Biodegradable plastics are materials that can be decomposed by the action of microbes into water, CO2, and biomass. They are attractive materials to solve the issue of serious environmental pollution due to plastic disposal. Some biodegradable plastics are produced entirely from petroleum-based precursors. The production of new biodegradable plastics and their precursors from CO2 and persistent organic or bio-based compounds using visible-light driven redox with biocatalytic processes is one of the effective resolutions for the environmental issues of plastic pollution and global warming. In this review article, recent research on the visible-light driven production of CO2-based biodegradable plastics and their precursors using a system of light-driven redox and biocatalytic processes is introduced. As a first example, an overview of research into the production of biodegradable plastics, poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and their precursors such as acetate, shikimic acid, acetoin and so on from CO2 using a semiconductor photocatalyst-based photoredox system with a microbial cell as a biocatalytic process is provided. As a second example, an overview is provided of studies on the production of biodegradable plastic precursors, 3-hydroxybutyrate, L-malate and fumarate from CO2 and small organic molecules using an organic dye-based photoredox system with an electron donor, an electron mediator and enzyme-based biocatalytic processes.

Modulation of Co d-band center by La and Zn co-doping for high efficiency oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline freshwater and seawater electrolyte.

Developing energy-free passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) coatings has broad application prospects, which is of practical significance to alleviate the issues of energy shortages and global warming. However, conventional thick PDRC coatings suffer from high material consumption, leading to elevated costs and higher thermal resistance, underscoring the need for ultrathin alternatives. Fabricating ultrathin films (<200 μm) both with high solar reflectance (Rsolar, 0.28-2.5 μm) and atmospheric transparent window emissivity (εLWIR, 8-13 μm) remains challenging. To address this challenge, we designed a dual photonic structure consisting of a porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) film with a beaded network, integrated with Al2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. At a thickness of only ∼150 μm, the film achieves a Rsolar of 94.2% and εLWIR of 0.972. Under solar irradiance 850-900 W/m2, outdoor tests demonstrate a maximum cooling effect of 18.8 °C relative to the blank control. Meanwhile, the film achieved a net radiative cooling power of 206-216 W/m2 under 418-510 W/m2 solar irradiance, with a surface temperature equal to the blank control (44-47 °C). Moreover, the superhydrophobic surface endows excellent self-cleaning capability, maintaining stable optical performance after two months of outdoor exposure. The dual photonic structure provides an innovative approach for ultrathin, high-performance, and durable radiative cooling materials.

Enhancing environmental quality through resource productivity (REP), low‐carbon energies, and energy productivity (ENP) is pivotal for ecological sustainability. With the increase in REP, the use of hydrocarbons is reduced, the use of natural resources decreases, effective waste management is adopted, and sustainable production and consumption models are adopted to reduce environmental pollution. ENP improves environmental quality by increasing efficiency in energy usage and pricing. European Union (EU) nations aspire to achieve considerable carbon neutrality by 2050 in order to mitigate the negative consequences of socioeconomic activities such as global warming, climate change, and environmental issues. In this context, enhancing REP, low‐carbon energy (LCE) consumption, and ENP in EU nations can help to minimize environmental pollution. Previous studies on the subject have generally used carbon dioxide emissions or ecological footprints as indicators of environmental pollution. This study uses the load capacity factor (LCF), which includes both the supply and demand sides of the environment, as an indicator of environmental pollution. Furthermore, limited studies have been conducted in the literature on the impact of natural resources, ENP, and REP on the LCF. This study examines the combined effects of natural resource rents (NAR), ENP, REP, and LCE consumption on LCF in EU economies. In this respect, the study differs from other studies in the literature and is expected to contribute to the literature in several ways. This study examines how natural resources, REP, LCE, and ENP affect environmental sustainability in 21 EU countries in the period 2000–2021. Another significant goal of the study is to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 8, 9, 12, and 13. According to robust long‐run estimating findings from the panel, increasing REP is positively associated with environmental quality in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Sweden. Increased NAR have a detrimental impact on environmental quality in Austria, France, and Slovenia. LCE consumption emerges as a driver of environmental quality improvement in Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Spain, and the panel group. In conclusion, market‐based solutions, including enhanced REP and LCE, are critical for minimizing environmental pollution. This study not only highlights their significance but also offers policy insights for advancing environmental quality nationally.

