-c and AI and a significant reduction in HDL-c in type 2 diabetic patient before starting treatment as compared with control group. The results also found that metformin group showed a reduction only in weight, BMI, FSG and Tc whereas the combination group showed a highly significant reduction of all studied parameters and significant elevation of HDL-c. The diet group showed non significant changes in all of the studied parameters. This study has been concluded that the addition of Vitamin C and E to metformin therapy produce additional beneficial effects on weight, BMI ,FSG and lipid profile over metformin alone or diet therapy alone in type 2 diabetic patients.

Mathematical modelling of enzymatic glucose fuel cell and numerical validation

The performance of an enzymatic membrane-less and mediator-less glucose fuel cell is theoretically discussed. This paper solves a system of strongly nonlinear differential equations following Michaelis–Menten kinetics analytically. Simple approximate expressions for the concentration of glucose and hydrogen ions have been derived using a new analytical approach. Glucose concentration profiles are seen to drop throughout the cell. A careful study of the system parameters on concentration and current has been done. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to understand the impact of each parameter on current. Satisfactory agreement is noted between the numerical results obtained through MATLAB and the results obtained by the new analytical approach. Tables and figures are presented to support the conclusions achieved.

Focus on Polish nurses' health condition: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe nursing profession carries with it many negative factors and a high risk of developing chronic diseases, including overweight and obesity. According to statistics, the health condition of this professional group is much worse than that of the average population of the same age. As the largest and most trusted professional group in the world, nurses are critical to the health of any nation. The aim of the study was to assess the Polish nurse’s health condition based on real measurements of parameters important for the occurrence of metabolic diseases.MethodsThis is the cross-sectional, conducted among two age groups of Polish nurses (<50 years and ≥50 years). Study included the measurements with DXA, the assessment of glucose concentration and lipid profile, the measurement of blood pressure and socio-demographic data of the surveyed nurses.ResultsThe majority of respondents above 50 years old were nurses with elevated total cholesterol (79.3%), elevated LDL cholesterol (72.8%), 42.4% of studied nurses had hypertension.ConclusionIndividual, local and national measures to prevent and support the health of this professional group are needed.

Assessment of Fertility Effect and Hypolipidemic Activity of Carica papaya (Linn) Leaf Methanol Extract in Male Diabetic Rats

Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder that leads to other microvascular and macrovascular complications. Diabetes affects fertility and blood clotting, and also cause impaired lipid profile thus leading to increased atherogenic risks and coronary diseases. This research investigates the effects of Carica papaya leaf methanol extract on fertility indices and lipid profile of male diabetic rats.&#x0D; Methodology: Male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated orally with 100 and 200 mg/kg C. papaya methanol extract for 14 days. At the end of administration, the plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile were assayed by spectrophotometric methods; seminal analysis was carried out for evaluation of morphology, motility and sperm count under the microscope. The bleeding and clotting times of the rats were also determined.&#x0D; Results: C. papaya leaf methanol extract caused significant (p = 0.05) reduction in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C, bleeding and clotting times of diabetic treated rats, while the HDL-C of treated groups were significantly (p = 0.05) elevated compared to the diabetic control. Percentage normal cells were lower in diabetic control rats (41.4±4.4%) and C. papaya treated groups (50.0±8.5% for 100 mg/kg; 47.5±9.1% for 200 mg/kg) compared with the normal control group (69.5±5.6%). Similar results were recorded for sperm count. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, anthraquinone, tannin, and other bioactive compounds.&#x0D; Conclusion: findings from this study indicated that C. papaya leaf methanol extract could possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Thus, could be considered as a potential source of bio pharmacological agent for management and control of DM and its complications. Prolonged administration of C. papaya leaves may negatively affect male fertility.

