Globulin Fraction Research Articles

Machine learning evaluation for identification of M-proteins in human serum.

Serum electrophoresis (SPEP) is a method used to analyze the distribution of the most important proteins in the blood. The major clinical question is the presence of monoclonal fraction(s) of antibodies (M-protein/paraprotein), which is essential for the diagnosis and follow-up of hematological diseases, such as multiple myeloma. Recent studies have shown that machine learning can be used to assess protein electrophoresis by, for example, examining protein glycan patterns to follow up tumor surgery. In this study we compared 26 different decision tree algorithms to identify the presence of M-proteins in human serum by using numerical data from serum protein capillary electrophoresis. For the automated detection and clustering of data, we used an anonymized data set consisting of 67,073 samples. We found five methods with superior ability to detect M-proteins: Extra Trees (ET), Random Forest (RF), Histogram Grading Boosting Regressor (HGBR), Light Gradient Boosting Method (LGBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). Additionally, we implemented a game theoretic approach to disclose which features in the data set that were indicative of the resulting M-protein diagnosis. The results verified the gamma globulin fraction and part of the beta globulin fraction as the most important features of the electrophoresis analysis, thereby further strengthening the reliability of our approach. Finally, we tested the algorithms for classifying the M-protein isotypes, where ET and XGB showed the best performance out of the five algorithms tested. Our results show that serum capillary electrophoresis combined with decision tree algorithms have great potential in the application of rapid and accurate identification of M-proteins. Moreover, these methods would be applicable for a variety of blood analyses, such as hemoglobinopathies, indicating a wide-range diagnostic use. However, for M-protein isotype classification, combining machine learning solutions for numerical data from capillary electrophoresis with gel electrophoresis image data would be most advantageous.

Fractionation and characterization of heat‐stable basil seed protein isolates and their utilization in high protein gluten‐free bread

AbstractBasil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual plant known for its essential oil and phenolic content. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize proteins from basil seeds and evaluate their potential in food fortification. The mucilage was removed from the seed by aqueous extraction and thermal hydration, whereas oil was removed via cold pressing. Basil seed protein isolate (BSPI) was obtained by an alkali extraction‐isoelectric precipitation method and contained approximately 95% protein. Once BSPI was fractionated, the samples were characterized by albumin (13.5%), globulin (16.7%), glutelin (39.5%), and prolamin (30.2%) fractions. The denaturation temperature of BSPI and its fractions ranged between 93 and 142°C. Through the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra, β‐sheet and β‐turn elements were found to be dominant secondary structures accounting for 89.4% in BSPI, which in turn lead to enhanced thermal stability. Since aqueous dispersibility and water holding capacity (WHC) values were acceptable, BSPI was further utilized in the manufacture of gluten‐free bread. The textural parameters of bread supplemented with 2%, or 10% basil seed protein were mostly comparable to the controls rendering basil protein fortification possible in a staple food, especially for countries where basil is produced in high quantities and is reasonably affordable.

Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia in adults—A large retrospective cohort study

Background and objectiveIgG replacement therapy (IgG-RT) has radically changed the clinical evolution of primary immunodeficiencies, yet the information regarding secondary hypogammaglobulinemia (SHG) is insufficient or conflicting. We aim to describe clinical features, evolution and treatment of SHG patients in our center. MethodsDynamic retrospective cohort between January 2001 and July 2021 of adults with gamma globulin fraction <0.6g/dL in a serum protein electrophoresis and a coincident decrease of IgG levels – with a disease-related SHG or treatment that reduces serum immunoglobulins. ResultsWe included 1012 patients with SHG with a median follow-up of 5 years (IQR 2–8). Hematological diseases were identified in 95% of the patients and 61% received drugs related to SHG. Sixty five percent had more than one etiological factor associated with SHG. Infectious diseases were present in 69% of the patients, 48% had respiratory infections and 17% had severe infections. There was statistical association between respiratory and severe infections with multiple myeloma (MM), lymphoma and rituximab. MGUS had less infections and death compared with other etiologies. IgG-RT was indicated in 18.7% of the patients and 4.6% received it for more than 6 months with variable intervals. Among the latter group, there was a significant reduction of all-type infections and respiratory infections with IgG-RT (p<0.001), and it was consistent with similar findings in lymphoma, MM and all IgG levels subgroups. ConclusionSHG was associated with more than one etiological factor and a high frequency of infections. IgG-RT indication was irregular yet still effective. It is relevant to consider IgG levels screening, monitoring and accurate indication of IgG-RT.