The issue of global warming resulting from the PC manufacturing process and the pollution produced by coal power plants in generating fly ash waste has encouraged the search for alternative green materials. LUSI mud (Lumpur Sidoarjo) is an alternative; however, research on its use remains limited. Therefore, exploring the potential of LUSI mud as a fly ash replacement in geopolymer is important. The high ferrite fly ash-LUSI mud geopolymer performance was identified based on compressive strength and porosity at 7 and 28 days. A depth-penetration test investigated the effect of LUSI mud on setting time. The substitution levels for LUSI mud were 0%, 8%, 27%, and 50% of the total weight. The results showed that the addition of LUSI mud significantly affected geopolymer performance, as evidenced by a decrease in strength. The pore values also increased, which indicated a decrease in density. It also prolonged the geopolymer reaction’s setting time. However, these results showed that, with a specific composition (less than 8%), LUSI mud can be used in standard construction as a sustainable material to support technological innovation (SDG 9) and address climate change issues arising from the PC industry’s carbon footprint (SDG 13).

The development of construction project keeps increasing until leads to amount of construction waste issue increasing from year to year. The waste management practice through 3R Practices has recommended to implement towards sustainable waste management and reducing the construction waste issue. The aim of this research is to determine the obstacles and challenges that leads to failure in implementation of 3R Practices in Malaysian construction industry. There are also few research objectives including to explore the importance of 3R Practices and to identify the degree of awareness of construction waste issue and waste management among different construction professionals in Malaysian construction industry. The data collection for this research study is conducted through questionnaire survey and it targeted the construction professionals that works in Selangor’s construction firm including architect, engineer and quantity surveyor as respondents. It has successfully get back the feedback from 80 respondents. The data collected is then analysed to determine the level of agreement towards the information related to objectives based on respondent’s perception and opinion. Based on questionnaire survey, the importance that identified as top five include reducing global warming issue, reducing the environmental pollution issue, conserving the natural resources, reducing the activities of extracting raw materials in producing new construction products and discovering the unused materials on the construction’s project site. Not only that, the obstacles and challenges in implementation of 3R Practices that evaluated as top five through questionnaire survey are habit of using landfill in settling the construction waste, lack of knowledge towards 3R concept, lack of enforcement towards 3R Practices as compulsory in construction by government, lack of space as well as time constraint for waste segregation process. Therefore, these obstacles and challenges should be take noted by the government and local authority to enhance the implementation of 3R Practices in Malaysian construction industry towards construction waste reduction.

The Nilbarahi Community Forest contains the needle leaved tree species Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) and mixed broad leaved tree species such as Schima wallichii, Engelhardtia spicata, Eurya acuminate, Litsea monopetala and Alnus nepalensis. This community forest’s some part is naturally of mixed broad leaved trees and some part is planted trees of Pinus roxburghii (Chirpine). The SRS method was used to determine the carbon component of the forest to assess the amount of carbon stock and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) absorption of needle leaved tree and the mixed broadleaved tree of the community forest. The carbon stock of the forest was measured per hectare basis of the biomass contained by the trees. It is very essential to know the type of trees that can absorb much carbon component from the atmosphere through Photosynthesis and store it in their leaves, branches, stems, barks and in the roots. The much carbon retained by the trees would help to mitigate the climate change. The biomass of the trees was determined by the biomass regression model and then the carbon retained in them was obtained by converting the biomass stock of trees into carbon stock by using the IPCC default carbon fraction of 0.47. After then the CO2-e absorption was calculated by multiplying one ton of carbon value to 3.67 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) which was expressed in metric tons. The total above ground tree biomass was found 188.70 ton/ha at site-3 of mixed broad leaved forest seemed to be the highest biomass followed by the planted forest of Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) at site-1 which had the biomass of 147.78 ton/ha. The carbon content of above ground tree biomass of the study area was also found to be 88.69 ton/ha followed by 69.45 ton/ha at site-3 and site-1 respectively. The study showed that the needle leaved trees (Pinus roxburghii) had low carbon stock than the natural mixed broadleaved trees in the Nilbarahi Community Forest. The CO2-e was also found to be highest as 295.21MT in the mixed broad leaved trees than the needle leaved conifer trees of 231.18 MT at site-3 and site-1 respectively. The average carbon stock and average CO2e was found to 72.41 t/ha and 241.03 MT in the Nilbarahi Community Forest. The biomass, carbon (C) stock and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) in the forest ecosystems of Nilbarahi which have been managed and conserved well by the community forest user groups could play an important role in carbon cycle and serve as significant carbon sink to reduce the burning issue of global warming.