Exercise adaptations and TGF-β1 levels in recreational cyclists

BackgroundCycling is a physical exercise that is widely performed to improve physical fitness. Regular physical exercise will lead to adaptations to exercise. This adaptation is useful in suppressing the production of reactive oxygen stress (ROS) generated in response to cellular metabolism that uses oxygen. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) plays a role in increasing the production of ROS, thus, when the concentration is low, it would lead to an improvement in physical fitness. This study aims to compare levels of TGF-β1 between recreational cyclists and sedentary groups. In addition, this research also compares several other parameters, which are fasting blood sugar levels and lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol) between cyclists and sedentaries. MethodsThis was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The research subjects consisted of 2 groups, each consisting of 21 participants, namely the recreational cyclist and the sedentary group. Anthropometric examinations were carried out, including body weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage. Fasting blood glucose concentration and lipid profile (Triglyceride – TG, Total Cholesterol – Total C, HDL Cholesterol – HDL-C, and LDL Cholesterol – LDL-C) were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric methods, and TGF-β1 levels were determined using the fluorescence of specific antibodies for TGF-β1 (pg/ml) using ELISA method. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS v. 25. ResultsThe anthropometric variables, other than body height, did not differ significantly between the two groups, so did the fasting blood glucose concentration. Nevertheless, the lipid profile (TG, Total C, HDL-C and LDL-C) were found to be significantly better in the cyclist group (p < 0.05).The mean level of TGF-β1 in recreational cyclists was 8, 908.48 pg/ml, lower than the control group, 10, 229.28 pg/ml. The results of the unpaired t-test showed significant mean differences between the two groups, (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). ConclusionThe levels of TGF-β1 in the recreational cyclist group were lower than the sedentary group. Regular physical exercise will trigger exercise adaptations that can suppress latent TGF-β1 activation.

Effects of Scaffold Pore Morphologies on Glucose Transport Limitations in Hollow Fibre Membrane Bioreactor for Bone Tissue Engineering: Experiments and Numerical Modelling.

In the current research, three electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with different pore morphology induced by changing the electrospinning parameters, spinning time and rate, have been prepared in order to provide a fundamental understanding on the effects pore morphology have on nutrient transport behaviour in hollow fibre membrane bioreactor (HFMB). After determining the porosity of the scaffolds, they were investigated for glucose diffusivity using cell culture media (CCM) and distilled water in a diffusion cell at 37 °C. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the microstructure of the scaffolds were analysed further using ImageJ software to determine the porosity and glucose diffusivity. A Krogh cylinder model was used to determine the glucose transport profile with dimensionless variables within the HFMB. The paper discusses the roles of various dimensionless numbers (e.g., Péclet and Damköhler numbers) and non-dimensional groups of variables (e.g., non-dimensional fibre radius) on determining glucose concentration profiles, especially in the scaffold region. A negative linear relationship between glucose diffusivities across PCL scaffolds and the minimum glucose concentrations (i.e., concentration on the outer fibre edge on the outlet side (at z = 1 and r = 3.2) was also found. It was shown that the efficiency of glucose consumption improves with scaffolds of higher diffusivities. The results of this study are expected to help in optimizing designs of HFMB as well as carry out more accurate up scaling analyses for the bioreactor.

Characterization and Function of a Novel Welan Gum Lyase From Marine Sphingomonas sp. WG.

Welan gum, a kind of microbial exopolysaccharides, produced by the genus Sphingomonas, have great potential for application in many fields, such as the food industry, cement production, and enhanced oil recovery. But there are still challenges to reduce the cost, enhance the production and the quality. Herein, the bioinformatics analysis of WelR gene was preformed, and the characterization and function of WelR, welan gum lyase, from Sphingomonas sp. WG were investigated for the first time. The results indicated that 382nd (Asn), 383rd (Met), 494th (Asn), and 568th (Glu) were the key amino acid residues, and C-terminal amino acids were essential to keeping the stability of WelR. The optimal temperature and pH of the enzymatic activity were found to be 25°C and 7.4, respectively. And WelR was good low temperature resistance and alkali resistant. K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and EDTA increased WelR activities, in contrast to Zn2+. Coupled with the change in glucose concentration and growth profile, the qRT-PCR results indicated that WelR may degrade welan gum existing in the culture to maintain bacterial metabolism when glucose was depleted. This work will lay a theoretical foundation to establish new strategies for the regulation of welan gum biosynthesis.

A LIPID PROFILE STUDY AMONGST THE CASES OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS - A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Introduction: India leads the world with largest number of diabetic cases and is often referred to as the diabetes capital. Diabetic dyslipidemia in India is one of the main causes for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) mortality of the world. Dyslipidemia are disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, including lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency. It is a preventable risk factor which is mostly observed in diabetes cases and that may precipitate the cardiovascular disorders. Our aim of the study is to determine the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on lipid profile of diabetic cases reporting at tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Patna Science College, Patna, Bihar. Total 140 diabetic cases were randomly selected and they were examined for dyslipidemia. Fasting blood glucose concentration and Lipid Profile [Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG)] were investigated by using commercially available reagent kits in Biochemistry analyzer. Collected data was analyzed by using appropriate software. Results: Out of total 140 diabetic cases examined, the mean age of cases was 48.93 ± 12.1 years. In present study we found the mean Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) was 188.76 ± 54.63 mg/dl. The prevalence rates in our study for high Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG) were 13.6% and 41.4% respectively. The prevalence rates for high LDL-C, very high LDL-C and low HDL-C in the diabetic subjects were 8.6%, 5.0% and 72.9% respectively. Conclusion: The diabetic cases had elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated triglyceride (triacylglycerol) and slightly elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and reduced levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) indicating that diabetic cases were more prone to cardiovascular diseases. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, Total Cholesterol.