Varying precipitation conditions allow directing the composition and physical properties of soy protein concentrates.

Soy protein concentrates (SPCs) are common food ingredients. They typically contain 65% (w/w) protein and ∼30% (w/w) carbohydrate. SPCs can be obtained with various protein precipitation conditions. A systematic study of the impact of these different protein precipitation protocols on the SPC protein composition and physical properties is still lacking. Here, SPCs were prepared via three different protocols, that is, isoelectric (pH 3.5-5.5), aqueous ethanol (50%-70% [v/v]), and Ca2+ ion (5-50mM) based precipitations, and analyzed for (protein) composition, protein thermal properties, dispersibility, and water-holding capacity. SPCs precipitated at pH 5.5 or by adding 15mM Ca2+ ions had a lower 7S/11S globulin ratio (∼0.40) than that (∼0.50) of all other SPC samples. Protein in SPCs obtained by isoelectric precipitation denatured at a significantly higher temperature than those in ethanol- or Ca2+ -precipitated SPCs. Precipitation with 50%-60% (v/v) ethanol resulted in pronounced denaturation of 2S albumin and 7S globulin fractions in SPCs. Additionally, increasing the precipitation pH from 3.5 to 5.5 and increasing the Ca2+ ion concentration from 15 to 50mM caused a strong decrease of both the dispersibility of the protein in SPC and its water-holding capacity at pH 7.0. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the SPC production process can be directed to obtain ingredients with versatile protein physicochemical properties toward potential food applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrates that applying different protein precipitation protocols allows obtaining SPCs that vary widely in (protein) composition and physical properties (such as protein dispersibility and water-holding capacity). These varying traits can greatly influence the suitability of SPCs as functional ingredients for specific applications, such as the production of food foams, emulsions, gels, and plant-based meat alternatives. The generated knowledge may allow targeted production of SPCs for specific applications.

Rationale for obtaining protein concentrate of industrial hemp seeds of Cannabis sativa L. of modern selection based on mathematical modeling and its application in food production

In recent decades interest in hemp seed concentrates, which are characterized by a valuable amino acid composition and high nutritional value, has increased. Hemp seeds are sources of vegetable protein and essential components for maintaining health due to the rich content of protein compounds, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. So, production of protein concentrates from oilseeds is becoming relevant. Taking this into account, it is relevant to conduct research aimed at developing and improving the technology for obtaining protein products from the seeds of industrial hemp Cannabis Sativa L of modern selection, as well as expanding the possibility of their use as a part of a different range of food products. The seeds of industrial hemp Cannabis Sativa L of modern selection were used as objects of the research. The studies used both generally accepted and special chemical, physicochemical and physical methods for studying the quality of raw materials and finished products. The research was carried out to improve the technology for obtaining protein concentrate from the seeds of industrial hemp Cannabis Sativa L. based on mathematical modeling of the process, which showed the greatest efficiency in extracting protein concentrate using a 20% alcohol solution as an extractant. Analysis of the composition of the resulting protein concentrate showed a predominant content of globulins. At the same time, the composition of globulin fractions, in comparison with albumin, indicates a great potential for the use of globulin in the formulations of functional food products, as well as a component of targeted technological action. In general, the studies have shown the feasibility of using protein concentrates from industrial hemp seeds of Cannabis Sativa L of modern selection in food products as a functional and technological ingredient.