Enhancing the carbon sequestration (CS) capacity of urban green spaces is crucial for mitigating global warming, environmental degradation, and urbanisation-induced issues. This study focuses on the urban community unit to establish a system of determining factors for the CS capacity of green space, considering the built-up spatial pattern and green space morphology. An interpretable machine learning approach (Random Forest + Shapley Additive exPlanations) is employed to systematically analyse the non-linear relationship of built-up spatial pattern and green space morphology factors. Results demonstrate significant urban zonal heterogeneity in green space CS, whereas southern suburban area communities exhibited higher capacity. In terms of green space morphology factors, higher fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and cohesion were positively correlated with green space CS capacity. Leaf area index (LAI), canopy density (CD), and the evergreen-broadleaf forest ratio additionally further enhanced the positive effect of two-dimensional green space factors on CS. For built-up spatial pattern factors, communities with a high green space ratio and low development intensity exhibited higher CS capacity. And the optimal ranges of FVC, LAI and CD for effective facilitation of community green space CS were identified as 0.6–0.75, 4.85–5.5 and 0.68–0.7, respectively. Moreover, cohesion, LAI and CD bolstered the CS capacity in communities with a high building density and plot ratio. This study provides a rational basis for planning and layout of green space patterns to enhance CS efficiency at the urban community scale.

A b s t r a c t.The global warming issue is unfortunately subject to numerous academic malpractices and data selection biases.Summerhayes et al. (2025a, b) advocate for "scientific consensus" in terms of the leading role of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), unprecedented global warming and accelerating climate-related disruptive events.However, the global carbon budget is still not well known and was not in balance in pre-industrial times.Anthropogenic radiation forcing is in operation, but it is not overwhelming.Natural processes, especially total solar irradiance and oceanic oscillations, play a very important role, which is usually downplayed by mainstream scientists such as Summerhayes et al. (2025a, b).Feedbacks, e.g.changes in cloudiness, are important, but still poorly known.Therefore, model-based climate sensitivity varies considerably and is far from being established.Our knowledge of the geological past teaches that CO 2 has never been the triggering factor of raises of global temperature.Contrary to the claims of Summerhayes et al. (2025a, b), there is no clear evidence that the current warming is unprecedented in its magnitude (as evidenced by ocean heat gains) or by a spatially synchronous pattern.Contrary to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change models, Arctic amplification currently undergoes weakening, the mass balance of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is not catastrophic, and climate-related disruptive events do not show an accelerating trend.The rise in global aridity has been registered only in a few recent years, and it is not a widespread phenomenon.

In the last decade, the global warming and plastic pollution issue have driven research on developing a more sustainable platform for chemicals production from alternative feedstocks. Ethylene glycol (EG), a monomer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, has a potential to become a renewable substrate for microbial production of value-added chemicals. This study presents a biotransformation platform using Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce glycolic acid (GA) from EG. C. glutamicum was engineered to express a heterologous EG oxidation pathway. Subsequent promoter engineering yielded strain FA4, producing 10.6 g/L GA from EG in 48 h. Implementation of a two-stage biotransformation strategy using resting cells further enhanced the GA production, reaching a cumulative GA titer of 98.8 g/L after a 72-h production. Finally, applying this platform to a simulated EG mixture from PET-degradation achieved a cumulative GA titer of 67.3 g/L over 72 h, highlighting the potential for valorizing plastic waste through this biotransformation platform. These findings establish C. glutamicum as an efficient biotransformation chassis for sustainable GA production from EG and offer a promising route for PET waste valorization into value-added chemicals.One Sentence Summary: High yield production of GA from EG.