ANALYSIS OF ENCAPSULATED YEAST IN COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS APPROACH

Abstract - Computational fluid dynamics of encapsulated yeast has been developed to determine characterization of encapsulated yeast applied for ethanol production from lignocellulose waste. Encapsulated yeast as biologically activate materials enclosed in a semipermeable membrane to protect cell from inhibitor attack. Encapsulated yeast system relates to mass transfer of substrate (glucose) into capsule and out of capsule and fermentation reaction. Modelling of mass transfer was developed to understand capsule performance consisting of 3 parts, cell aggregate, liquid space and thin membrane. Finite element method has been applied to solve partial differential equation of glucose concentration profile against x, y position and t -time in Comsol multhiphysics 3.5a. Capsule geometry was showed in half part capsule, 2D and axis symmetries. Trend line of glucose distribution was effected by thickness membrane that 0.1 mm controlling in mass transfer and cell aggregate of 50%-v of membrane.Keywords: computational fluid dynamics, encapsulated yeast system, glucose mass transfer

Assessment of optimal insulin administration timing for standard carbohydrates-rich meals using continuous glucose monitoring in children with type1 diabetes: A cross-over randomized study.

Aims/IntroductionThe present study was an assessment of postprandial glucose concentration after carbohydrates‐rich meals using continuous glucose monitoring in 30 children with type 1 diabetes treated using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with a rapid‐acting insulin analog.Materials and MethodsOver a period of 3 days, participants administered simple boluses with different delay times between insulin administration and the beginning of carbohydrates‐rich meal consumption (meal no. 1 containing 197 kcal, no. 2 containing 247 kcal and meal no. 3 containing 323 kcal; containing practically no protein and fat). In the present cross‐over randomized study, we analyzed the average glucose concentration profiles in 5‐min intervals, mean glucose at insulin administration, mean glucose after 120 and 180 min, mean and peak glucose, glucose peak time, areas under the glucose and glucose increase curves, and time period lengths with glucose <50, 70 mg/dL, and >140 and 200 mg/dL.ResultsFor test meals at 20‐min versus 0‐min delay time, the study exposed a longer median time period to reach peak glucose (95 vs 65 min, P = 0.01) after meals. A tendency to the lowest peak and mean glucose, and the longest time with glucose within a normal range was observed in patients who administered bolus insulin 20 min before a meal.ConclusionsFor carbohydrates‐rich meals, administration of a proper dose of a rapid‐acting insulin analog is crucial. The influence of rapid‐acting insulin analog administration timing seems to be of minor importance in comparison with correct insulin dose adjustment; however, a tendency to achieve more balanced glucose profiles was found in a group who administered insulin 20 min before a meal.

Relative contribution of basal and postprandial hyperglycaemia stratified by HbA1c categories before and after treatment intensification with dulaglutide.

To assess the effect of dulaglutide on the relative contribution of basal hyperglycaemia (BHG) and postprandial hyperglycaemia (PPHG) to overall hyperglycaemia across HbA1c categories in patients with type 2 diabetes. Data from five phase 3 studies (N = 673) were pooled to assess the change in relative contributions of BHG and PPHG to overall hyperglycaemia across different HbA1c categories after 6 months of treatment intensification with dulaglutide 1.5 mg as monotherapy or with 1 or 2 oral medication(s) in patients with type 2 diabetes. BHG and PPHG were calculated using the area under the curve (AUC) of 7-point self-monitored plasma glucose concentration profiles. As a secondary objective, relative contribution of BHG and PPHG for dulaglutide versus liraglutide, exenatide BID and insulin glargine was assessed by individual studies at 6 months. In pooled data, after 6 months of treatment intensification with dulaglutide 1.5 mg, there was a significant reduction from baseline in overall hyperglycaemia (AUCoverall ) [(mean ± SE) -466.31 ± 18.32 mg*h/dL (P < 0.001)], BHG (AUCbasal ) [(mean ± SE) -371.46 ± 16.36 mg*h/dL (P < 0.001)] and PPHG (AUCpostprandial ) [(mean ± SE) -94.84 ± 7.97 mg*h/dL (P < 0.001)]. At baseline, relative contributions of BHG increased and PPHG decreased with increasing HbA1c levels. This pattern was maintained at 6 months, even as overall glycaemia improved with decreasing HbA1c values. In patients with type 2 diabetes, dulaglutide reduces HbA1c by lowering both basal and postprandial hyperglycaemia across various HbA1c levels.