Cold plasma treatment boosts barley germination and seedling vigor: Insights into soluble sugar, starch, and protein modifications

This study investigates the impact of three cold plasma treatments on barley seed germination: direct treatment of dry seeds (DDS), direct treatment of water-soaked seeds (DWS), and indirect treatment of seeds using plasma-activated water (IPAW). Our findings reveal that while DDS maintained the seed's imbibition structures, DWS significantly reduced water uptake. Notably, DWS-treated seeds exhibited a substantial increase in moisture content, potentially leading to an oxygen-deficient environment within the seed. This condition appeared to hinder germination, contrasting with the beneficial effects observed in DDS-treated seeds. Analyses of surface hydrophilicity, phenolic compounds, carbohydrate composition, protein storage and seedling growth were conducted. Interestingly, cold plasma treatment enhanced seed surface hydrophilicity, as evidenced by a decrease in water contact angles, particularly for DWS. We observed specific reductions in flavonoids and total phenolics, alongside shifts in carbohydrate composition, including increased sugar content up to 15.1% (DDS) and 13.5% (DWS), accompanied by a decrease in starch content to 189.00 ± 7.86 mg/g FM for DWS. Protein storage assessments revealed declines in albumin, globulin and prolamin fractions post-CP exposure. Finally, DDS and IPAW treatments markedly improved seedling shoot growth (from two to three-fold), underscoring the potential of these treatments in enhancing barley germination.

A comparative study of the digestion behavior and functionality of protein from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) ingredients and protein fractions

Protein derived from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), characterized by a balanced amino acid composition, represents a potentially healthier and environmentally friendly alternative poised for innovation within the plant-based food sector. It was hypothesized that the growing location of chia seeds and processing techniques used might influence protein digestion patterns, which in turn could affect the biological functions of the digestion products. To examine this hypothesis, we assessed the gastrointestinal fate of degummed-defatted flour (DDF), protein concentrate (PC), and isolated albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glo) fractions. Furthermore, we compared the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the resulting digesta by means of in vitro and cellular assays. Post-gastrointestinal digestion, the PC exhibited elevated levels of soluble protein (7.6 and 6.3 % for Mexican and British PC, respectively) and peptides (24.8 and 27.9 %, respectively) of larger molecular sizes compared to DDF, Alb, and Glo. This can be attributed to differences in the extraction/fractionation processes. Leucine was found to be the most prevalent amino acids in all chia digesta. Such variations in the digestive outcomes of chia protein components significantly influenced the bioactivity of the intestinal digestates. During gastrointestinal transit, British Glo exhibited the best reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition activity in oxidative-stressed RAW264.7 macrophages, while Mexican digesta outperformed British samples in terms of ROS inhibition within the oxidative-stressed Caco-2 cells. Additionally, both Mexican and British Alb showed effectively anti-inflammatory potential, with keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) inhibition rate of 82 and 91 %, respectively. Additionally, Mexican PC and Alb generally demonstrated an enhanced capacity to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions in vitro. These findings highlight the substantial potential of chia seeds as functional food ingredients, resonating with the shifting preferences of health-conscious consumers.

Биомедицинские исследования на лабораторных животных сыровяленого мяса птицы, обогащенного пергой пчелиной