Due to a rise of climate change and global warming issues, environmental protection became an unavoidable subject for every single person, including managers and leaders of enterprises. As the biggest source of environmental destruction, enterprises try to seek ways to reduce the level of environmental deterioration. One of the strategies employees use is corporate green inclusive leadership. This study analyzes the effect of green inclusive leadership on employees’ engagement in sustainable practices. Moreover, we also investigate the mediating effect of both pro-environmental goal clarity and green organizational identification and the moderating effect of green HRM practices. Using a questionnaire we developed to assess the green organizational condition, we collected responses from 202 participants in Indonesia. By incorporating the use of the SEM model and analysis, we found that green inclusive leadership positively impacts employees’ engagement in sustainable practices. Pro-environmental goal clarity and green organizational identification were also found to be strong mediating factors in bridging the initial effect of green inclusive leadership on employees’ sustainable practices. Moreover, green HRM practices also enhanced the positive influence of green inclusive leadership on our mediating factors. Through these findings, this study provides insights on the development of green managerial practices and green behavior studies in Indonesia, where environmental-focused goals and strategies in enterprises are still in the beginning stages.

With the rapid industrial development, massive fossil fuel use has caused excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, triggering global warming and environmental issues. Thus, CO2 recovery and reuse have become a research focus, among which artificially designed in vitro biocatalytic pathways for converting CO2 into high-value chemicals show promise, with advantages like shorter routes, higher efficiency and lower energy consumption compared to natural pathways. However, challenges remain due to natural enzymes' issues in specificity, affinity, efficiency, stability and oxygen sensitivity. To tackle these problems, extensive research efforts have been undertaken. These include elucidating the mechanisms and catalytic efficiencies of carbon-fixing enzymes from diverse sources, as well as developing and refining novel in vitro carbon fixation pathways. Moreover, significant progress has been made in computer-aided investigations of enzyme structure, function, and engineering optimization, alongside advancements in enzyme immobilization strategies, cofactor regeneration systems, and the development of artificial cofactors. By summarizing the latest research progress in recent years, we can identify the current bottlenecks and challenges in in vitro enzymatic CO2 conversion, propose effective methods to enhance the efficiency of CO2 conversion, and thus promote the development of research in related fields.

The main focus of the current study is to present a detailed review the impact of physical and thermal properties of thermophoretic convective heat transfer in different fluids by taking insight from the previous literature or published research. Further, the second aim is to provide a strong ground of study for scholars, researchers and scientists those are working in this field through detailed literature review. The main source of thermophoretic particles is the fossil fuels that released the thermophoretic particles such as carbon dioxide , methane , Black Carbon and many others. Since the thermophoresis particles are acidic and submicron in size, they can contribute to climate change by altering weather patterns and raising atmospheric temperatures. This study will give a clear insight to the researchers how the classical research is important to establish new theories and innovations in the field of thermal fluid science. It is important to point out that the thermophoretic heat transfer is a phenomenon in which very small particles move away from the hot surface or come towards the cold surface due to the temperature gradient. Numerous applications of the thermophoresis mechanism can be found in the natural sciences and engineering, including the recently growing problem of climate change. The main novelty of the current review is to discuss the combined characteristics of thermophoretic particles for different aspect of heat and mass transfer issues along different geometries. This study highlights the importance of these tiny/small particles in newly emerging issue of global warming in current literature. Additionally, the introduction section provides a thorough explanation of several elements of the thermophoresis particle's features based on information gathered from the literature.

The cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) with aziridines represents a promising approach to produce high-value-added industrial products and offer potential for mitigating CO2-related global warming issues. However, high temperature and/or high pressure are required for traditional thermally driven cycloaddition of CO2 with aziridines by employing so-far reported catalysts, and more efficient catalysts need to be developed for mild procedures. Herein, we construct three zinc porphyrin-based covalent triazine frameworks (ZnDBP-CTFs), including ZnHDBP-CTF and halogen-substituted ZnDBP-CTFs (ZnClDBP-CTF and ZnBrDBP-CTF) at porphyrin meso positions, and investigate their catalytic activity in CO2 cycloaddition to aziridines. Interestingly, different electron-withdrawing halogen atoms in the ZnDBP-CTFs skeleton not only tune the Lewis acidity of the coordinated zinc center but also vary the BET surface area of the materials. Encouragingly, under mild conditions (1 atm CO2, 70°C), the ZnBrDBP-CTF with bromine atoms substituted at meso positions of porphyrin rings exhibits remarkable catalytic performance with the reaction rate reaching 16.35mol mol-1h-1, which is among the state-of-the-art cases for catalytic CO2 cycloaddition to aziridines. This study demonstrates that ZnDBP-CTFs can be rationally tuned by incorporating various halogen atoms at the meso positions of the porphyrin units, thereby providing a robust strategy for modulating the catalytic activity of metalloporphyrin-based CTFs.

Direct conversion of CO₂ to chemical fuels by photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy to alleviate global warming and renewable energy shortage issues. Halide perovskites with unique photoelectronic attributes show great potential for CO₂ photoreduction. However, their low photogenerated electron-hole efficiency and intrinsic structural instability in aqueous solution are still a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a universal facile strategy of robust carbon dots (CDs) mediated inverse opal perovskite (IOP) free-standing film, which is demonstrated as a uniform porous photocatalytic platform where efficient CO₂ photoreduction. Due to the grain boundary passivation effect of CDs, the mechanical strength and water resistance of CDs/IOP films are greatly improved. By the synergetic effects of IO structure and CDs cocatalyst, highly selective CO evolution rate of 60.25 μmol·g-1·h-1 from photocatalytic CO₂ reduction is achieved on typical CDs/CsPbBr₃ IOP film, which is 15.6 times higher than that of opal CsPbBr₃ since the enhanced lifetime of photogenerated electrons-holes and light/mass transfers. This work provides a new opportunity for robust and highly stable perovskite photocatalyst preparation to address the environmental and energy issues via an efficient photocatalysis process.

This paper aims at establishing environmental concerns through the practices of fasting and feasting, group habits, modern food production in the context of a certain ethical understanding. Food carries powerful emotions and its production and dissemination entails an aspect of environmental ethical issue, resulting in nearly zero food waste. Food goes in tandem with culture and emotions, as well as trust in terms of constraints. The paper expands on these ideas by introducing the concept of ecological footprint. It includes spaces needed for crop production, the efficient use of resources as well and having a rationale in decision making regarding purchase of services beneficial for the environment. Food has multiple dimensions including social, cultural and religious dimensions, all of which linked to public’s health and individual health. The latter is taken care of by means of personalised diet and functional foods that are both nutritive and positive. Public health is concerned with groups and population-level intervention to reduce harmful consumption, as we are facing the issue of global warming, increase of population, environmental pollution and the question of food quality. In this paper we argue for ‘food’ having a positive relation with both ‘emotions’ and ‘economic constraints’ under which it is produced even when the three variables are widely dissimilar. The positive impact of health and well-being on a community is directly reflected, making it a collective ideal i.e., a matter of public health. The economic constraints can be viewed through the prism of moral perception, as the economic issues have ethical implications. In the domain in which food and ethics intersect, the paper intends to look into the possible role of ethics in the contemporary system of food production (through its various approaches and concepts), despite the vast number of ethical dilemmas concerning food. The fundamental issue for investigation in this paper is the significance of ethics that we can expect for a sustainable ecological concern in examining critically the practices of food production and the moral issues governed. The paper, therefore, delves deeper into the ecological solutions that are offered by the concept of ecological footprints in the works of various contemporary thinkers.