The Effects of Physical Activity and Omega 3 Fatty Acids on Glucose Levels and Neuropathy Symptoms in Hispanic Diabetics in the “En Balancé Plus” Study

BackgroundDiabetes is an important global public health burden. In the U.S., 8.3% of the population (i.e. 25.8 million individuals) have diabetes. Hispanic Americans have a higher prevalence of diabetes at 11.8% compared to non‐Hispanic whites. People with type‐2 diabetes often have developed an intolerance to insulin. For these individuals, healthy dieting and exercise, insulin therapy and proper medication will help to control and treat their diabetes. If not treated early, then diabetes affects many major organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Controlling blood sugar levels can help prevent these complications. Aerobic and resistance exercise have been shown to be the most effective exercise regimen for diabetics to reduce neuropathy symptoms and lower glycemic levels, and slow down the damage to other organs. Omega 3 fatty acids have been shown to be effective in decreasing glucose levels as well. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of physical activity and omega 3 fatty acid intake on the hemoglobin A1C levels and neuropathy symptoms in Hispanic diabetic patients.MethodsProspective three‐month study with 40 participants (male=16, female= 24). To evaluate the physical activity, participants were surveyed using the Arizona Physical Activity Frequency questionnaire at baseline and three months. The pain intensity of the participants was measured at baseline and three month using the short form of the McGill pain questionnaire which displayed a pain diagram. Both questionnaires were administered in Spanish. A 12‐hour fasting was required for the blood glucose concentration and lipid profiles which were analyzed. The fasting glucose levels and hemoglobin A1C levels were evaluated at the blood draw clinic and later analyzed at the Loma Linda University Medical Center. The participants attended a total of six nutritional and exercise classes conducted in Spanish for a total contact time of approximately 12 hours. The participants were followed up at 3 months. This case‐only design was funded by NIH and approved by the Loma Linda University Institutional Review Board (IRB).ResultsThere was a significant reduction in Hb A1C level (mean= −0.55%, p=0.01), neuropathy pain intensity (mean= −0.29%, p=0.004), glucose intake (mean=−20.67%, p=0.025), and LDL level (mean=−7.2%, p= 0.042), There was a significant reduction in triglyceride values (mean= −4.45%, P=0.06). Total met hours activities were also increase by 0.65%.ConclusionPhysical activity was associated with a decrease in A1C levels as well as a decrease in pain intensity and neuropathy symptoms. After the intervention, the glucose levels decreased and the reported neuropathy symptoms had lessened in severity according to the McGill's pain questionnaire. Physical Activity with the combination of omega 3 fatty acid pills could be associated with the decrease in neuropathy symptoms and glucose levels.Support or Funding InformationThis case‐only design was funded by NIH and approved by the Loma Linda University Institutional Review Board (IRB).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Glycaemic variability-based classification of impaired glucose tolerance vs. type 2 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring data

Many glycaemic variability (GV) indices extracted from continuous glucose monitoring systems data have been proposed for the characterisation of various aspects of glucose concentration profile dynamics in both healthy and non-healthy individuals. However, the inter-index correlations have made it difficult to reach a consensus regarding the best applications or a subset of indices for clinical scenarios, such as distinguishing subjects according to diabetes progression stage. Recently, a logistic regression-based method was used to address the basic problem of differentiating between healthy subjects and those affected by impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a pool of 25 GV-based indices. Whereas healthy subjects were classified accurately, the distinction between patients with IGT and T2D remained critical. In the present work, by using a dataset of CGM time-series collected in 62 subjects, we developed a polynomial-kernel support vector machine-based approach and demonstrated the ability to distinguish between subjects affected by IGT and T2D based on a pool of 37 GV indices complemented by four basic parameters—age, sex, BMI, and waist circumference—with an accuracy of 87.1%.