Natural food additives can fortify meat products. Bee pollen, also known as beebread or ambrosia, contains amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. As a result, it possesses numerous therapeutic and prophylactic properties. Bee pollen has good prospects as a fortifying agent for jerky meat, i.e., lean and dehydrated trimmed meat cut into strips. This study tested dry-cured jerky meat fortified with bee pollen on rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute toxic hepatitis.&#x0D; The research featured white non-linear laboratory rats. The control group obtained a standard diet. The experimental rats were induced with liver hepatitis by administering CCl4. On day 2, the experimental group was divided into three subgroups: experimental group I (standard diet + traditional jerky), experimental group II (standard diet + jerky fortified with bee pollen), and experimental group III (standard diet), which served as positive control. The research involved a MicroCC20Vet analyzer for hematological tests and a StatFax 3300 analyzer with Diacon DS diagnostic systems for biochemical tests. The histological analyses relied on the method developed by G.A. Merkulov.&#x0D; The hematological parameters demonstrated no changes. As for the biochemistry, experimental groups I and II developed a protein content increase. On day 14, the concentration of protein and its fractions in experimental group II reached the level of intact animals. In experimental groups II and III, the total protein was significantly higher due to the globulin fraction as a result of inflammatory and destructive processes in the liver. However, the rats had normal live weight gain, and their liver demonstrated no histological deviations.&#x0D; In this preclinical study, bee pollen as part of jerky meat formulation had no negative effect on laboratory rats. Bee pollen also proved its antioxidant properties.

Combination of Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration and Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation for the Purification of 11S and 7S Pea Globulin Fractions

Combination of Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration and Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation for the Purification of 11S and 7S Pea Globulin Fractions

Production and characterization of amaranth amyloid fibrils from food protein waste

Plant proteins self-assembly into amyloid fibrils is a promising modification to be introduced in emerging food and materials applications. Although the valorization of protein-rich side streams in amaranth oil production is completely missing, we show that double salt extraction provides the recovery of globulin fraction of amaranth seed from food waste with high purity and complete protein solubility at acidic pH. We demonstrate in silico the self-assembly propensity with a high density of amyloidogenic regions of the 11S seed storage globulin of Amaranthus hypochondriacus. We further show that the recovered amaranth proteins can self-assemble into amyloid fibrils under heat-induced acidic hydrolysis. The amyloid nature of the fibrils was studied by thiazole orange (TO) fluorescence, SDS-PAGE, FTIR, CD, TEM, and AFM. We systematically investigated how the temperature of fibrillization affected protein unfolding, peptide release, as well as its effect on tuning the formation, growth, and polymorphism of amaranth amyloid fibrils. The β-sheet-rich structured proteins produced from the amaranth food waste exhibited mesoscopic polymorphism of the rigid amyloid fibrils with the manifestation of left-handed ribbons of varying polymorphism. We show that favourable conditions for extensive hydrolysis of the amaranth proteins promote the growth of well-ordered thick twisted ribbons with small-pitch and extraordinary rigidity and we interpret these finding based on structural mesoscopic models of amyloid fibrils. These results provide additional insight into the formation of plant amyloid fibrils as functional food and biocompatible materials, and introduce a pathway to convert amaranth food protein waste into amyloid nanofibrils.

Protein composition and nutritional aspects of pea protein fractions obtained by a modified isoelectric precipitation method using fermentation.

Pea albumins are promising for their nutritional, biological, and techno-functional properties. However, this fraction is usually discarded in the industry due to its low protein content compared to globulin fraction and the presence of some anti-nutritional compounds. In the present study, we used an alternative method of pea protein extraction based on alkaline solubilization/isoelectric precipitation in which the reduction of pH was achieved by lactic acid fermentation using specific starters instead of mineral acids. Hence, the main objective of this study was to examine the protein profile and the content of anti-nutritional and nutritional active compounds in pea albumin-rich fractions obtained by the isoelectric extraction method without (control) or with fermentation with different lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and their co-culture). Different pea cultivars (Cartouche, Ascension, and Assas) were used here for their differences in protein profile. The results revealed a higher total nitrogen content in albumin-rich fraction for fermented samples and, in particular, for co-culture. The majority of total nitrogen was determined as non-protein (~50%), suggesting the degradation of proteins by LAB to small peptides and amino acids, which were solubilized in the soluble fraction (albumin) as confirmed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis. Moreover, the higher antioxidant activity of fermented albumin samples was attributed to the production of small peptides during extraction. Lactic acid fermentation also resulted in a significant reduction of trypsin inhibitor activity, α-galactoside, and phytic acid content of this fraction compared to control.