To address the challenges of contemporary development, the phenomenon of global warming and other environmental degradation issues continues to grow. According to data collected by the World Green Building Council, 33% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from building construction. The goal of implementing development that complies with standards and improves the quality of life without harming future generations is driven by this influence. The coastal areas of Semarang City are vulnerable to extreme heat, especially in the downstream areas bordering the Java Sea. This phenomenon has given rise to the idea that to have a positive impact on the environment, economy, and society, sustainable buildings, especially those used for international school education, are essential. Regarding the concept of sustainability, specifically the idea of ​​extending the lifespan of natural resources, which relates to the potential lifespan of natural resources and the human ecological environment, including forestry, industry, agricultural systems, and architecture, the term "sustainable architecture" is commonly used in the field of architecture. The world is currently experiencing environmental degradation due to the overexploitation of natural resources. The most basic definition of sustainable architecture is environmentally friendly architecture.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan modul digital fisika berbasis SETS (Science, Environment, Technology, and Society) pada materi Pemanasan Global yang valid digunakan sebagai bahan ajar mandiri peserta didik SMA kelas X. Penelitian menggunakan metode Research and Development (R&amp;D) dengan model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Pengumpulan data dengan instrumen kuesioner Google Formulir, lembar uji validasi, dan lembar uji coba. Hasil penelitian pendahuluan yang dilakukan pada peserta didik dan guru SMAN 54 Jakarta dengan total 54 responden menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 31,5% responden memiliki pemahaman kuat tentang bagaimana sains, lingkungan, teknologi, dan masyarakat saling terkait dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka dan 96,3% percaya bahwa modul digital berbasis SETS dapat membantu meningkatkan kesadaran mereka pada masalah pemanasan global. Uji validasi modul digital fisika berbasis SETS pada materi pemanasan global yang memanfaatkan penggunaan Canva divalidasi oleh ahli materi (skor 87,78%), ahli pembelajaran (skor 74%), dan ahli media (skor 82,5%). Hasil uji coba produk ke sekolah, didapatkan dari guru (skor 93%) dan peserta didik (skor 90,81%). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, modul digital fisika berbasis SETS yang dikembangkan sangat valid digunakan sebagai bahan ajar mandiri dalam pembelajaran fisika pada materi Pemanasan Global

Evapotranspiration is a critical factor that plays a pivotal role in irrigation and water resource planning. It is also a major influence with regard to global warming issues. Therefore, several studies have been performed on the estimation methods for evapotranspiration; however, the most prevalent method used over a long period to estimate evapotranspiration is the complementary relationship approach. Recently, this method was modified to improve its symmetry and accuracy. However, to achieve better performance, a different evapotranspiration estimation method using an inverse analysis of the Bowen ratio was proposed by us in an earlier study. In order to present a performance comparison of these different estimation methods, the reproducibility of three types of complementary relationship methods and inverse analysis methods was assessed in this study. Our study utilized data from FLUXNET2015 and evaluated the performance of the methods using regression analysis and root mean square error (RMSE) with data from 15 test sites, mainly located in the U.S.A., for a total period of 132 years. From the results, it was observed that the inverse analysis approach demonstrated a slightly better performance than the complementary relationship methods. This study provides a valuable direction for future research works on the estimation of evapotranspiration.

Abstract China’s ecological civilization construction has reached a critical juncture, with carbon reduction emerging as its primary strategic imperative. As an essential platform for advancing ecological civilization, National Ecological Civilization Demonstration Zones (NECDZs) need deeper investigation regarding their role in facilitating a low-carbon transition. Utilizing panel data from 261 Chinese cities between 2007 and 2023, we apply a time-varying difference-in-difference approach to assess the impact of NECDZs on carbon intensity. Our research highlights a significant reduction in carbon intensity attributable to NECDZs, with notable disparities observed across varying marketization levels, resource endowments, industrial characteristics, and natural resource outgoing audits. Further analysis reveals that NECDZs indirectly reduce carbon intensity through collaborative governance involving government environmental regulation, enterprise green innovation, and enhancing public environmental awareness. These findings hold profound implications for the continuous advancement of ecological civilization and the low-carbon transition. Significance Statement This research addresses the urgent issue of global warming, which poses serious threats to our environment and future. By focusing on carbon emissions—a major contributor to climate change—and the world’s largest carbon emitter, China, we demonstrate how National Ecological Civilization Demonstration Zones (NECDZs) have effectively reduced carbon intensity. The findings show that this strategic initiative can significantly reduce carbon intensity, with notable variations depending on marketization levels, resource endowments, industrial characteristics, and natural resource outgoing audits. Our analysis also reveals that fostering collaboration among government environmental regulation, enterprise green innovation, and public environmental awareness is essential for driving impactful change, ultimately supporting a low-carbon transition.