Mathematical modeling, simulation and validation for co-fermentation of glucose and xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis

Hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass releases pentoses and hexoses. Ethanol production incorporating co-culture of hexose and pentose fermenting microorganisms in lignocellulose hydrolysates is gaining importance. However, very few models are available to predict the fate and the interaction between these microorganisms during fermentation. In this study, mathematical models are proposed to predict the dynamics involved in the co-culture of wild strain of hexose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRL Y-132) and pentose fermenting Scheffersomyces stipitis (NCIM 3507) in fermentation media containing glucose and xylose, under microaerophilic conditions. The model equations consider the dissolved oxygen dependence of Scheffersomyces stipitis's growth rate. The model predictions were statistically validated conducting t-test and evaluating indices of agreement. Willmott's index of agreement for the models predicting the concentration profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Scheffersomyces stipitis, glucose, xylose, ethanol and oxygen were 0.867, 0.929, 0.980, 0.995, 0.910 and 0.850, respectively, satisfying the criteria for ‘very high’ agreement between model-predicted and experimental values.

Blood glucose control using an ABC algorithm-based fuzzy-PID controller

In this paper, a Mamdani-type fuzzy controller is proposed as the controller part of an artificial pancreas. The controller is optimized with the artificial bee colony optimization algorithm. The glucose{insulin regulatory system, based on a nonlinear differential model in the presence of delay, is used both for virtual patient and healthy person data. The main target of the controller is to mimic a blood glucose concentration profile of the healthy person with exogenous insulin infusion. Simulations are performed to assess the control function in terms of tracking the blood glucose concentration profile of the healthy person and minimizing errors. To show robustness, a group of three tests are implemented. These tests include unusual glucose intake, sensor noise, and uncertainty in the clearance rate parameter. The simulation results demonstrate that the adopted method is more effective than similar studies in the literatu

Modeling the performance of enzymatic glucose fuel cells

A mathematical model is developed to study the transient performance of a mediatorless membraneless enzymatic glucose fuel cell. The concentration profiles of glucose across the cell is seen to decrease across the cell with increasing time indicating the consumption of glucose in the enzyme layer. The concentration of hydrogen ions across the cell is seen to decrease with increasing time indicating the consumption of hydrogen ions at the cathode. The potential drop across the cell is found to play a role in the concentration profiles of hydrogen ions across the cell. The concentration of the enzyme is found to play an important role in determining the glucose concentration and hydrogen ion concentration across the cell. The anodic current density is found to be a strong function of the enzyme concentration. Modeling results are compared with polarization curves from experimental data and found to compare well with experimental data.

Diabetes and Prediabetes Classification Using Glycemic Variability Indices From Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data.

Tens of glycemic variability (GV) indices are available in the literature to characterize the dynamic properties of glucose concentration profiles from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors. However, how to exploit the plethora of GV indices for classifying subjects is still controversial. For instance, the basic problem of using GV indices to automatically determine if the subject is healthy rather than affected by impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes (T2D), is still unaddressed. Here, we analyzed the feasibility of using CGM-based GV indices to distinguish healthy from IGT&T2D and IGT from T2D subjects by means of a machine-learning approach. The data set consists of 102 subjects belonging to three different classes: 34 healthy, 39 IGT, and 29 T2D subjects. Each subject was monitored for a few days by a CGM sensor that produced a glucose profile from which we extracted 25 GV indices. We used a two-step binary logistic regression model to classify subjects. The first step distinguishes healthy subjects from IGT&T2D, the second step classifies subjects into either IGT or T2D. Healthy subjects are distinguished from subjects with diabetes (IGT&T2D) with 91.4% accuracy. Subjects are further subdivided into IGT or T2D classes with 79.5% accuracy. Globally, the classification into the three classes shows 86.6% accuracy. Even with a basic classification strategy, CGM-based GV indices show good accuracy in classifying healthy and subjects with diabetes. The classification into IGT or T2D seems, not surprisingly, more critical, but results encourage further investigation of the present research.

Effect of &lt;i&gt;Pericampylus glaucus&lt;/i&gt; on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of &lt;em&gt;Pericampylus glaucus&lt;/em&gt; extract on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract were administered orally at three different doses (400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg p.o.) for 21 days after 72 hours of streptozotocin injection. During the short- and long-term studies, the extract was found to possess significant (p&amp;lt;0.01, p&amp;lt;0.001) anti-diabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats compared with untreated normal and untreated diabetic group. It also caused reduction in the level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL etc. and improvement in the HDL level compared with untreated diabetic rats. Reduction in the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, LDL, creatinine levels and improvement in the HDL by&lt;em&gt; P. glaucus&lt;/em&gt; indicates that plant has anti-diabetic activity along with anti hyperlipidemic efficacy and provides a scientific rationale for the use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;