Hemp protein: obtaining and functional and technological properties

The aim of this work was to determine the structural and functional characteristics of the two main hemp seed proteins, water-soluble albumin and salt-soluble globulin and alkali-soluble glutelin. The extract of 0.1 M CaCl2 protein meal of hemp seeds was subjected to sequential extraction to obtain three fractions: albumin in the aqueous phase and globulin (edestin) and glutelin in the salt phase at pH-9.0. Data on the amino acid composition showed the presence of an increased content of aromatic and hydrophobic residues in the globulin fraction. Gel electrophoresis showed that the albumin fraction had fewer disulfide bonds and therefore a more open (flexible) structure. The analysis of the content of essential amino acids in protein isolate and UV concentrate and its individual fractions was carried out for a general understanding of the ways of their application. The balance of amino acid content in the UV concentrate is close to the “ideal protein” and in the future it is advisable to use it to isolate bioactive peptides. Thus, the results obtained indicate that the processes of mechanical and chemical action on hemp flour provide raw materials with a high protein content, containing all essential amino acids and characterized by a predominant content of the sum of water and salt-soluble fractions. In connection with the identified changes in the properties of the protein obtained by different methods for release from antinutrients in the future, it is planned to pay attention to this issue separately.

Silymarin enhances the response to oxytetracycline treatment in Oreochromis niloticus experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Many governments have approved the use of oxytetracycline as an antibiotic additive to food fish, with oxytetracycline now routinely used in many nations. However, oxytetracycline is known to have immunosuppression impacts. We, therefore, evaluated the immunological, antioxidative, and histopathological status of Nile tilapia fed a diet containing silymarin (100 mg/kg fish feed) for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The protective effects of silymarin against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection and oxytetracycline treatment were evaluated. Blood parameters (erythrocyte count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume) improved over time in fish fed on dietary silymarin. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were lower in fish fed on dietary silymarin, whereas serum levels of aspartate transferase (AST)and alkaline phosphatase (ALK) were unchanged. Dietary silymarin affected serum lipid profiles as decreases in serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a trend toward lower cholesterol levels, whereas serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased compared to fish fed on the control diet. Dietary silymarin resulted in an increase of serum total protein levels and globulin fractions. Significant and progressive increases in catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed after six weeks of feeding on a dietary silymarin before decreasing to control levels at the end of the experimental period. Fish fed on dietary silymarin, interleukin-1 and fish tumor necrosis factor-alpha were upregulated in hepatic tissues; however, interleukin-10 levels decreased to comparable levels to controls after eight weeks. Fish infected with A. hydrophila displayed septicemia (opaque eye, hemorrhagic ulcers, dentated fins, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly). Reduced mortality was observed in Nile tilapia infected with A. hydrophila and fed a diet containing silymarin, indicating that silymarin improves fish responses to oxytetracycline with a 37% reduction in mortality.

Indicators of metabolism in the body of purebred and crossbred yearlings

The need to improve the genetic potential of sheep in the meat direction is dictated by increasing the efficiency of sheep breeding due to the production of high -quality lamb. Why in recent years, meat sheep, including Dorper breed sheep, have been imported to Russia. In this connection, with which a comprehensive study of the monthly animals obtained by inter -ended crossing of the sheep of the Kalmyk Kurdishporoda and the Dorper breed is relevant. The aim of this work was to determine the characteristics of metabolism in the body of purebred and monthly re-obtained, obtained as a result of crossing the purebred female individuals of the Kalmyk fatty breed with male individuals of the Dorper breed. Scientific and production experience was conducted during 2022 on the basis of the KFK "Arl", the Republic of Kalmykia, where two re-sampling were formed from the general number of sheep, the experimental groups of the re-yield, which includes 15 heads of purebred animals of the Kalmyk fatty breed and 15 heads of estates Perevyariki of blood of which was a 1/2 -Kilmy Kurdish breed and 1/2 Dorper breed. It was established that the horses are superior to the purebred peers of the Kalmyk chicken rock through the breed that the estates surpass the purebred peers in the total blood serum of the protein by 2.33 %, its albumin faction by 7.02 %, and the ? and ?-globulin fractions At 9.54 and 2.10 %, respectively. According to the activity of alanine aminotransferase by 8.16%, aspartate aminotransferase by 6.67 %, concentration of urea by 5.7 %, in terms of creatinine is 20.6 %. This indicates that they have a more intense nitrogen metabolism, and therefore more active protein metabolism. The absence of intergroup distinctions established by the studies in the content of glucose in the blood serum is explained by the fact that they have an equal ability to absorb carbohydrates from feed and preservation of glucose in the blood, which is one of the most perfect mechanisms.

Preliminary assessment of serum capillary zone electrophoresis in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

Serum protein electrophoresis has been demonstrated to have utility in diagnostic workup, wellness exams, and prognosis. Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) has previously been described for use with serum from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). As the newer method of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is becoming more commonplace in veterinary diagnostic laboratories, serum samples from Asian elephants were examined using this method. CZE allowed for a reproducible definition of two beta fractions and, overall, showed a low coefficient of variation for fraction quantitation. Preliminary reference intervals were generated using samples primarily from an older population of 22 female elephants. Albumin levels determined by CZE were also compared with those determined by the bromocresol green method on a chemistry analyzer. It was found that the latter method overestimated the level of albumin with a mean positive bias of 11.6% or 0.38 g/dL, thus method-specific reference intervals should be used. Significant negative correlations were observed between A/G ratio determined by CZE and serum amyloid A levels (r = -0.47, p < 0.0001) and haptoglobin (r = -0.52, p < 0.0001); both APP were significantly correlated with the alpha 2 globulin fraction (p < 0.0001). CZE reflects an overall picture of changes in acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins and accurate quantitation of albumin and thus should be considered as an adjunct tool to the use of other measures of the acute phase response in patient monitoring.

Clinical and hematological сhanges in viral panleukopenia in cats

Cat infectious diseases have become widespread due to the increase in the number of stray cats; feline viral panleukopenia is no exception. It is caused by a single-stranded DNA virus of feline parvovirus, characterized by high contagiousness, fever, damage to the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, heart, general intoxication, and body dehydration. The research aimed to study the hematological indices of blood and biochemical indices of plasma in viral panleukopenia of cats. During the development of intestinal panleukopenia syndrome in animals, vomiting and diarrhea were noted. The development of inflammatory processes in the digestive organs causes pain in the abdominal cavity, due to which a specific “sitting posture” occurs. An acute course was most frequently noted, characterized by a sudden increase in temperature to 42 °C, vomiting, diarrhea, and cachexia. Studies of hematological indices of blood indicate the development of thrombocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphocytosis, which corresponds to the acute course of the disease with a focal inflammatory process. Erythropenia leads to systemic disorders of the cardiovascular system, which provoke the weakening of the body, accompanied by cachexia. Studies of biochemical parameters of plasma indicate systemic disorders of organs developing in the body. Thus, an increase in total protein indices and globulin fractions indicates inflammatory processes in the body, particularly the digestive and urinary organs. In addition, one of the renal impairment indices was an increase in creatinine and urea, and an increase in glucose, total bilirubin, AST, and α-amylase indicates liver and pancreas dysfunction. In some cases, hepatitis and infectious toxicosis may develop. The study of hematological indices of blood and biochemical indices of plasma will ensure a complex picture of morphological changes that develop in the body of cats with panleukopenia. The obtained data will permit the monitoring of an animal's condition with the applied therapeutic scheme and the form of a prognosis.

Screening for Antibody Deficiencies in Adults by Serum Electrophoresisand Calculated Globin.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between calculated globulin (CG, total protein level minus albumin level) and the gamma globulin fraction (Gamma), obtained from serum protein electrophoresis with serum IgG levels in adults (≥ 18years). Using linear regression models, analyses of CG and Gamma levels correlation with IgG levels in adults were performed. Receiver-operator curves were created to determine cutoff values and the respective sensitivity and specificity measures. A total of 886 samples were analyzed. CG and Gamma were positively and statistically correlated with IgG levels (r2 = 0.4628 for CG, and = 0.7941 for Gamma, p < 0.0001 for both analyses). For the detection of hypogammaglobulinemia, i.e., IgG level below the reference value (6g/L), a CG cutoff value of 24g/L showed a sensitivity of 86.2% (95% CI 69.4-94.5) and a specificity of 92% (90.0-93.6). A Gamma cutoff value of 7.15g/L yielded a sensitivity of 100% (88.3-100) and a specificity of 96.8 (95.3-97.8). Both CG and Gamma levels determined by protein electrophoresis analysis may be used to screen for antibody deficiencies in adults, enabling earlier diagnosis of antibody deficiencies in a routine clinical setting.

Evaluation of the contents and ratios of five fractionated proteins to elucidate the protein composition in soybean seeds

AbstractSelecting suitable soybean cultivars is important for food processing and exploring their endowment with desirable physiological functions. We applied the fractionation method previously established to compare soy protein composition among cultivars to promote such a selection. More than 95% of the proteins in soybean cotyledons were extracted from 13 soybean cultivars using a high‐concentration salt solution. The extracted proteins were fractionated into five fractions, namely oil body‐associated protein (OBAP), polar lipid‐associated protein (PLAP), globulins (11S and 7S), and whey by centrifugation after tuning the solubility behavior of the proteins with various solutions. Protein species in each fraction were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Protein content in the total extract and five fractions was quantified to characterize the protein composition of soybean cultivars. The correlation between the protein content of each fraction and the total protein in cotyledon was investigated. A strong positive correlation was found only for the 11S fraction (r = 0.82), followed by a positive correlation in the 7S fraction (r = 0.65). Thus, we surmised that the increased protein content in soybean was due to increased globulin content. Furthermore, the calculation of the average ratio of protein content in each fraction indicated the globulin fraction (7S and 11S) to be 52%, the lipophilic protein fraction (OBAP and PLAP) to be 33%, and the whey fraction to be 13%. The preparation method employed in this study is a promising tool for efficiently comparing the protein composition of soybean cultivars to evaluate the potential use of cultivars for food production.

Investigative algorithms for disorders affecting plasma proteins with a focus on albumin and the calculated globulin fraction: a narrative review

Investigative algorithms for disorders affecting plasma proteins with a focus on albumin and the calculated globulin fraction: a narrative review

Evaluation of the antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential of peptides from the globulin fraction of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) by an in silico and in vitro approach

SummaryThe angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE, antihypertensive effect) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, antidiabetic effect) inhibitory potential of peptides derived from the quinoa globulin hydrolysis with thermolysin were evaluated by in silico and in vitro analysis. The in silico hydrolysis of the globulin fractions resulted in peptides (~400 sequences) of different sizes and sequence conformations, of which 25 presented a high bioactivity probability score (&gt;0.8). When the 25 sequences were evaluated for their stability against in silico simulated gastrointestinal digestion, four sequences resulted, PR, SPH, IPPG and SG all of them with a high bioactivity profile against ACE and DPP IV inhibition, where SPH and IPPG turned out to be new sequences not reported before. The molecular docking study found a high affinity between IPPG‐ACE and IPPG‐DPP IV and SPH‐DPP IV, with several interaction points with the active sites of the enzymes evaluated. The IC50 values for ACE and DPP IV found by the in vitro hydrolysis with thermolysin in a protein concentrate and in quinoa globulin support the findings of the in silico approach. Therefore, we conclude that the globulin fraction of quinoa hydrolyzed with thermolysin represents a potential source of antihypertensive and antidiabetic peptides.